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20 18 the employment report of college students in China was released recently. What is the overall employment rate of college students? What are the majors with the highest and lowest employment rates? What changes have taken place in the main industries, occupations, employers and regions of employment?

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The employment rate of college graduates is generally stable.

The employment rate of class 20 17 (9 1.9%) is basically the same as that of class 20 16 and class 20 15 (9 1.6% and 9 1.7% respectively). Among them, the employment rate of undergraduates in the 20th17th class is 9 1.6% half a year after graduation, which is basically the same as that of the 20th16th class (9 1.8%), and the employment of recent graduates is generally stable in recent six years. Half a year later, the employment rate of graduates from the 20th17th higher vocational college was 92. 1%, which was slightly higher than that of the 20th16th class (9 1.5%). In the past decade, the employment rate of new graduates from higher vocational colleges has steadily increased. It is worth noting that the employment rate of higher vocational education in 20 17 exceeded that of undergraduate education for the first time.

The picture shows the changing trend of the employment rate of college students from 20 15 to 20 17 six months after graduation.

The proportion of college graduates who continue their studies has increased slightly.

The proportion of "full-time employment" in class 20 17 (77. 1%) is basically the same as that in class 20 16 and class 20 15 (77.3% and 77.4% respectively). The proportion of "self-employment" (2.9%) is basically the same as that of 20 16 and 20 15 (both 3.0%); The proportion of "studying/reading" (10.8%) is slightly higher than that of classes with 20 16 and 20 15 (10.3% and10% respectively); The proportion of "no job, keep looking for a job" (3.4%) is slightly lower than that of classes 20 16 and 20 15 (4.0% and 3.9% respectively).

In addition, nearly half (7.2%) of the unemployed graduates of the 20th17th class are still looking for jobs. Among them, among the unemployed graduates (7.0%), 2.6% are still looking for a job, and the "undetermined family" is 1.7% (neither studying nor looking for a job); Among the unemployed graduates (7.5%), 4.3% are "still looking for a job" and 3.2% are "uncertain".

The electrical employment rate is the highest and the legal employment rate is the lowest.

The discipline with the highest employment rate after half a year for the graduates of the 20th17th class is engineering (93.5%), followed by management (93.2%). The lowest is law (85.3%). After half a year, the graduates of 20 17 have the highest employment rate in electrical engineering (95.6%) and the lowest in law (85.3%). After half a year, the top three majors in the employment rate of 20 17 undergraduate students are software engineering (96.7%), energy and power engineering (95.8%) and electrical engineering and automation (95.6%).

Name of undergraduate discipline category

20 17 session

20 16 session

20 15 session

engineering

93.5

93.5

93.6

manage

93.2

93.6

94.0

economics

9 1.5

9 1.7

92.3

Medical science

9 1.3

90.8

9 1.5

pedagogy

9 1.0

9 1.2

90.5

agriculture

90.9

9 1.0

9 1.0

Neo-Confucianism

90.5

90.9

90.7

literature

90.2

90. 1

90.4

Art theory

88. 1

88.8

89.9

history

86.3

86. 1

86.4

Legal science

85.3

84.9

86.9

National undergraduate course

9 1.6

9 1.8

92.2

(The picture shows the change trend of employment rate from 20 15 to 20 17 after graduation for half a year *)

After half a year, the highest employment rate of 20 17 higher vocational graduates is biochemistry and medicine (93.5%), and the lowest is resource development and mapping (88.7%). After half a year, the employment rate of 20 17 higher vocational graduates is the highest in power technology (94.2%) and the lowest in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine (89.7%). After half a year, the top three majors in the employment rate of 20 17 higher vocational college graduates are the construction and operation and maintenance of high-voltage transmission and distribution lines (96.7%), preschool education (96.0%) and electrified railway technology (96.0%).

Name of professional category in higher vocational colleges

20 17 session

20 16 session

20 15 session

Biochemical and pharmaceutical categories

93.5

93.4

93.5

Public * * * occupational category

93.4

92.9

92.6

Material and energy category

93.3

92.7

92.2

Manufacturing category

93.0

92.3

92.0

Civil engineering category

92.9

92. 1

9 1.2

Environmental protection, meteorology and safety.

92.8

92.5

92.7

Traffic and transportation categories

92.7

92.3

92. 1

Textile food category

92.3

92.0

92.9

Financial and economic categories

92.3

9 1.8

9 1.7

Cultural and educational category

92.3

9 1.3

9 1.5

Electronic information category

92. 1

9 1.3

9 1.3

Water conservancy

92.0

9 1.8

—

Art design media category

9 1.3

90.6

90.2

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery

90.6

90. 1

90.4

Medical and health category

90.6

89.7

90. 1

Tourism category

90. 1

90.0

89.8

Resource development and mapping

88.7

87.5

87.4

Ethnic higher vocational colleges

92. 1

9 1.5

9 1.2

(The picture shows the change trend of the employment rate of graduates in major vocational colleges for half a year from 20 15 to 20 17 *)

It can be seen from the changing trend of the employment rate of three sessions that the employment rate of management, economics and art graduates in undergraduate disciplines continues to decline after half a year of graduation. The employment rate of graduates majoring in public utilities, materials and energy, manufacturing, civil engineering, art design and media in higher vocational colleges continued to rise after graduation for half a year.

Red card and green card career refresh

20 18 undergraduate employment green card majors include: information security, software engineering, network engineering, internet of things engineering, digital media technology, communication engineering and digital media art, among which software engineering, network engineering and communication engineering are all green card majors for three consecutive years. In 20 18 years, the green card majors in higher vocational colleges include: social sports, marketing, information security technology, software technology, electrified railway technology, and power system automation technology. Among them, marketing and power system automation technology have been green card majors for three consecutive years.

Green-brand major refers to a major with low unemployment rate and high comprehensive employment rate, salary and employment satisfaction, which belongs to a demand-increasing major. The growth of industry demand is the main factor to create a green card major. Whether in undergraduate or higher vocational colleges, among the industries where green card graduates mainly flow, the demand for Internet operation, online search engine industry and software development industry has increased significantly.

(The picture shows the "green card" major of 20 18 undergraduate and higher vocational colleges)

20 18 undergraduate employment red card majors are: painting, chemistry, art, music performance, law, history. Among them, art and music performances were red cards for three consecutive years. The red card majors of higher vocational education in 20 18 years are: legal affairs, Chinese, food nutrition and testing, primary education and Chinese education. Among them, legal affairs and Chinese education have been red card majors for three consecutive years.

Red card major refers to a major with a large number of unemployed people and low comprehensive employment rate, salary and employment satisfaction. The major of red and green cards reflects the overall situation of the whole country, and the situation in different provinces, autonomous regions and universities may be different.

In-depth analysis of the reasons for the bright red card of majors is related to the contradiction between supply and demand of graduates of related majors. Most of the undergraduate red card majors are art majors, and the growth rate of art enrollment from 20 1 1 3 is as high as 17.7%, which is higher than the national undergraduate enrollment growth rate of 10 percentage point. The graduates of many majors listed in the red card mainly flow to primary and secondary education institutions for employment, but the growth rate of their employment ratio is only 4.8%. One of the main reasons for the red card of graduates' oversupply is seeking truth from facts. In higher vocational colleges, the scale of primary education and Chinese education is obviously larger than that of graduates of the same type, so their employment rate is lower than that of other similar majors.

(The picture shows the "Red Card" major of 20 18 undergraduate and higher vocational colleges)

Education, information industry and medical industry are in great demand.

After half a year, the industry in which the graduates of the 20th17th class were most employed was "education" (the employment ratio was 14.7%), and the proportion of undergraduates employed in "education" increased from 10.0% in the 20th/kloc-7 class to18th class.

After half a year, the construction industry (12.5%) accounted for the largest number of graduates from 20 17 higher vocational colleges, and education accounted for the largest increase in the employment ratio. The proportion of higher vocational college graduates entering the "education industry" has maintained an upward trend for five consecutive years, 2.8 percentage points higher than that in 20 13 years (the employment ratio in 20 17 years was 6.5%). In the "education industry", the proportion of employees in kindergartens and preschool education institutions has risen rapidly, from 25% in 20 13 to 33% in 20 17.

"Media, information and communication industry" (the employment ratio is 10.3%) is the second largest industry in which graduates of the 20th17th class are employed after half a year. The employment ratio of graduates in this industry has increased from 8.7% in the 20th13rd class to/kloc-0 in the 20th17th class.

"Medical and social care service" (employment ratio is 7.7%) is the second largest employment category for graduates of higher vocational colleges in 20 17 years after half a year. The employment rate of graduates in such industries increased from 5.2% in 20 13 to 7.7% in 20 17.

Generally speaking, education, information industry and medical industry have strong demand for graduates, and traditional manufacturing industry is facing challenges.

Small and medium enterprises, prefecture-level cities and below are still the main employment destinations.

The employment rate of college graduates in private enterprises has increased from 54% in 20 13 to 60% in 20 17. At the same time, the employment rate of state-owned enterprises dropped from 22% in 20 13 to 18% in 20 17, and it was a Sino-foreign joint venture/foreign-funded enterprise. These changes reflect that the slow recruitment of foreign companies and state-owned enterprises has an impact on college students' employment, and the support of private enterprises for college students' employment is prominent.

(The picture shows the changing trend of the employment ratio of college graduates in different types of employers from 20 13 to 20 17. )

From 20 13 to 20 17, the employment rate of college graduates in large employers with more than 3,000 employees decreased from 23% to 2 1%, and the employment rate in small and medium-sized employers with less than 300 employees increased from 5 1% to 55%. Small and medium-sized enterprises employ more than half of college graduates.

(The picture shows the changing trend of employment ratio of college graduates in employers of different sizes from 20 13 to 20 17. )

The employment rate of college graduates in prefecture-level cities and below increased from 52% in 20 13 to 58% in 20 17.

(The picture shows the changing trend of the employment ratio of college graduates in different types of cities from 20 13 to 20 17. )

Three years later, the proportion of undergraduates leaving "Beishangguangshen" for employment continued to rise.

The urban "grabbing war" is fierce. According to the data of the last five years, the employment rate of undergraduate graduates in "North, Guangzhou and Shenzhen" decreased from 28.2% in 20 13 to 22.3% in 20 17. In addition to fresh graduates, the proportion of undergraduates who were employed in "Beishangguangshen" six months after graduation has also increased from 13.7% in 20 12 years to 210.7% in 20 14 years. "North to Guangzhou and Shenzhen" is less attractive to college graduates.

Hangzhou, Tianjin and Guangzhou are more attractive.

The employment choice of college students from other provinces can better reflect the attraction of the city. The data shows that the proportion of undergraduate graduates from other provinces pouring into new first-tier cities for employment is increasing, and the proportion of 20 15 ~ 20 17 is 28.2%, 32.0% and 35.6% respectively, an increase of 7.4 percentage points. Among the nearly three undergraduate graduates employed in Hangzhou, mainlanders accounted for the highest proportion, accounting for 55.3%, followed by Tianjin (54.4%) and higher than Guangzhou (45.3%).

Among the 20 15 ~ 20 17 graduates employed in various cities, the proportion of mainlanders is (%).

city

Proportion of graduates from other provinces who are employed in this city

city

Proportion of graduates from other provinces who are employed in this city

Beijing

82.6

Hangzhou

55.3

Shanghai

79.5

Tianjin

54.4

Shenzhen

68.2

Suzhou

43.4

Guangzhou

45.3

Nanjing

40.7

Wuhan

26.7

Ningbo

26.2

Chengdu

25.8

Xi'an

25.5

Chongqing

22.3

Zhengzhou

10.9

The central and western regions are attracting more and more undergraduate graduates.

The employment rate of undergraduate graduates in the eastern region (excluding the three northeastern provinces) decreased from 65.7% in 20 13 to 56.7% in 20 17, while the employment rate in the central and western regions increased from 32.4% in 20 13 to 39% in 20 17 respectively. Judging from the types of comprehensive employment cities, the number of graduates in cities at or below the prefecture level in the central and western regions has increased significantly, and the employment ratio of graduates in cities at or below the prefecture level in the central and western regions has increased from 265,438+0.0% in 2065,438+03 to 30.5% in 2065,438+07.

It is difficult to keep people in the northeast.

In the past three years, the employment rate of economic graduates in Northeast China has been at the bottom, 88.5% in 20 17, 89.2% in 20 16 and 89.8% in 20 15, which is higher than the national average employment rate (9 1.6%, 9/kloc-). At the same time, it is difficult to keep people in the northeast. Compared with the national local employment rate (74.3%), the local employment rate of northeast students (46.7%) in 20 17 years is 27.6 percentage points lower.

(The picture shows the changing trend of the employment ratio of undergraduate graduates in their places of origin from 20 15 to 20 17. )

Employment satisfaction continues to rise.

The employment satisfaction of college graduates in the 20th17th session was 67%, which was 2 percentage points higher than that in the 20th16th session (65%). Among them, the employment satisfaction of the graduates of the 20th17th undergraduate college was 68%, which was 2 percentage points higher than that of the 20th16th (66%). The employment satisfaction of the graduates of the 20th17th vocational college is 65%, which is 2 percentage points higher than that of the 20th16th class (63%). The employment satisfaction of college graduates in recent five years has been rising (the employment satisfaction of college graduates in the 20th13rd session is 56%).

(The picture shows the employment satisfaction of 20 16 and 20 17 college students six months after graduation. )

"Tax Commissioner" has the highest satisfaction, while "porter" has the lowest satisfaction.

The main reasons why the graduates of 20 17 are dissatisfied with the current employment situation are "low income" (64% for undergraduates and 65% for higher vocational colleges) and "insufficient development space" (54% for undergraduates and 55% for higher vocational colleges).

Among the 20 17 undergraduate disciplines, after half a year, the graduates' employment satisfaction is the highest in education (7 1%) and the lowest in history (64%). 20 17 Among the major categories of higher vocational colleges, culture and education (68%) have the highest employment satisfaction after graduation for half a year, while resource development and surveying and mapping (60%) have the lowest.

After half a year, the graduates of 20 17 have the highest job satisfaction: "tax Commissioner" (85%), and the lowest job is "chemical equipment operator and administrator" (47%). After half a year, the highest job satisfaction of the graduates of 20 17 vocational colleges is "flight attendant" (87%), and the lowest job is "porter (excluding machine operator)" (34%).

After half a year, the industries with the highest employment satisfaction of the graduates of 20 17 are "undergraduate colleges" (8 1%), and the lowest industries are "plastic products manufacturing" and "pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals manufacturing" (both 52%). After half a year, the industry with the highest employment satisfaction of the graduates of 20 17 higher vocational colleges is "railway transportation" (85%), and the lowest industry is "audio-visual equipment manufacturing" (52%).

After half a year, the graduates of the 20th17th class have the highest employment satisfaction (77%) in "government institutions/scientific research institutions or other institutions" and the lowest employment satisfaction in "private enterprises/individuals" and "non-governmental or non-profit organizations (NGOs)". ) "(both are 65%). After half a year, the graduates of the 20th17th vocational college have the highest employment satisfaction (72%) in "government institutions/scientific research institutions or other institutions", and the lowest employment satisfaction in "private enterprises/individuals" and "non-governmental or non-profit organizations (NGOs)". ) "(both 63%).

From different cities, Beijing is the city with the highest employment satisfaction among the four cities, and Hangzhou is the city with the highest employment satisfaction among the new first-tier cities.

Table 1 20 17 Undergraduate Graduates from Major Cities

Employment satisfaction after graduation for half a year (%)

first-tier city

Employment satisfaction

new first-tier city

Employment satisfaction

Beijing

75.9

Hangzhou

75.3

Shanghai

73.9

Ningbo

72.0

Guangzhou

7 1.0

Tianjin

7 1.6

Shenzhen

70.2

Nanjing

69.7

Suzhou

68.7

National undergraduate course

68.2

Chengdu

67.4

Wuhan

66. 1

Xi'an

64.9

Chongqing

64.8

Zhengzhou

63. 1

Employment satisfaction is the subjective judgment of employed graduates on the current employment situation, which may be influenced by factors such as salary, industry development, career development space, working environment and work pressure, and is also closely related to graduates' own experiences and feelings.

Undergraduate graduates who are engaged in IT occupations have higher incomes.

Among 20 17 undergraduate disciplines, the highest monthly income of graduates after half a year is engineering (5067 yuan), and the lowest is history (4023 yuan). In 20 17 categories of higher vocational colleges, the highest monthly income of graduates after half a year's graduation is transportation (43 19 yuan) and the lowest is culture and education (34 18 yuan).

After half a year, the highest monthly income of the graduates of 20 17 is "Internet development and application" (6082 yuan), followed by "computer and data processing" (6042 yuan). After half a year, the highest monthly income of the graduates of the 20th17th higher vocational college is "business administration" (48 18 yuan), followed by "real estate management" (4,665 yuan) and "aviation machinery/electronics" (4,625 yuan).

After half a year, the industry with the highest monthly income of the graduates of the 20th/KLOC-0th/7th class is "media, information and communication" (5634 yuan), followed by "transportation" (5567 yuan). 20 17 the industry with the highest monthly income of higher vocational college graduates after half a year is "transportation" (4536 yuan), followed by "finance (banking/insurance/securities)" (4422 yuan).

Education and retail are the main industries for college graduates to start businesses.

After half a year, the proportion of graduates of the 20th17th class who started their own businesses was 2.9%, which was basically the same as that of the 20th16th class and the 20th15th class (both 3.0%). 20 17 higher vocational college graduates started their own businesses after half a year (3.8%) higher than undergraduate graduates (1.9%). It can be seen from the trend of the last three sessions that the proportion of college graduates starting their own businesses is stable.

(The picture shows the changing trend of the self-employment ratio of college graduates from 20 15 to 20 17 after half a year. )

According to the estimate of 7.358 million college graduates released by the Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development of National Bureau of Statistics in 20 17, about 2130,000 college students chose to start their own businesses in 20 17. The main motivation of college graduates to start a business is "the ideal is to be an entrepreneur" and "to have a good entrepreneurial project", and the graduates who belong to opportunistic entrepreneurship account for the majority of the total number of entrepreneurs (86% for undergraduates and 84% for higher vocational colleges).

The employment economic region with the highest proportion of self-employment of undergraduate graduates in the 20th/Kloc-0th/7th session is the Pan-Yangtze River Delta regional economy (2.7%). 20 17 The employment economic region with the highest proportion of self-employment of higher vocational college graduates is the Central Plains regional economy (4.9%).

After half a year, the graduates of the 20th17th class started their own businesses mainly in the education industry (22.7%). After half a year, 20 17 higher vocational graduates started their own businesses mainly in retail business (12.3%).

The risk of entrepreneurial failure can not be ignored.

What is more noteworthy is that 46.9% of the 20 14 graduates who started their business six months after graduation will continue to start their business three years later, which is basically the same as that of 20 13 (46.2%); 20 14 graduates who started their own businesses six months after graduation, 45.8% continued to start their own businesses three years later, slightly lower than 20 13 (46.8%). Within three years, more than half of entrepreneurs have withdrawn from the entrepreneurial market, and the risk of entrepreneurial failure cannot be ignored.

This report is based on the tracking data of college graduates in 20 18 years of Max Company, which reflects the tracking evaluation and public release of college graduates' employment information by social third-party professional institutions. Since 2007, Max Company has conducted a nationwide survey on the employment status and work ability of college students after graduation for half a year. Starting from 20 10, the career development of college graduates from 2006 to 20 14 was tracked for nine consecutive years, and the employment database of college graduates in China from 2006 to 20 17 was established.

(Image courtesy of MyCOS Research Institute)