What are the subjective factors?

What are the main factors affecting health?

The main factors affecting health are as follows:

biotic factor

1. Genetic factors

Human psychology is mainly formed and developed under the influence of acquired environment. However, people's psychological development is closely related to genetic factors. According to statistical investigation and clinical observation, the causes of many mental diseases are indeed related to blood. At the same time, genetic susceptibility also exists in some people. Nerve types based on genetic quality and physical characteristics at different ages also affect people's psychological activities.

2. Virus infection and somatic diseases

Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (such as cerebral syphilis, typhus, epidemic encephalitis) caused by germs and viruses will damage the nerve tissue structure of people and lead to organic psychological or mental disorders. This has a particularly serious impact on children and is an important cause of mental retardation or dementia.

3. Brain trauma and other factors

Brain trauma or chemical poisoning, as well as some serious physical diseases and dysfunction, are also the causes of psychological disorders and mental disorders.

social factor

1. Living environment factors

Poor material conditions and improper living habits in life, such as excessive intake of tobacco, alcohol and food, will affect and damage physical and mental health. Secondly, bad working environment, long working hours, incompetent work, monotonous work, poor living conditions and low economic income will all make people feel anxious, irritable, angry and disappointed, thus affecting their mental health. In addition, the great changes in the living environment will also make individuals feel psychological pressure, which will bring psychological discomfort.

2. Major life events and mutation factors

All kinds of changes in life, especially some sudden changes, are often the causes of mental disorders or mental diseases, such as family death, lovelorn, divorce, natural disasters, diseases and so on. Because every time an individual experiences a life event, it will bring him pressure, and he has to pay attention to adjustment and adaptation. Therefore, if there are too many unfortunate events or serious emergencies in a period of time, his physical and mental health will be easily affected.

3. Cultural and educational factors

Educational factors include family education and school education. For personal psychological development, early education and family environment are one of the important factors affecting mental health. Research shows that if the early environment of individuals is monotonous and harsh, their psychological development will be hindered and their potential development will be inhibited, while individuals who are well cared for and rich in * * * may become excellent in adulthood. In addition, the relationship between children and parents, parents' parenting attitudes, ways and family types will also have an impact on the future individual mental health. Children who have established and maintained good relations with their parents since childhood are fully loved, supported and encouraged by their parents, and are easy to gain a sense of security and trust, which has a positive role in promoting the good development of personality, interpersonal communication and social adaptation in adulthood.

What factors does the economic environment include?

It mainly refers to the social and economic system, economic development level, industrial structure, labor structure, material resources, consumption level, consumption structure and international economic development trend of a country or region. Inflation rate is also used for exchange rate, bank interest rate, national monetary/fiscal policy, tax rate, unemployment rate and overall economic environment (stability, growth, recession, recession). The economic environment of an enterprise refers to the social and economic conditions, operating conditions, development trends, industrial structure, transportation, resources and so on. It is an important factor that restricts the survival and development of enterprises.

What caused this safety accident? What are the aspects?

The main causes of production safety accidents are: unsafe behavior of people, unsafe state of things, environmental reasons and management defects.

1. The unsafe behavior of people (operators, managers and other related personnel) is an important reason for the accident. Mainly includes:

① Operating without permission, ignoring safety and warning;

② Adventure operation or high-speed operation;

(3) artificially disabling the safety device;

(4) Using unsafe equipment, using hands instead of tools for operation or illegal operation;

⑤ Loading, stacking and combination of unsafe items;

⑥ Take unsafe working posture or direction;

⑦ Working on dangerous operating equipment or mobile equipment; Don't stop, work and repair;

Distraction, frolicking, intimidation, etc.

2. The cause of the incident. The so-called things include raw materials, fuel, power, equipment, tools, finished products, semi-finished products and so on. The unsafe state of things has the following kinds:

(1) the equipment and device structure is poor, the material strength is insufficient, and the parts are worn and aged;

(2) There are dangerous and harmful substances;

③ The workplace area is small or has other defects;

(4) the safety protection device fails;

⑤ Lack of protective equipment and defective clothing or protective equipment;

⑥ The stacking and arrangement of materials are defective;

⑦ The process is unreasonable and the operation method is unsafe.

The unsafe state of things is the material basis of accidents. Without the unsafe state of things, it is impossible to have an accident. The unsafe state of things constitutes a hidden danger and danger source in production. When it meets certain conditions, it will turn into an accident.

3. Environmental reasons. Unsafe environment is the material basis of accidents. It is the direct cause of the accident and usually refers to:

① Abnormal natural environment, that is, adverse changes in rocks, geology, hydrology and meteorology;

(2) The production environment is harsh, that is, defects in light, temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration, air quality and color.

The unsafe behavior of the above people, the unsafe state of things and the bad state of the environment are the direct causes of the accident.

4. The defects of management mainly include:

(1) technical defects. Refers to the defects in the design, material selection, installation, layout, maintenance and repair of industrial buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, and instruments, or problems in technological processes and operation methods;

② Unreasonable labor organization;

③ Lack of inspection and guidance for field work, or mistakes in inspection and guidance;

(4) There are no safety operation procedures or imperfections, the expenses of safety measures are misappropriated, accident prevention measures are not seriously implemented, and potential safety hazards are not rectified;

⑤ Education and training are not enough, the staff do not know the knowledge or experience of operation technology and lack safety knowledge;

⑥ Improper selection and use of personnel, physical or physiological defects, such as diseases, poor hearing and eyesight, etc.

The defect in management is the indirect cause of the accident and the condition for the existence of the direct cause of the accident.

What does the organizational structure include?

Organizational structure is the most basic structural basis of enterprise process operation, department setting and function planning. Common organizational structures include linear system, functional system, linear functional system, matrix system and business department system.

Organizational structure refers to how to divide the work, group and coordinate and cooperate with each other. Organizational structure is a model that shows the arrangement order, spatial position, aggregation and dispersion state, contact mode and relationship of all elements of the organization, and it is the "framework" of the whole management system. Organizational structure is a structural system formed by all members of an organization in terms of work scope, responsibilities and rights in order to achieve organizational goals and cooperate with each other in management. Organizational structure is a dynamic structural system composed of obligations, responsibilities and rights. Its essence is a division of labor and cooperation system to achieve the strategic objectives of the organization, and the organizational structure must be adjusted with the major strategic adjustment of the organization.

The main contents are as follows:

Design elements: correctly consider six key factors: work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, control span, centralization and decentralization, and regularization.

Four structures: organizational structure is generally divided into four aspects: functional structure, hierarchical structure, departmental structure and authority structure.

Optimization method:

First, it is necessary to take the stable transition or stable existence of the organization as the premise.

Second, the division of labor should be clear, which is conducive to assessment and coordination.

Third, the establishment of departments and posts should be combined with training talents and providing good development space.

Three contents:

(1) Company, Department and Position Setting

(2) Definition of responsibilities of each unit, department and post.

(3) Definition of the relationship between units, departments and job roles.

System forms: linear system, functional system, linear functional system, business division system, analog decentralization system, matrix system and committee system.

Basic configuration: characteristics of five organizational types

(1) entrepreneurial structure

(2) machine bureaucracy structure

(3) Professional bureaucratic structure

(4) division of labor structure

(5) Special structure

organization structure

(1) division type

(2) Management level

(3) Control span

(4) process centralization

Design specification:

(1) specification implementation

The first step is to choose the basic mode and determine the organizational structure. This step needs to choose and determine a typical organizational model as the basic model of enterprise organizational structure according to the reality of its own enterprise. In the practice of contemporary enterprises, it is common to choose linear functional structure and matrix structure, and more and more enterprises choose to add the corresponding characteristics of elastic model to supplement the limitations of their basic models.

The second step is to analyze and determine the workload responsible for the target function of each subsystem. This step needs to analyze and determine the workload of the target functions of each subsystem in the enterprise according to the target function tree system analysis model. There are two variables to consider: first, the size of the enterprise; The second is the industry nature of the enterprise.

The third step is to determine the functional departments. This step needs to determine the functional management department of the enterprise according to the workload of each subsystem within the enterprise and the relationship between different subsystems. That is, the target functions of interrelated, independent subsystems with little workload are merged, and a function management department is the main undertaking unit, which is responsible for coordinating and summarizing the target functions of the merged subsystems. The target functions of the check and balance subsystem are entrusted to different units, departments or work roles.

The fourth step is to balance the workload. This step requires that the workload of the proposed units and departments be roughly balanced. Because units and departments with too much workload often lead to too large a management span, units and departments with too small a workload often lead to too small a management span. Therefore, it is necessary to straighten out the management span through the workload balance between units and departments. It should be noted here that the subsystems with checks and balances should avoid assigning their target functions to the same unit, that is, priority should be given to ensuring that the target functions of the subsystems with checks and balances are undertaken separately.

The fifth step is to establish the setting of subordinate counterpart units, departments or posts. If the scale of subsidiaries, independent companies and branches under the enterprise is still large, and the functional management department at the higher level cannot fully undertake the coordination and summary of the target functions of its corresponding subsystems, it is necessary to set up corresponding functional departments or specialist posts at the same level.

Step six, draw the organization chart. This step requires the intuitive construction of the relationship between units, departments and positions of the whole enterprise and the corresponding work of the target functions of the subsystem.

Seventh, prepare the enterprise system analysis document. This step is to establish norms for the organizational structure of enterprises. Enterprise system analysis documents are specific. ......

Management science. What factors does the internal environment of the enterprise include? How to analyze these factors?

Reprint the following information for your reference.

The internal environment of an enterprise refers to the sum of the material and cultural environment within the enterprise, including the enterprise resources, enterprise capabilities, enterprise culture and other factors, also known as the internal conditions of the enterprise. That is, a * * * value system within the organization, including the guiding ideology, business philosophy and work style of the enterprise.

The analysis of enterprise internal environment includes organizational structure, enterprise culture, resource conditions, value chain, core competence analysis, SWOT analysis and so on. According to the growth process of the enterprise, the analysis of the internal environment of the enterprise is divided into the analysis of the growth stage of the enterprise, the analysis of the history of the enterprise and the analysis of the present situation of the enterprise.

Internal management analysis

It includes five functional areas: planning, organization, motivation, appointment and control. They depend on each other and influence each other, and planning is the basis of the other four functions.

Planning is the choice and stipulation of goals, ways and time to achieve goals in the development process of enterprises. Planning focuses on the future and is a bridge for enterprises to develop from the present situation to the future. To a great extent, the planning ability of an enterprise also determines whether the strategic management of the enterprise can be effectively implemented. Because planning is not only the basis for formulating effective strategies, but also the basis for successfully implementing and evaluating enterprise strategies. The effectiveness of enterprise planning depends on whether the planning work is carried out from top to bottom, whether it is carried out in accordance with formal planning procedures, whether it can achieve the effect of "coordination" through planning work, and whether it can understand environmental changes and actively respond.

Organization is the orderly and coordinated use of various resources in the process of realizing enterprise goals. The purpose of the organization is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the enterprise by arranging various activities and positions in a reasonable structure. The effectiveness of organizational work lies in whether the enterprise reasonably assigns all kinds of planned activities and tasks to each position, whether it combines each position into several departments according to the similarity of positions, and whether it assigns the powers and responsibilities required to complete tasks to each position. Only by defining the work tasks, work requirements and the division of labor and cooperation between posts can the implementation of enterprise strategy be guaranteed and the evaluation of enterprise strategy be based. The effectiveness of organizational work not only requires respect for general organizational principles, but also requires dealing with the relationship between division of labor and cooperation, width and narrowness of management span, centralization and decentralization from the reality of enterprises.

Motivation is a process that affects employees to work according to the requirements of enterprises. The incentive function of management includes leadership, group motivation, information communication and organizational change. The leadership level of an enterprise is related to whether employees are effectively motivated and to the coordination of interests in all aspects of the enterprise. The behavior norms of informal groups in enterprises have positive and negative effects on the implementation of enterprise strategies, and enterprise managers can use and manage these groups in the process of strategic implementation to achieve enterprise goals. The success of enterprise strategic management is closely related to the situation of internal information communication. With the understanding and support of enterprise employees, the formulation, implementation and evaluation of strategies can be better carried out. Enterprise strategy adapts to changes, and the implementation of enterprise strategy will inevitably bring great changes to enterprises. The attitude and adaptability of employees to organizational change may become the advantages or disadvantages of enterprises.

As a management function, appointment is sometimes called human resource management or personnel management, which mainly involves personnel management such as recruitment, appointment, training, deployment, assessment, rewards and punishments. The quality of enterprise employees is often related to the success or failure of enterprise strategic management.

Control functions include all activities aimed at making plans consistent with actual activities. Enterprise managers can evaluate the activities of enterprises and take necessary corrective measures to ensure the effective realization of enterprise plans and objectives and reduce the losses caused by possible deviations. The effectiveness of enterprise control function is of great significance for effective strategic evaluation and control.

Marketing ability analysis

That is to say, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of enterprises in marketing from two aspects: market positioning and marketing mix.

Market positioning is the question of "Who are our customers" that senior managers must answer before formulating new strategies. Enterprises should determine a target market for their products and services, and define and express it from the aspects of products, geographical location, customer types and markets. The clear and reasonable market positioning of enterprises can make enterprises concentrate resources to create "location advantage" in the target market, thus gaining an advantageous position in the competition. The accuracy of enterprise market positioning depends on the ability of enterprise market research and investigation, the ability of evaluating and determining the target market and the ability of occupying and maintaining the market position.

city ......

What factors does the quality of life include?

The reason why the concept of quality of life is put forward here for further discussion is that if this concept is not accurately grasped, the study of quality of life will be out of normal track. This separation is mainly manifested in the narrow or vague understanding of the quality of life in the current research process, which is embodied in the following two aspects: (1) replacing the whole concept with related concepts. For example, equate the quality of life with the standard of living, the standard of living and the level of welfare. And equate good or bad with high or low. (2) Replace the whole with parts. Equate the quality of life with subjective quality of life or objective quality of life, and simply study one of them. There is no doubt that the basic problem of quality of life research is to solve the problem of whether life is good or bad, which aspects are good and which aspects are bad. Although people have different standards for evaluating the quality of life, the factors that affect the quality of life are nothing more than material and psychological factors of life, or objective or subjective factors of human life. People call the objective material quality of life objective quality of life, and people's subjective evaluation of their own lives subjective quality of life, which shows that the quality of life is really related to the objective material conditions or subjective psychological feelings of people's lives; On the other hand, it also shows that the subjective quality of life is different from the objective quality of life, and there are differences between them. People's quality of life is not only related to the material conditions of life, but also related to their subjective satisfaction with life. But each of these two aspects can only constitute a necessary condition to reflect the quality of life, not a sufficient condition. If mathematical language is used to describe the relationship among quality of life, subjective quality of life and objective quality of life, then subjective and objective quality of life are two independent variables and quality of life is a dependent variable. Therefore, it is flawed to define the quality of life as the material conditions of life or people's satisfaction with life. But this enlightens us that the quality of life is determined by the "supply" of social life and the "demand" of human life. Although any aspect is related to the quality of life, it cannot be used as a decisive factor. Only by organically combining the two can we reflect the quality of life. By measuring the supply level of social life, we can reflect the development stage and degree of people's life; By evaluating the satisfaction of people's life needs with satisfaction as the key word, we can reflect people's quality of life at different stages of life development. The supply of social life and people's demand for life are dialectical unity, and neither can explain the quality of life. Therefore, the quality of life must be defined from two aspects to be complete. The evaluation of the so-called quality of life must be evaluated from two aspects: the supply of social life and people's living needs, in order to draw a correct conclusion. Therefore, the author put forward in 1992 that the quality of life refers to "the sufficiency provided by society to national life and the satisfaction of national life needs". This definition has basically been recognized by the academic community. What does quality of life research mean is the object and content of quality of life research, which is determined by the content of life concept. There is no doubt that the study of quality of life takes people's life as the research object, and one of its purposes is to evaluate the quality of life. Because of the complexity of life phenomenon, it is difficult to grasp the concept of life when it comes to the content of life. The only way is to take human life as a system and divide it deeply. Theoretically speaking, people's life behavior is based on combining the cross-sectional structure of life with the vertical cycle of life, and considering how to allocate limited living resources in order to pursue people's desired life goals. Therefore, the operation of the life system is to invest life resources, implement life activities, realize the value of life and achieve maximum satisfaction. The author thinks that human life system mainly includes the following contents: (1) Life resource system Generally speaking, life resources can be divided into material resources and human resources. Material resources refer to personal current assets, land, houses and other fixed assets and living environment centered on monetary income; Human resources refer to life time, health, ability and experience. Because people's living resources are different, their living conditions are also very different. According to China scholars, it can be divided into five stages: poverty, food and clothing, well-off, prosperity and prosperity. Living resources are just an "input" in life, which has an important influence on people's quality of life, but it is not a decisive factor. (2) life. ......

What are the subjective factors of environmental pollution?

Environmental pollution is now generally divided into three categories: air pollution, water pollution and pollution caused by solid waste. Air pollution is mainly caused by various types of waste gas, such as industrial waste gas, automobile waste gas, other toxic gases produced by combustion, biological waste gas and so on. Water pollution is mainly caused by wastewater from various industrial production, such as steel, petroleum, printing and dyeing, paper making, chemical industry and so on. The solid waste of domestic wastewater will produce a lot of garbage that cannot be treated, which will occupy the earth's space and pollute the soil and water, such as abandoned household appliances, fluorescent tubes, computer motherboards, and waste mud and waste residue in industrial production. The above mainly summarizes some main causes of environmental pollution, and of course there are other noise pollution.

What are the main factors that affect the voice quality?

Network factors affecting speech quality

(1) exchange

Handover is the most important function in GSM mobile communication. During handover, TCH frames (used as FACCH) are needed to transmit relevant handover signaling. In order to maintain the connection performance of the network, this temporary interruption is necessary to complete the handover to a more suitable cell, but at the expense of voice continuity, it has a certain impact on voice quality. When ping-pong is frequently switched, the problem of continuous frame stealing will appear similar to the voice interruption caused by frame loss in users' hearing.

Because the problem of frame stealing in handover is considered in SQI algorithm, SQI will drop rapidly when handover is very frequent, which is consistent with our subjective feelings. If the switching frequency is too high, the wireless parameters should be adjusted to suppress too frequent switching.

(2) Frame error rate

Because the speech signal of GSM network is interleaved and coded at the air interface, there is no linear relationship between all FER and BER, and the quality of speech signal depends more on FER. The simulation results of Ericsson Lab also show that the distribution of SQI to C/I is consistent with that of FER to C/I, so SQI is closely related to the frame error rate (FER).

(3) Encoder type

In Ericsson BSS system, there are four different speech codes: full rate (FR), enhanced full rate (EFR), half rate coding (HR) and adaptive multi-rate coding (AMR). Different coding types lead to different speech quality (AMR coding rate is variable, so it is not discussed), and the corresponding SQI upper limit is also different.

SQI ranges from -20 to 30. For a half-rate encoder, the upper limit of SQI is 19, while the full rate is 2 1 and the enhanced full rate is 30. In other words, the highest SQI of networks that use half-rate coding too much can only reach 19, almost all of which belong to tsqiaccept (018); Use enhanced full rate for best results. This is because different coding methods determine different compression methods of data, resulting in different speech distortions.

We did an experiment on different encoders in GZNBSCA in Guangzhou North District:

FR_RATE and HR_RATE in the ordinate of the figure below represent the proportion of full-rate and half-rate traffic to the total traffic of N 1 office, GOOD_RATE is a good proportion in SQI statistics, and BAD_RATE is a bad proportion in SQI statistics; The abscissa is time. The experimental data are taken from the hourly statistics of 24 hours a day, and the main purpose is to study the relationship between the full-rate and half-rate traffic ratios and the GOOD ratio in SQI.

(4) Wireless function application

The application of wireless network function can improve the speech quality degradation caused by wireless environment. Several wireless network functions that affect voice quality are as follows:

Discontinuous transmission (DTX)

DTX refers to discontinuous transfer function. During a call, one-way voice transmission usually only accounts for 50% of the total call time. DTX function detects whether voice is transmitted through VAD, otherwise it is transmitted in silence. Replacing words with silence is also a distortion, which will seriously affect subjective feelings.

The advantage of turning on DTX function is that it can reduce the overall interference level of the network and save the power of BTS and MS. However, after turning on DTX function, the voice transmission will be inaccurate, which will affect the voice quality. At the same time, it will cause the unreliability of the wireless measurement report, and the human ear is very sensitive to the background noise and can't hear the background noise of the other party, which may lead to the possibility of suspicious call drop.

Frequency hopping (FH)

Frequency hopping function can improve the speech quality degradation caused by multipath fading and interference. For the whole wireless communication system C/I, using frequency hopping function can bring 3dB gain.

Frequency hopping is to ensure that the same information is transmitted on several frequencies, which can improve the transmission characteristics. Signals with different frequencies receive different fading, and with the increase of frequency difference, fading becomes more independent. For frequencies that are far enough apart, they can be considered completely independent. By frequency hopping, all bursts including some information will not be destroyed by Rayleigh fading in the same way.

In places with dense traffic, the network capacity will be affected by frequency reuse. ......

What factors does the external environment analysis include?

Generally speaking, the external environment analysis of an enterprise mainly includes three aspects: macro environment analysis, industry environment analysis, competitor analysis: 1, and macro environment analysis. If an enterprise wants to invest in a project, it must know itself and the macro environment in which the project is located. If there is no good macro environment, the investment of enterprises will fall into various difficulties. Macro-environmental analysis is the basis for enterprises to formulate development strategies. Generally speaking, the macro-environment analysis of enterprises mainly includes the following aspects: (1), policy environment. Policy environment is the primary element of enterprise external environment analysis. Law is a means used by * * to manage the operation of enterprises, and its function is twofold: on the one hand, they have various restrictions on the behavior of enterprises; On the other hand, they also protect the reasonable competition and legitimate rights and interests of enterprises. Therefore, the policy environment is an important factor that enterprises must consider when investing. In addition, various laws and policies formulated by * * and other measures aimed at protecting consumers, protecting the environment, adjusting industrial structure and guiding investment direction will also have an impact on all walks of life. (2) Economic environment. For modern enterprises, the coverage of economic environment is very extensive, and its influence on enterprise management is usually stronger than other environmental factors. The factors that belong to this item mainly include national economic situation, interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate. (3) Human environment. With the development of high-tech and information technology, modern enterprises pay more and more attention to the human environment, and many enterprises regard it as one of their important goals. (4) scientific and technological environment. For modern enterprises, the influence of scientific and technological factors on their investment is twofold: on the one hand, it may bring opportunities to some enterprises. For example, technological progress in computers, remote control devices, laser transmitters, satellite communication networks, optical fibers and other related fields is a good opportunity for many enterprises to develop. On the other hand, technological factors will lead to changes in the structure of social needs (such as fountain pens to ballpoint pens, propeller planes to jet planes, electric typewriters to computer typing, etc.). ), which poses a threat to some enterprises and even the whole industry. 2. Industry environment analysis. Only by fully analyzing the investment fields that modern enterprises want to set foot in can we "know ourselves and know ourselves" and be in an invincible position. Generally speaking, the competitive factors of the industry mainly include the competitive status of the industry, the threat of new entrants, the pressure of substitutes and the production capacity (or production capacity) of the industry. 3. Analysis of competitors. A complete enterprise strategy must be based on careful analysis of competitors. The analysis of competitors is more comprehensive. When dealing with competitors as strategic environmental factors, it mainly analyzes their influence on enterprises in market share, financial situation, management level, product quality, employee quality, user reputation and so on. Among them, the financial situation and product quality have great influence, because these two aspects have great influence on the competitiveness of enterprises. If the final comprehensive strength is close to the main competitors, we should find new growth points appropriately, such as developing new products and opening up new markets, otherwise it will be difficult to give play to our own advantages in the competition.