A world-famous laboratory.

Many top research universities in the United States are hosting national laboratories for the government. As original innovation bases, these national laboratories of universities undertake the important missions of national basic research, technology development and scientific and technological research.

1, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), University of California, Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is located at the University of California, Berkeley, covering an area of 865,438+0 hectares, adjacent to San Francisco Bay. It belongs to the US Department of Energy and is managed by Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory was founded in 1939 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence, a Nobel Prize winner in physics. In the early days, he focused on the research in the field of high-energy physics, built the first batch of electron linear accelerators, discovered a series of overweight elements, opened up research directions such as jet isotope and heavy ion science, and became a sacred place of nuclear physics in the United States and even the world. It is the predecessor of a series of famous laboratories in the United States: Livermore, Los Alamos, Brookhaven, etc., and it is also an example for hundreds of accelerator laboratories in the world. The research field of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is extremely broad, with 18 research institutes and research centers, covering many disciplines such as high-energy physics, earth science, environmental science, computer science, energy science and materials science. Since its establishment, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has trained five Nobel Prize winners in physics and four Nobel Prize winners in chemistry. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory currently has 3,800 employees, a considerable number of whom are Berkeley teachers and students, and its budget in 2004 exceeded $500 million. In particular, the director of the laboratory is Mr. Steven Chu, who is one of the few Chinese who is in charge of the guidance of American national academic institutions.

2. Lincoln Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT established Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts on 195 1. Its predecessor was the radiation laboratory that developed radar. The laboratory is a research center invested by the federal government, and its basic task is to apply high technology to key issues of national security. It quickly became famous in the research of advanced electronics of air defense system, and its research scope expanded from agile to space monitoring, missile defense, battlefield monitoring, air traffic control and other fields. It is the first large-scale, interdisciplinary and multifunctional technology research and development laboratory in American universities. 1957, a solid-state programmable digital computer-controlled radar system (Millstone Hill radar) was built in the laboratory, which realized real-time tracking of space targets, not only tracking the movement of Soviet satellites, but also monitoring the rocket launch at Cape Canaveral. Later, it developed into a ballistic missile strategic defense system, in which the key technologies are digital signal processing and pattern recognition. In the early 1960s, Lincoln Laboratory developed a satellite communication system, which led to the launch of eight experimental communication satellites. In the early 1970s, the laboratory began to study civil aviation traffic control, emphasizing radar monitoring, detecting bad scenes and developing automatic aircraft control devices. In 1980s, in order to overcome the influence of atmospheric turbulence, a high-power lidar system was developed in the laboratory. In 1990s, sensors were developed for NASA and other countries. Lincoln Lab was developing land-based image processing equipment. In order to support the great transformation research, Lincoln Laboratory has always adhered to the leading position of basic research, such as nominal physics, solid state physics and related materials. The early research on the development of semiconductor lasers has been realized, an infrared lidar has been designed, and a high-precision satellite positioning and tracking system has been developed. Lincoln Lab has made great contributions to computer graphics, digital signal processing theory and the design and construction of high-speed digital signal processing computers. Signal processing is the core technology of many names in the laboratory, including general signal processors with high throughput. A lot of excellent work has also been done in speech coding and recognition, which has opened the way for active translation. Lincoln Lab currently has 2,432 employees, and the expenditure in fiscal year 2003 was $522.6 million, of which 9 1.6%, or $478.7 million, came from the US Department of Defense. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that MIT Lincoln Lab is actually the home base of American military electronic systems.

3. University of California Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Los Alamos National Laboratory is located 56 kilometers northwest of Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, USA. Founded in 1943, it is famous for developing the world's first atomic bomb. Los Alamos is a well-deserved science city and high-tech radiation source. The laboratory was initiated by President Roosevelt during World War II and was part of the Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer, a physicist, was the first director of the laboratory. The laboratory is a multi-program research institution jointly managed by the Department of Energy and the University of California. Its research work is divided into two categories: weapons research, including developing nuclear warheads to meet military needs, designing experimental advanced technology plans, and maintaining an innovative weapons research plan through experiments and practical research in related scientific and technological fields; Non-weapon research includes nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, moderate physical acceleration, superconductivity, computing science, biomedicine, earth science, non-nuclear energy and basic energy science. A large number of world-class scientists have gathered here. At present, there are 65.438+0.2 million employees, and the annual expenditure is estimated to be as high as 265.438+0 billion US dollars.

4. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) Brookhaven National Laboratory is located in the middle of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. Its original site was Upton Barracks of the US Army during World War I and World War II. The laboratory was established in 1948, and now it belongs to the US Department of Energy, and is managed by Stony Brook University and the Brookhaven Science Society established in Bater. Brookhaven National Laboratory has three reactors and synchrotron radiation sources, high-field nuclear magnetic resonance instrument, projection electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, positron emission tomography scanner, spiral accelerator and a large number of large-scale instruments and equipment used for research. In addition to pioneering research in the fields of nuclear technology, high-energy physics and nanotechnology, the laboratory also conducts research in the fields of biology, chemistry, medicine, materials science, environmental science and energy science and technology. The powerful supporting capacity and multidisciplinary environment of large-scale scientific installations have enabled Brookhaven National Laboratory to develop emerging and cutting-edge science, break through major new technologies, achieve many major achievements that have attracted worldwide attention, and win many Nobel Prizes, making it a famous large-scale comprehensive scientific research base. Brookhaven Laboratory has 3,000 employees and receives more than 4,000 scientists from all over the world every year. Brookhaven spends more than $400 million a year on research.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology (JPL) is a subsidiary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in Pasadena, California, and is responsible for developing and managing unmanned space exploration missions for NASA. Administratively managed by California Institute of Technology, formerly known as Jet Energy Research Institute led by aviation master Theodore von Kármán, 1936. In the field of international science and technology, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is well known, which has played an unprecedented role in the history of American missile and space development. In particular, 1958 Explorer 1 entered the orbit, which confirmed its status as the mother of space development plan. Jet Propulsion Laboratory has carried out 45 research and development projects, and most unmanned detectors are controlled by them after launch. It also undertakes the obligation to measure the earth correctly and controls the global deep space exploration network. There will be first-class superstitions and engineers in the field of space research, with more than 5,200 employees and annual research funding of $654.38+$300 million.

6. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the largest scientific and energy research laboratory under the US Department of Energy. It was founded in 1943, formerly known as Clinton Lab, and is part of the secret plan of Manhattan. It is now managed by the University of Tennessee and the Bater Memorial Institute. In 1950s and 1960s, Oak Ridge National Laboratory was mainly engaged in nuclear energy, physics and life sciences. After the establishment of the Ministry of Energy in 1970s, the research plan of Oak Ridge National Laboratory expanded to the fields of energy generation, transmission and conservation. The mission of Oak Ridge National Laboratory is to carry out basic and applied research and development, provide scientific common sense and innovative methods to solve complex problems in technology, and strengthen the leading position of the United States in major scientific fields; Further improve the utilization rate of a large amount of energy; Help to restore and protect the environment and national security. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a world leader in many scientific fields. Mainly engaged in neutron science, energy, high performance computing, complex biological systems, advanced materials, national security and other six aspects of research. At present, Oak Ridge National Laboratory has more than 3,800 employees and about 3,000 visiting researchers, and its annual funding exceeds 654.38 billion US dollars.

7. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Argonne National Laboratory is one of the oldest and largest scientific and engineering research laboratories of the US government and the largest laboratory in the Midwest of the United States. Argonne is the first national laboratory in the United States chartered by 1946 and one of the largest research centers under the US Department of Energy. In the first half century, the University of Chicago supervised the operation of Argonne National Laboratory for the US Department of Energy and its predecessor. Argonne was developed by the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, which was part of the Manhattan Project in World War II. After the war, Argonne accepted the task of developing peaceful atomic reactors. In the past few years, Argonne's research scope has been expanding, including basic science, scientific facilities, energy and resource planning, environmental management, national insurance, industrial technology development and many other fields. There are two sites in Argonne: the East Illinois site, which covers an area of 65,438+0,500 acres and is the location of the Chicago office of the US Department of Energy; Located in western Idaho, it covers an area of about 900 acres and is home to most major nuclear reactor research facilities in Argonne. Today, Argonne has more than 3,500 employees and operating expenses of about 475 million US dollars, supporting more than 200 research projects, from nuclear research to global climate change research. Since 1990, Argonne has cooperated with more than 600 companies, countless federal government departments and other organizations. This kind of laboratory belongs to national institutions, and some even international institutions, which are jointly undertaken by several countries. Most of them are engaged in basic metrology, high-tech projects, super-large scientific research projects and national defense military tasks.

1, the German Federal Institute for Technical Physics (PTB) was founded in 1884, with the original name of Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR), which is equivalent to the German National Bureau of Metrology and is famous for its fine measurement of thermal radiation. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, the researchers in this institute devoted themselves to the study of blackbody radiation, which led Planck to invent the quantum of action. It can be said that this laboratory is the birthplace of quantum theory. Speaking of this laboratory, we should introduce two important figures in the history of physics. The first one is Wayne William Wayne, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1 1 (1864- 1928). He is the theoretical leader of the laboratory and has worked here for nearly ten years. His main contribution is to discover several important laws of thermal radiation. The second place is 19 18 Nobel Prize winner Planck. The energy level he discovered made a great contribution to the progress of physics. He is the main academic leader who works in the laboratory after Wayne.

2. British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) The British National Physical Laboratory, which was established in 1900, is the core of the long-established measurement benchmark research in Britain. 198 1 year is divided into six departments: electrical science, material application, mechanics and optical metrology, numerical analysis and computer science, quantum metrology, radiation science and acoustics. As a measurement center of a highly industrialized country, it has general daily contact with national industry, government departments and trade institutions, and as a national representative institution, it has contact with international organizations and national measurement centers. It also provides environmental protection initiatives to the government, such as noise, electromagnetic radiation and air pollution. There are about 1 1,000 scientific and technical personnel in the British National Physics Laboratory, of which 1 1,969 is the largest.

3. CERN was founded in 1954 and is the largest international experimental organization. Its establishment, policy, organization, topic selection, funding and implementation of research planning are all very distinctive. 1983, W and Z0 particles were found here. The following year, two physicists in the center, Lu Biya and Vandermeyer, won the Nobel Prize in physics. CERN was initiated by UNESCO and planned by 1 1 European countries from 195 1. Now it has 26 member countries. The fund is shared by member States, and the director is appointed by the Council for a term of five years. Under the management committee, research committee and experimental committee, the organization is lean and well managed. There are 9000 researchers, most of whom are candidates. This is a purely scientific physical research institution, which aims to explore what is the most basic thing at the origin of the universe, and it is also one of the largest scientific laboratories in the world today. More than 6,000 physicists from more than 80 countries around the world, including China, have worked here. This research center has two international research institutes for world-renowned groups of scientists to study the structure and theory of subnuclear nuclei. The first research institute is equipped with a synchrocyclotron with 600 million electron volts and a proton synchrotron with 28 billion electron volts. The second research institute is next to the first research institute, which is equipped with a new proton synchrotron with a circumference of about 7 kilometers. In addition to many advanced and expensive experimental equipment, the research center also has a library and reference room, and publishes CERN Messenger (monthly) and scientific lectures. Thanks to the well-equipped facilities, excellent service and the diligent efforts of scientists, CERN has made some remarkable achievements in the field of particle physics research, thus becoming a real nuclear research center. Over the past decades, the research center has successively built proton synchrocyclotron, proton synchrotron, cross storage ring (ISR), superproton synchrotron (SPS) and large electron-positron collider (LEP), and has the largest hydrogen bubble chamber (BEBL) in the world.

4. Paul scherer Institute (PSI) The Paul scherer Institute in Switzerland is a multidisciplinary research center of Swiss science and technology. PSI cooperates with universities, other research institutions and industries at home and abroad, and is very active in solid-state physics, material science, elementary particle physics, life science, nuclear and non-nuclear energy research and energy-related ecological research. PSI is the largest national research institution in Switzerland, with 65,438+0,200 employees, and it is the only institution of its kind in Switzerland. PSI research focuses on basic research and applied research, especially in areas related to sustainable development and areas of great significance to education and training, but it is beyond the capacity of a single department of a university. The development and operation of PSI requires special high-scale technical know-how, education and professional complex research facilities. It has large scientific devices such as spallation neutron source and Swiss light source (SLS), and is one of the main user laboratories in the world scientific community. Through its research, PSI has gained new basic knowledge and actively promoted its application in industry. There are five national laboratories in China, namely:

1. National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory of China University of Science and Technology (Hefei)

2. Beijing National Laboratory of Electron Positron Collider, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing)

3. Lanzhou National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Lanzhou)

4. Shenyang National (Joint) Laboratory of Materials Science, Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shenyang)

5. Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology-China Ocean University (Qingdao) has approved five national laboratories under construction, namely:

1. Beijing national laboratory of condensed matter physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

2. Hefei National Laboratory of Microscale Materials Science, University of Science and Technology China

3. Wuhan Photoelectric National Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and other units.

4. Tsinghua University, Tsinghua National Laboratory of Information Science and Technology.

5. Peking University, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 National Laboratory of Aviation Science and Technology.

Relying on Beihang University

2. Population and Health-National Laboratory of Major Diseases Research

Relying on China Academy of Medical Sciences

3 National Laboratory of Nuclear Energy-Magnetic Confinement Fusion

Relying on Hefei Institute of Material Science and Southwest Institute of Nuclear Physics of China Academy of Sciences,

4. New Energy-Clean Energy National Laboratory

Relying on Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

5. Advanced Manufacturing-National Laboratory of Ship and Ocean Engineering

Relying on Shanghai Jiaotong University

6 quantum control-microstructure national laboratory

Relying on Nanjing University

Protein Research-protein National Science Laboratory.

Relying on the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

8 Rail Transit-Modern Rail Transit National Laboratory

Relying on Southwest Jiaotong University

9. Agriculture-Modern Agriculture National Laboratory

Relying on China Agricultural University