Which two sentences in Wang Anshi's and Lu You's poems describe the custom of the Spring Festival?

The Spring Festival is the first of the hundred festivals of the Chinese nation, a day for family reunion and a day for national celebration. During the Spring Festival, the land of China is in a festive atmosphere. The Spring Festival is a festival that children look forward to, and it is also a day for adults to visit relatives and friends. There are also various activities with the theme of Spring Festival.

Spring Festival has become the most important and culturally significant festival in China, and it is also an important force to promote domestic consumption and economic development.

So how did people in the Song Dynasty spend the Spring Festival? What customs are different from now? Wang Anshi's poem "January Day" describes the scene and customs of people celebrating the Spring Festival on the first day of the first month. We can explore the original appearance of the Spring Festival in the Song Dynasty through this poem.

Wang Anshi's Yuan Ri, the original poem is as follows:

The roar of firecrackers, the old year has passed; The warm spring breeze ushered in the New Year, and people happily drank the newly brewed Tu Su wine.

The rising sun sheds light on doors of each household, New peachwood charm is put up to replace the old.

The Connotation of "Yuanri" in China Traditional Culture

What does "Yuanri" mean? In ancient times, January Day refers to the first day of the first lunar month, which is the beginning of the Spring Festival, a traditional festival in China. January Day is a day when people bid farewell to the old and welcome the new.

"January Day" means the first day of the year. Du Taiqing of Sui Dynasty wrote in Jade Candle Collection: "The first day of the first month is the Yuan Day, which means three yuan, year yuan, hour yuan and month yuan."

The ancient January Day was also called "New Year's Day", and the word "New Year's Day" first appeared in China. "The Book of Jin" says: "Chasing the emperor takes the first month as the yuan, which is actually the spring of New Year's Day."

Yuanri has many names: in the pre-Qin period, it was called "going to Japan", "Yuanri", "changing the year" and "offering the year"; The Han Dynasty was called "Three Dynasties", "Sui Dan" and "Zheng Dan". Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were called "Chen Yuan", "Yuan Ri" and "Fuehrer". Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties were called New Year's Day, Yuan, New Year's Day, Xinzheng and Yuan Day. Among them, "January Day" and "New Year's Day" are the two most widely used and longest-lasting appellations.

This title was used until the end of the Qing Dynasty. After the Revolution of 1911, the Gregorian calendar, or Gregorian calendar, was gradually used in order to "follow the summer, so the farming season is suitable and the statistics are convenient", so January 1st of the Gregorian calendar was designated as the "New Year".

After the founding of New China, in order to distinguish the two New Years, the first day of the first lunar month was renamed as "Spring Festival", and the beginning of January in the solar calendar must be "New Year's Day".

From Wang Anshi's January Festival, we can get a glimpse of the customs and culture of the Spring Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty.

This poem was written one day in the Yuan Dynasty. The whole poem describes the three customs of the Yuan Dynasty, and further expresses Wang Anshi's confidence and joy in pushing the new law.

Wang Anshi and Ning Zaixi served as political consultants for two years, and then the political reform began. In the same year1February, the official paid homage to the Prime Minister. This poem was written on the first day of the first month of the third year of Xining, and it also indicates that the spring breeze of reform is about to blow into thousands of households.

Setting off firecrackers is the first custom in January.

"One year old in firecrackers", the old year passed in firecrackers, which also indicates the arrival of a new year. Setting off firecrackers has become a very festive ceremony. Setting off firecrackers is a ceremony and a signal to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new.

A year's plan lies in spring, and a day's plan lies in morning. Perhaps Wang Anshi's confidence in political reform has become more firm.

So what is the meaning and connotation of setting off firecrackers on January Festival? "Firecrackers", in fact, originally refers to burning bamboo, because bamboo will make a crackling sound when it burns.

The ancients thought that setting off firecrackers could ward off evil spirits, so people would set off firecrackers on January.

"Jing Chu Ji nian" records: "the first day of the first month is also the day of three yuan. Spring and Autumn Annals refers to the end of the moon. As soon as the rooster crows, set off firecrackers in front of the court to ward off evil spirits. " There will be a detailed introduction in the later part of "Jing Chu Sui Ji".

With the development of the times, the form of firecrackers has also changed greatly. Firecrackers gradually changed from the initial burning of bamboo to the combination of bamboo and gunpowder, which played an irreplaceable role in the development of firecrackers.

Here I have to talk about gunpowder, one of the "four great inventions" in ancient China. In the process of repeated experiments, alchemists in Sui and Tang Dynasties found that mixing saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal in a certain proportion could cause burning or even explosion, so this invention carrying the wisdom of the ancients entered people's field of vision.

The invention of gunpowder is also the crystallization of the wisdom of working people in ancient China, and gunpowder is gradually popularized and widely used. The clever ancients put gunpowder in bamboo tubes, so that once they were lit, the bamboo tubes would make a louder sound. The simple practice of burning bamboo was gradually replaced, but the name "firecrackers" remained.

In China's "Nerve", which recorded myths and legends in ancient times, it was recorded: "There are many things in the Western Hills, but you are not afraid of people. When you commit crimes, it is cold and hot, which is called fear of mountains. Later generations will follow its shape and use gunpowder. " This is the earliest record of gunpowder in the literature.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, people began to generally wrap gunpowder with paper tubes and hemp stalks and tie them together to make "firecrackers", also known as firecrackers.

Setting off firecrackers on the first day of the first month gradually became popular and gradually formed the tradition of the Spring Festival. In fact, this is also the ancient people's yearning for Antai life.

There are many records about the custom of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival in the Song Dynasty. "Excellent Folk Arrangement" also records: "Ancient firecrackers are all popular with real bamboo, so Tang poetry is also called explosive rod. Later people roll paper for it. Called' firecrackers'. "

Wang Anshi's contemporary historian Lu wrote in the poem "Firecrackers": "Fire breaks, thunder breaks". These two poems describe the setting off of firecrackers.

In Dream of Tokyo, Song Taizu Meng also described the scene of setting off firecrackers in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, on New Year's Eve: "It is night, firecrackers are forbidden in the mountains, and the sound is heard outside."

It can be seen that setting off firecrackers in the Spring Festival is a long-standing traditional custom, and it became a national celebration in the Song Dynasty.

Fireworks are set off during the Spring Festival to increase the festive atmosphere. The sound of firecrackers is mixed with people's laughter, which is a happy moment.

Nowadays, when people get married, build houses, celebrate and open businesses, the host and guests will also set off firecrackers to celebrate.

(2) The second custom of Yuanri is to drink Tu Su wine.

"Spring breeze brings warmth to Tu Su", followed by the previous sentence, describes the festive atmosphere in which the family get together to drink and celebrate the festival.

Nowadays, people don't drink Tu Su wine during the Spring Festival, but drinks are still essential at the dinner table during the Spring Festival, and even various drinks are used instead of drinks.

China's table culture is more or less related to wine, and a glass of wine is full of affection. Hosting guests with wine is a sign of the host's hospitality. If you can't drink enough, it's good to use tea instead of wine.

"Tu Su" refers to Tu Su wine, which is a kind of medicinal liquor drunk by the ancients. Tu Su grass and other medicinal materials were soaked in wine and ordered to be taken out for drinking in the New Year. The ancients thought that drinking Tu Su wine can strengthen the body and prolong life, which is equivalent to the present health wine.

Drinking Tu Su wine also has auspicious meanings in it, which can make the whole family happy and healthy, which also includes the ancient people's yearning for a better life.

The Chronicle of Jingchu Years, the note of Zonggu in the Southern Dynasties, recorded the seasons, customs and stories of Jingchu area in Jianghan at that time from New Year's Day to New Year's Day. Zong Zhuo said in "The Chronicle of Jingchu": The rate is a small note, which records more than 20 major events from Jingchu Chronicle to today except Japan.

As soon as this book was published, it was widely circulated in the society and promoted the cultural exchange in the new year. Du Gong Exhibition in Sui Dynasty also annotated this book and compared the typical festivals and customs in the south with those in the north.

Zongba's Chronicle of Jingchu and Du Gongzhan's annotations were circulated at the same time, thus merging the customs of the north and south of China into one book.

Many festivals and customs in Jingchu area have also spread to the north, and some festivals and customs in the north have also spread to the south. This book is of self-evident practical significance to the communication and dissemination of festivals and customs in China.

For example, the custom of drinking Tu Su wine on the first day of Yuan Dynasty is recorded in the Chronicle of Jingchu Age: On the first day of the first month ... people have known their clothes since ancient times, and they pay tribute to each other. Pepper, cypress wine and peach soup. Tu Su wine, chewing gum and five saucers.

The custom of drinking Tu Su wine during the Spring Festival also spread to the north from the late Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it was popular all over the country until the Song Dynasty.

Su Zhe, a contemporary of Wang Anshi, also wrote vividly in the poem "In addition to Japan": "Drinking Tu Su at the end of each year is not over 70 years old."

Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote: "Tu Su didn't raise the lamp at half-time, but he scribbled peach characters in front of it."

He Ruqiao, a poet after Du Nan, in his poem "New Year's Day", also fondly misses the Tu Su wine that 1 month 1 day drank in his hometown: "Hometown Tu Su wine, New Year's cypress plate. Hey, brother, who is happy? "

It's really "fun, just the right feeling" for family members to get together on January 1 and push a cup for a change. This warm moment makes people more concerned about their home and more cohesive.

The vivid scene of Song people drinking Tu Su wine on the first day of the Yuan Dynasty gives people a better expectation for the first day of the Yuan Dynasty and a strong sense of festival ceremony.

(3) The third custom of Yuanri is to put a peach symbol on the door

The word "Wanwan" in the poem describes the rising sun, sunny days and "Wanwan Day" shows a new atmosphere of festival peace.

"New Peach" and "Old Symbol" adopt common rhetorical devices of intertextuality, that is, two parts of a sentence and a sentence, which seem to be saying two things respectively, but in fact they echo each other and complement each other, but in fact they are saying the same thing.

This rhetorical device interweaves, permeates and complements the meaning of a sentence and expresses a complete sentence meaning, which is different from single sentence intertextuality, antithesis and multi-sentence intertextuality.

For example, Wang Changling's "Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty, Customs in Han Dynasty" in Tang Dynasty is a typical single sentence, which means the moon in Qin and Han Dynasties and customs in Qin and Han Dynasties.

The sentence "East Garden is full of wine, West Garden is drunk" in Dai Fugu's "Traveling to Bird in Early Summer" in Song Dynasty is also a single intertextuality.

In Fan Zhongyan's "The Story of Yueyang Tower", it is an intertextuality that "the world is worried first, and the world is happy later".

Lu You's Reading in Chengdu is also a way to get to know each other.

In the poem "Yuan Ri", "Always exchange new peaches for old peaches" actually refers to new peaches and old peaches. Intertextuality is that the old peach is picked and replaced with a new peach.

What do ancient people mean by putting peach symbols on doors in January? In fact, the ancient custom of putting peach symbols on doors has a long history.

The Chronicle of Jingchu's Age quoted in Hantu says: There is a big peach tree on Du Taoshan, which bends for three thousand miles, and there is a golden rooster on it, and the sun is singing. There are Er Shen, Ayu and Alei, who are holding reed ropes to guard ominous ghosts. If they get it, they will kill them.

This is a very interesting story, but also a beautiful myth and legend: According to legend, there is a place called Guiyu, there is a Du Tao, and there is a big peach tree with a crown of three thousand miles on the mountain. A golden rooster lives on the peach tree. Every day when the sun comes out, the golden rooster will crow.

Ghosts wandering at night must return to quotations before crows. There are two gods (security guards or doormen) standing at the gate of quotations. Their names are Shen Tu and Lei Yu. If ghosts do something bad at night, Shen Tu and Lei Yu can immediately find and catch them. All ghosts are very afraid of Shen Tu and Lei Yu, two great gods.

So the people carved it into the shape of Shen Tu and Lei Yu with red boards and put it at the door to avoid evil spirits. Later, people simply carved the names of Shen Tu and Lei Yu on the mahogany board, thinking that this could also ward off evil spirits and avoid harm.

This kind of red wooden board engraved with the names of Shencha and Lei Yu is called Fu Tao, which is replaced once a year, and it is called taking off the old cloth and replacing the new one.

With the development of time, the peach symbol itself is also changing, and later developed into a "peach symbol." It is to write short poems with the same number of words and corresponding meanings on the mahogany board, and then paste peach symbols and gradually evolve into paste Spring Festival couplets. Therefore, Fu Tao is the predecessor and the earliest prototype of Spring Festival couplets.

"Shu Shi of Song Dynasty" records the poem Tao Fu: "Every year, except for the bachelor, the bedroom door is inscribed with Tao Fu. At the end of the year, the bachelor wrote a new poem, claiming that he had no job, saying, "Welcome to Changchun in the new year." "

The poem "Welcome to Qing Yu in the New Year, happy holidays. "Changchun" inscribed by Meng Chang, a master of the post-Shu kingdom, is also considered as the earliest Spring Festival couplets. In Song Dynasty, Fu Tao has evolved into the form of Spring Festival couplets, but its name is still called "Fu Tao".

For example, in the poem "Changing Peach Symbols in the Spring Festival" by Xue Ying in the Southern Song Dynasty, "It is difficult to change peach symbols often, so don't complain about the old poverty to the spring breeze."

Lu You wrote in the poem "Not Chinese New Year": "Taofu Cao writes, pepper and wine splash."

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao wrote in the word "firecrackers in the year of the partridge": "Candle remains, old peach symbols. I'd rather drink Tu Su at the end of the speech. "

Wang Anshi's "Every family always trades new peaches for old ones" vividly illustrates the festive atmosphere and people's yearning for a better life during the Spring Festival in the Song Dynasty.

summary

Wang Anshi's poem "January Day" depicts a warm, cheerful and festive scene of the Spring Festival. The whole poem skillfully selects three vivid and universal details, that is, setting off firecrackers, drinking Tu Su wine and changing peach charms, during the Spring Festival, which just describes the new atmosphere of people's farewell to the old year and welcoming the new year, and also allows us to have a deeper understanding of the customs and culture of the Spring Festival in the Song Dynasty through poetry.