Professional qualification of landscape architecture

Certificate issued by the state administrative agency: the garden industry needs to be qualified to engage in design, construction, supervision, planning and other related commercial activities. Urban landscaping construction qualification is divided into: construction level 1, construction level 2 and construction level 3. The special qualification of landscape architecture design is divided into two grades: design grade A and design grade B.

Certificate issued by industry organizations: In order to deal with the PM2.5 problem, China Building Energy Conservation Association issued the Qualification Grade Standard for Urban and Rural Three-dimensional Greening and Ecological Restoration Enterprises (Trial) on 20 13. China gardens sprouted in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, matured in Tang and Song Dynasties and developed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has gone through five stages of development: ① During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the emperors opened up the original natural mountain and water jungle, which was mainly for hunting and sightseeing, and was called the Garden Cave. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, emperors and rich people simulated natural beauty and fairyland, and based on the natural environment, they added a large number of artificial scenery, with a large number of buildings and magnificent extravagance. The combination of royal gardens and palaces is called palace gardens. (3) From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, literati participated in gardening, taking the artistic conception of poetry and painting as the theme of gardening, and at the same time infiltrating subjective aesthetic ideals; The composition is tortuous, euphemistic and interesting. (4) From the Song Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, the landscape was dominated by freehand brushwork gardens, which explored and refined the essence of natural landscapes with distinctive themes and rich personalities; At the same time, it manages a large number of suburban gardens and scenic spots, and applies the artistic techniques of private gardens to scenic spots with relatively large scale and strong publicity. ⑤ From the middle of Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty, the number of gardens increased sharply, and gardening became an independent art category. The number of private gardens (mainly in Jiangnan) has increased dramatically, and royal gardens have become a collection of private gardens, following the example of private gardens. The law of gardening is mature, and there are many theoretical works and artists in gardening.

China's gardening should begin in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, that is, "Xi". Shang Zhouwang's "Drinking good wine and having fun is good for dogs and horses, filling palaces and terraces with sand dunes (note: Guangzong area, Xingtai, Hebei), where many wild animals (birds) are placed ...". Zhou Wenwang has a Lingta, "Fang Qili", in which lush vegetation, birds and animals multiply. The original "trap" was to enclose places with beautiful natural scenery and raise animals for the emperor to hunt, so it was also called sightseeing. The emperor and the princes are embarrassed, but there are differences in scope and standardization. " The emperor is a hundred miles, and the princes are forty. "The han dynasty called yuan. On the basis of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty developed an early tour of the Forbidden City, which mainly focused on gardens. In addition to arranging gardens for the emperor to rest, celebrations were held to handle court affairs. Weiyang Palace of Emperor Gaozu, Sixian Garden of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Shanglin Garden of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Dongyuan Garden of Liang Xiaowang (also known as Liangyuan Garden, Tuyuan Garden and Suiyuan Garden) and Paradise of Xuan Di are all famous gardens in this period. From the pavilions in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes murals and Li Rongjin's Hanyuan Map in Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the gardening in Han Dynasty has reached a high level and scale. Historical documents such as Mei Cheng's Tu Yuan Fu, Sima Xiangru's Shang Lin Fu, Ban Gu's Xi Du Fu, Sima Qian's Historical Records, Miscellanies of Xijing and Sanfu Huang Tu all record the above gardens in detail.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an important period in the history of China's social development. At one time, the social economy was prosperous and the culture was prosperous. The literati class pursues the beauty of the natural environment, and traveling to famous mountains and rivers has become a general trend in the upper class of society. The famous Lanting has created a wave of landscape architecture. Many famous works such as Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, Zhong Rong's Shi Pin and Tao Yuanming's The Peach Blossom Garden were published during this period.

Emperor Taizong "made great efforts to make Qiang Bing rich", and the society entered the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the design of the imperial palace garden became more and more exquisite, especially because he was proficient in stone carving technology, and the palace building was carved with jade, which was particularly gorgeous. The Forbidden City, Dongduyuan, Shenduyuan and Cuiwei Palace are unprecedented. Tang Quan Palace built by Emperor Taizong in Xi 'an Anli Mountain was later converted into Huaqing Palace by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. The palaces and pavilions here are "connected into a city", and the king of the Tang Dynasty is "soft singing and slow dancing, the music of silk and bamboo, the king can't get enough of it". Du Fu once wrote a long poem "From Beijing to Fengxian, Talk about Love in 500 Words", which described and denounced the decadent life of princes and nobles. Gardening in Song and Yuan Dynasties also had a prosperous period, especially in the use of stones. Under the slogan of "prosperity", Song Huizong is building a great project. He is accomplished in painting, especially enjoying stones. First, the "Artificial Bureau" was set up in Suzhou and Hangzhou, and then the "Yingfeng Bureau" was set up in Suzhou to collect folk exotic flowers and stones and transport them to Kaifeng, Kyoto, to build palaces. Wanshou Mountain, called "Shoushan Genyue" in ancient times, is a royal garden of considerable scale. In addition, there are some famous gardens, such as Joan Garden, Yichun Garden and Fanglin Garden. Today, several lake stones on display at Suoguo Temple in Kaifeng are really strange and extraordinary in shape. Suzhou, Yangzhou, Beijing and other places also have the remains of "Huashigang", all of which are very spectacular. During this period, a large number of literati and painters participated in gardening, which further strengthened the artistic conception of freehand brushwork landscape garden.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak of China's garden creation. The establishment of royal gardens was the most active in Kanggan period of Qing Dynasty. At that time, social stability and economic prosperity provided favorable conditions for the construction of large-scale freehand brushwork natural gardens, such as Yuanmingyuan, Summer Resort and Changchun Garden. Private gardens are the main achievements of Jiangnan gardens built in Ming Dynasty, such as Canglang Pavilion, Xiu Yuan, Humble Administrator's Garden and Jichang Garden. At the same time, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, a theoretical work of garden art creation, Yuanye, was produced. Their creative ideas still follow the creative source of Tang and Song Dynasties, and the creative techniques from aesthetics to garden artistic conception are "seeing the big from the small", "sumeru mustard seed" and "heaven and earth in the pot". The view of nature, freehand brushwork and artistic conception have become the dominant position of creation, and the architecture in the garden has played the most important role and become the main landscaping means. Gardens have gradually developed from sightseeing to being able to travel and live. Large-scale gardens not only imitate natural landscapes, but also imitate places of interest in one garden, forming a style of taking gardens with gardens and big gardens with small gardens.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the exploration of gardening theory was stagnant. Due to foreign aggression, the impact of western culture, the collapse of the national economy and other reasons, garden creation flourished and declined. However, the achievements of China's gardens have reached the peak of its history, and its gardening techniques have been respected and imitated by western countries, which has set off a "China garden fever" in western countries. From the east to the west, China's garden art has become the mother of gardens recognized all over the world, and the wonderful flower of world art 0 1 Humble Administrator's Garden.

Humble Administrator's Garden Review

The distant and quiet picture scroll is permeated with rich history and culture. In the ingenious division and layout of the garden, there is affection everywhere, and poetry is born in the face; In the classic humanistic environment with water as the core, adapting to local conditions and strewn at random, it is full of free and easy and implicit artistic conception of life, and it is a China garden classic dedicated to the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River.

02 Summer Resort

Chengde mountain resort review

The highest model of classical gardens in China, the largest existing ancient royal palace. Moving heaven and shrinking earth, the essence of the famous temples in China's north and south gardens is vividly displayed in a short distance. The art, boldness and scale of the perfect income of splendid mountains and rivers have set a brilliant milestone in the history of China gardens. With simple and elegant colors, it is natural and smart because of the mountains, and the beauty of oriental culture flows beautifully in the gardens and landscapes.

03 Summer Palace

Summer palace review

Rebuild Gankun within an inch, integrate the construction techniques of gardens around the country, and integrate the gentleness of the south into the domineering of the north. Out of manpower, it looks natural, and the scenery is dense and suitable, showing the royal style.

04 Lion Forest

Lion forest review

Philosophy permeates the compactness, and the rockery is a mystery, like a mountain forest, like a lion, like a handsome man, showing its elegance.

05 lingering garden

Comments on staying in the park

The garden space is skillfully used, and I am well versed in China's profound lighting, architectural aesthetics and Jiangnan geomantic art. It is rugged, tortuous, freely retractable, and intertwined with rocks, which is full of three-dimensional sense and rhythmic beauty.

06 Gulian Huachi

Review of Gulian Huachi

Take lotus as the scene and win with humanistic details; Lotus is still lingering, and some faint fragrance strikes. The ancient lotus pond is also the beauty of China's north and south gardens, with clear water and beautiful things. The scenery contains poetry and affection, and draws a quiet water garden on earth.

Yuan Qinghui

Qinghui garden review

China garden art is spiritual and practical from the aesthetic point of view of Lingnan people. Centered on the waterside pavilion, there is no trivial and primitive, and the elegance of carved buildings and painted buildings is full of quiet and simple elegance everywhere. Layered depth of field, deliberately revealing nature. In the luxurious garden, art is rampant.

08 Heyuan

He yuan's comments

People look up to the profound cultural heritage and architectural ingenuity. The breeze within a wall is spontaneous, and the overture of the East and the aftertaste of the West are all due to the length of the Royal Garden in China and the Secret Garden in Jiangnan Private House. Shi Shui's overlapping scenery and winding corridors are exquisitely designed, comfortable and elegant.

09 meditation garden

Meditation garden review

Modern theme gardens take quietness as the scene, stone as the thought, rich and progressive, as quiet as possible. It combines the essence of classical gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and is famous for its collection of strange stones. In the miniature garden bonsai, today's dream is telling the human history of tomorrow.

10 Geyuan

Ge Yuan review

Famous for bamboo, it breaks through the tradition of Jiangnan gardens. Dianthus blends into spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the courtyard is elegant and indifferent.