References for graduation thesis of architecture major

With the rapid development of economy and science and technology in China, people's living standards are constantly improving, and the pursuit of more comfortable working and living environment and quality has become the pursuit. At present, the scale and quantity of industrial and civil buildings are increasing, and the quality and safety of engineering construction are becoming more and more important. So where can I find information to write an architectural paper? Take a look at the reference materials I prepared for you.

Rule number one:?

[1] Wang Hui. On how to strengthen the management of building [J]. Science and Wealth, 20 13 (7): 484.

[2] Zhao Qibin. Research and Application of Construction Site Progress and Quality Management of Housing Construction Project [J]. Modern Property (Newly Built), 20 14, 13 (5): 23-25.

Article 2:?

[1] Feng Jun. Measures to strengthen safety management of construction projects [J]. Jiangxi Building Materials, 20 15 (03): 292.

[2] Hu Xinhe. Study on the Effectiveness Evaluation of Construction Safety Management of Building Engineering [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 20 14.

[3] Yang Zhiyuan. Study on Safety Risk and Management System of Construction Enterprises in China [D]. Wuhan Institute of Technology, 20 14.

Article 3:?

[1] Chen Yiquan. Main problems and countermeasures in energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings [J]. Building Energy Conservation, 20 17 (04).

[2] Liu Yang. Construction characteristics and construction technology of comprehensive energy-saving renovation of existing residential buildings [J]. Technology Entrepreneur, 20 13 (10).

[3] Wang Hongyu. Discussion on energy-saving design and calculation of residential buildings in cold and cold regions [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 20 12 (08).

Shi, Cheng, Lin Xiaobo, et al. Study on the optimal thermal insulation thickness of passive low-energy buildings in cold regions [J]. Northern architecture, 20 17(0 1).

Article 4:?

[1] Wang Hui. On how to strengthen the management of building [J]. Science and Wealth, 20 13 (7): 484.

[2] Zhao Qibin. Research and Application of Construction Site Progress and Quality Management of Housing Construction Project [J]. Modern Property (Newly Built), 20 14, 13 (5): 23-25.

Extended reading

Architectural thesis

Abstract: With the continuous development of economy, there are more and more industrial and civil construction projects. The height of modern buildings is getting higher and higher, but the foundation depth is getting deeper and deeper, and the requirements for groundwater treatment are much higher than those of traditional buildings in the past. As we all know, once the groundwater level is higher than the foundation depth, the foundation pit of construction project is easy to collapse and settle, and the most serious thing may lead to safety accidents. Therefore, engineers must fully realize the importance of groundwater treatment and formulate effective treatment methods. Based on this, this paper mainly analyzes the groundwater treatment methods in foundation pit construction of industrial and civil buildings.

Key words: industrial and civil construction engineering; Foundation pit construction; Analysis of groundwater treatment measures

With the rapid development of economy and science and technology in China, people's living standards are constantly improving, and the pursuit of more comfortable working and living environment and quality has become the pursuit. At present, the scale and quantity of industrial and civil buildings are increasing, and the quality and safety of engineering construction are becoming more and more important. Deep foundation pits are often encountered in industrial and civil construction projects, which often lead to groundwater leakage. Therefore, the methods and construction techniques used in the groundwater treatment of foundation pit are very important, which determine the construction safety of foundation pit and the construction period and quality of the whole project, and must be paid attention to.

1 Source and harm of groundwater in foundation pit construction

Through investigation and study, it is found that there are two main sources of groundwater in the process of foundation pit excavation: one is groundwater infiltration. Engineering designers design according to geological survey data. In order to make the foundation have enough bearing capacity, they usually dig deeper foundation pits to improve its bearing capacity. The depth of foundation pit is usually proportional to the amount and leakage rate of groundwater, and the leakage rate of groundwater is closely related to safety. If the precipitation is not timely or improper measures are taken, it will usually cause water gushing, mud gushing, sand gushing, leakage and even collapse of the foundation pit. Second, water accumulation. In the process of foundation pit construction, water seepage or rainwater on the upper surface will continuously accumulate in the foundation pit, and every little makes a mickle. If the drainage is not timely, the accumulated water will soak the foundation pit, making the soil soft, which will seriously lead to the collapse of the foundation pit.

2. Treatment methods of groundwater in foundation pit construction

In the process of foundation pit construction, artificial dewatering method is the most widely used method to solve groundwater problems. Before foundation pit excavation, use vacuum (light) well point, jet well point or tube well to penetrate into the aquifer, and use continuous pumping method to make the groundwater level drop below the pit bottom; At the same time, the soil is reinforced to facilitate earthwork excavation. The light well point, tube well point and deep well point dewatering methods in dewatering methods are introduced below respectively. 2. 1 precipitation method (1) vacuum (light) well point precipitation method. In this method, a well point pipe is buried around or at one side of a foundation pit, so that the well point pipe penetrates into an aquifer, and the upper end of the well point pipe is provided with a conveying elbow and a water collecting pipe. Finally, the water pipe connects the vacuum pump and the centrifugal pump. After the pumping equipment is started, the groundwater is finally discharged from the drainage pipe through a series of links, so that the groundwater drops to the bottom of the foundation pit. This method has the characteristics of simple tools, flexible use, convenient disassembly, good dewatering effect, prevention of quicksand phenomenon, improvement of foundation pit slope stability and low cost. It is suitable for soil with permeability coefficient of 0. 1-20.0 m/d, soil with a large amount of fine sand and silt in the soil layer or open ditch drainage, which is easy to cause quicksand and landslide. (2) Jet well point dewatering method. In this method, a special injector is installed inside the well point, and the groundwater is pumped out from the gap between the outer pipe and the inner pipe of the well point through a series of actions of a high-pressure water pump or an air compressor, and then the groundwater is discharged side by side. This method has simple equipment, drainage depth of 6-20m, less earthwork excavation, fast construction speed and low cost. It is suitable for filling soil, silt, cohesive soil and sandy soil, with the permeability coefficient of 0.1-20.0 m/d (3) tube well point dewatering method. The dewatering equipment of this method consists of a filter well pipe, a suction pipe and a water pump, and the water is sucked out and discharged by the water pump through the suction pipe. The equipment used in this method is simple, with large displacement and deep sedimentation, and the water pump is located on the ground, which is easy to maintain. This method is suitable for soil layer and sand layer with large seepage and rich groundwater, or when the open ditch drainage method is easy to lead to a large number of soil particles loss, resulting in slope collapse, and the vacuum well point dewatering method is difficult to meet the requirements. However, tube wells belong to the category of gravity drainage, and the water absorption height is limited to a certain extent, which requires a large permeability coefficient (1.0-200.0 m/d). 2.2 Water interception method This method is a measure taken for groundwater outside the foundation pit. Usually, the groundwater outside the foundation pit is cut off by intercepting the water curtain. Water-stop curtain usually adopts grouting, jet grouting, deep mixing cement-soil pile retaining wall and other construction methods to build a layer of water-stop curtain around the foundation pit. The thickness and length of the cutoff curtain depend on the soil quality, water seepage, depth and the grade of the foundation pit wall, and sometimes it is necessary to assist in the construction of protective piles or retaining walls to make the cutoff curtain have sufficient supporting force. The permeability coefficient of the cutoff curtain should be less than1.0×10-6 cm/s. Water interception curtain can be divided into bottom-dropping vertical water interception curtain and hanging vertical water interception curtain. When the former method is adopted, an impermeable layer should be inserted. When the underground aquifer has strong permeability and large thickness, the combination of suspended vertical interception and well point dewatering in the pit or the combination of suspended vertical interception and horizontal bottom sealing can be adopted. 2.3 Open ditch drainage method This method is the simplest and suitable for shallow foundation pit construction with shallow groundwater level. Its characteristic is to solve the problem of small leakage and rainwater accumulation in the foundation pit drainage method. When using this method to drain water, attention should be paid to digging drainage ditches around the foundation pit, and the width and depth of drainage ditches should be set according to the site conditions. When using this method in the process of drainage, the operator is often careless, failing to discharge the water in time, or failing to pay attention to discharge the discharged water in time, resulting in the phenomenon of recharge, which leads to more and more water in the foundation pit, resulting in the soaking of the foundation pit, and in serious cases, the landslide of the foundation pit slope soil. Therefore, in the dewatering work, we should be careful, pay attention to the drainage situation and the soaking, settlement and sliding of foundation pit soil, and take timely measures to solve it.

3 matters needing attention in groundwater treatment in foundation pit construction of industrial and civil construction projects

On the basis of repeated practice and research summary, the following three aspects should be paid attention to in foundation pit drainage construction: ① Choose a scientific and reasonable drainage technical scheme. Different dehydration methods are adopted according to different specific conditions. Specifically, the dewatering construction scheme is made according to three situations. A. selection of geological conditions, surrounding environment and supporting structure of foundation pit; B. When the excavation depth in soft soil area is shallow, drainage ditches and collecting wells can be used to collect water while excavating and open ditch drainage; When the depth of foundation pit exceeds 3 meters, well point dewatering is generally needed. When precipitation endangers the safety of the surrounding environment, water interception or recharge should be adopted; C. When the bottom of the foundation pit is an aquifuge and there is confined water at the bottom of the foundation pit, the checking calculation of surge at the bottom of the pit should be carried out. When necessary, horizontal bottom sealing or drilling decompression measures can be taken to ensure the stability of the soil layer at the bottom of the pit; Avoid sudden surges. (2) continuous precipitation. Dewatering should be carried out from foundation excavation to backfill soil of foundation pit. During dewatering, each well point should be operated continuously, and each well point should be balanced to ensure the balance of groundwater level. At the same time, it is necessary to implement special construction technicians to follow up and observe the drainage situation, and find out the uneven depth of well point precipitation, drainage backflow, landslide, collapse, crack, cracking and displacement of foundation pit slope soil. , should be solved in time, or report to the construction technical director or project director, who will work with the designers to formulate solutions. (3) Attention should be paid to monitoring groundwater during construction. In the process of construction, when the construction technicians find that there is groundwater seepage in a new place, they should not take the work of dewatering without authorization, but should report to the technical director. After investigation by professionals, the appropriate groundwater treatment scheme, precipitation method and precipitation design scheme are formulated, and then reasonable and effective precipitation measures are implemented to ensure that the precipitation speed meets the needs of groundwater seepage and ensure the safe construction of foundation pit. At the same time, the designers of the design unit should pay attention to the observation and review of the precipitation situation and measures on the construction site, and take targeted solutions to the situation of the foundation pit in time to ensure the safe and effective precipitation of the foundation pit and lay a good foundation for the construction of the project. According to the long-term accumulated experience, if it is found that the groundwater has been in an unbalanced and turbid state during the construction, the construction personnel can implement the construction emergency plan in combination with the actual situation and use appropriate and effective filters and sand filter materials for treatment.

4 conclusion

With the continuous development of economy, science and technology and urbanization in China, the scale of industrial and civil buildings in China is increasing. Huge construction projects are carried out nationwide, and the quality and safety of construction projects have become the most concerned architectural issues. However, in industrial and civil construction projects, deep foundation pit dewatering naturally becomes more and more important because it often involves deep foundation pits. In the process of construction, we must attach importance to the construction technology of groundwater drainage and adopt appropriate drainage methods to ensure the safety and quality of engineering construction, improve the economic benefits of enterprises and make the construction industry develop continuously and healthily.

refer to

[1] Zhang Lianhua. Spatio-temporal law of settlement deformation caused by foundation pit dewatering and study on dewatering control [D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 200 1.

Lin Li. Study on the influence of engineering dewatering on deep foundation pit construction and surrounding environment [D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2007.

Tamia Liu. Study on safety evaluation and deformation prediction of foundation pit engineering based on data mining [D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2007.

Jason. Study on key technology and environmental effect of depressurization of deep foundation pit with confined water foundation in Hangzhou [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 20 12.