Introduction to Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Bai Pu

Xin Qiji (1140-1207), a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is You'an and the nickname is Jiaxuan. He was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). His original name was Tanfu, which was changed to You'an, and his nickname was Jiaxuan Jushi. He is as famous as Su Shi and also called Su Xin. Liu Chenweng's "Xin Jiaxuan Ci Preface" said: "When the words reach the east slope, they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth." He has successively served as the pacifier of Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and eastern Zhejiang. When he was born, Shandong was already occupied by the Jin soldiers. At the age of 21, he joined the anti-Jin rebel army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. Thirteen years before he was born, the Shandong area was occupied by the Jin soldiers. In the 31st year of Shaoxing (1161), he led 2,000 people to join the Northern Anti-Jin Rebel Army. The following year, he was sent to the Southern Song Dynasty. Throughout his life, he firmly advocated fighting against the Jin soldiers and regaining lost ground. He once presented "Ten Essays on Meiqin" to analyze the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and put forward a specific plan for strengthening the army and restoring the country; he also submitted the "Nine Discussions" to the prime minister to further elaborate on the ideas of the "Ten Essays"; but none of them were adopted and implemented. When he took office in various places, he conscientiously eliminated the accumulated shortcomings and actively organized the army to prepare for war. However, he was repeatedly hampered by the capitulationists and was even dismissed from his post. He once lived idle in Shangrao, Jiangxi for a long time. His great ambition to regain his motherland could not be put to use, so he wrote poems out of loyalty and anger, thus creating a generation of great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. Bai Pu, whose original name was Heng and whose courtesy name was Renfu, was later renamed Pu, whose given name was Taisu and whose nickname was Langu. He was born in the third year of Zhengda of Emperor Aizong of Jin Dynasty (1226) and lived until the tenth year of Dade of Emperor Chengzong of Yuan Dynasty (1306). His whereabouts since then are unknown. His ancestral home is Nang'ao Prefecture (now Hequ County, Shanxi Province), and later moved to Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province). In his later years, he lived in Jinling (now Nanjing City). He was a famous writer and dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty.

Bai Pu was born into a family of bureaucrats and scholar-bureaucrats. His father, Bai Hua, was a Jinshi in the third year of Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Dynasty (1215), and was judged by the Privy Council. His father, Bai Bi, was a civil servant during the Taihe period of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty and served as a county magistrate. My uncle died early, but he was famous for his poetry. The Bai family and Yuan Haowen's father and son were close friends for generations. The two children often communicated with each other through poetry and prose.

Bai Pu was born in such a family. He should have been leisurely and leisurely, studying and learning in order to gain fame in the future. However, his childhood was marked by war and chaos, and he and his family had to endure hardships in fear and confusion. Shortly after his birth, Nanjing Bianliang of the Jin Dynasty was surrounded by the Mongolian army. Bai Hua, who was at the center, was busy with the survival of the Jin Dynasty all day long and had no time to take care of his wife, children and family. In the first year of Tianxing of Jin Aizong (1232), the Mongolian army planted artillery to attack the city. Aizong decided to abandon the city to the north and return to Germany. Bai Hua had no choice but to leave his family in Bianjing and cross the river with Aizong alone. In March of the following year, the city of Bianjing was destroyed, and the Mongolian army plundered the city. The soldiers and common people in the city were brutally slaughtered, and their wealth was looted unprecedentedly. During the war, Bai Pu's mother and son lost each other. Fortunately, Yuan Haowen was also in the city at the time, so he and his sister were taken in, and his life was saved during the rebellion and famine. At the end of April, Yuan Haowen took Bai Pu's sister and brother across the river to the north, and lived in Liaocheng, and later lived in the shogunate of Zhao Tianxi, the magistrate of Guanshi (now Guan County, Shandong). Although Yuan Haowen was also a minister who had lost his country and was running for his life, and his life was extremely difficult, he regarded Bai Pu's sisters and brothers as if they were his own children and cared for them. Bai Pu was attacked by the plague and his life was in danger. Yuan Haowen held him in his arms day and night, but he recovered from sweating on the sixth day after contracting the epidemic. Bai Pu was smart and enlightened, and he loved reading since he was a child. Yuan Haowen carefully trained him and taught him how to read, learn, and behave in society, so that he received a good education at an early age.

Bai Pu's father Bai Hua first defected to the Southern Song Dynasty after the fall of the Jin Dynasty and became Junzhou Tilu. However, soon after, the defender of Junzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty also surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, and Bai Hua surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (1237), when Bai Pu was 12 years old, Bai Hua and some of the exiled ministers of the Jin Dynasty came to Zhending and attached themselves to the Mongolian general Shi Tianze who was still alive and guarding Zhending. In the autumn of the same year, Yuan Haowen returned to Taiyuan from Guanshi and passed through Zhending, so he sent Bai Pu sister and brother back to Baihua, so that the father and son who had been separated for several years could reunite. When father and son met, Bai Hua felt great joy. He wrote a poem "Man Ting Fang Shi Lie Zi Xin" to express his mood at that time: "Guang Lu's tower, the general's pavilion, in the middle of a dream every ten years. Short clothes and horses , see Zhenzhou Mountain again. Nei Han was drunk in ink, and the sarong branches are still tall and broad. Today, the children are floating in front of the lamp and are happy to be alive." He was also very grateful to Yuan Haowen for raising his children on his behalf. He once wrote a poem to express his gratitude, saying: "I have become a lost dog, and Lai Jun once protected the nest."

With the stability of the north, Bai Pu and his son also settled down in Zhending. From then on, he followed his father's requirements to write poetry and study for the academic examinations. He was quite progressive in the study of rhyme and fu, and soon became famous for his ability in poetry and fu.

At that time, Yuan Haowen was compiling historical books of the Jin Dynasty, and he often traveled in and out of Dadu, so he traveled to Zhending and cared about his studies. Whenever he came to his home, he would guide him in his studies. There was a poem praising Bai Pu's saying : "Yuan Bai is connected with the old family, and all the gentlemen are only virtuous." Encourage him to study hard and achieve a career. However, the brutal plunder of the Mongol rulers made it difficult for Bai Pu to heal the scars on his heart. He was full of disgust for the Mongol rulers. The loss of his mother and son during the war made him often sigh at the sight of mountains and rivers, and he even felt that he was a ruler. Poor service. Therefore, he gave up the pursuit of fame and fortune in the officialdom, and adapted himself to the remnants of the subjugated country, specialized in poetry and poetry, and used singing to vent the pent-up feelings in his heart.

With the growth of age and the expansion of social experience, Bai Pu's knowledge has improved even more. In the second year of Zhongtong (1261), the ancestor of Yuan Dynasty, Bai Pu was 36 years old. In April of this year, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty ordered all the Xuanfu envoys from all walks of life to recommend and promote those who had literary talents and talents. Shi Tianze, who was serving as the Xuanfu envoy from Henan Road at that time, recommended Bai Pu to serve as an official, but he declined. Not only did he rebel against Shi Tianze's recommendation, but he felt that it was inconvenient to stay in Zhending for a long time, so he abandoned his home and traveled south this year. This further expressed his determination to escape the depression of the world and never pursue an official career. However, the love for his wife and son could not be severed, and he was often tortured by his conflicting emotions and felt very painful.

Despite this, he still wanted to stay away from the world of cars and horses. He first went to Hankou and then Jiujiang. When he was 41 years old, he returned north to Zhending and passed through Bianjing. After that, he went south again, traveling between Jiujiang and Dongting, and settled in Jinling in the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280). Around this time, probably because his first wife Zhending passed away, he had returned to Zhending for the funeral of his wife. When this opportunity came, someone suggested that he become an official in the court, but he declined. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Jinling. From then on, he mainly traveled around Hangzhou and Yangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River. Until he was 81 years old, he also visited Yangzhou again. After that, his whereabouts could not be traced.

Bai Pu is unrestrained and devoted to the mountains and rivers, but it is impossible for him to truly escape from the world and turn a blind eye to reality. In addition, where he left his footsteps was exactly what was once a prosperous place, but was now desolate after being plundered by war. The contrast between the before and after scenes aroused his resentment towards the Mongolian rulers. He used poetry to vent this resentment and accuse the Mongol rulers of their evil deeds.

In the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1277), Bai Pu traveled to Jiujiang and then entered Baling. The prosperity of Jiujiang in the past has been swept away, and what remains in his eyes is depression and desolation. He can't help but sigh with infinite sadness: "After compiling, I don't know how people have changed. The remaining soldiers only see the river bleeding, and sigh about the singing and dancing of Yueyang Tower in the past. Prosperity rests”. As for the nostalgic past in Jinling, Hangcheng's "Linping Six Dynasties Grain and Millet, Southern Song Dynasty Chiyuan and other works" express the mood of the survivors everywhere. "The sadness of the times and the chaos of discipline can be seen in the lines." His sentiments about objects and sadness are expressed in every detail in his writing.

Bai Pu was, after all, an intellectual in the feudal era. Although he was sentimental and saddened by the different generations of the country and the desolation of his countryside, he was more saddened by his own life experience, which had nine problems in his life. "Collection of Sounds of Nature" can be said to express his feelings about the melancholy life. In addition to expressing his will and feelings with lyrics and music, he also wrote many dramas, contributing his talents to the prosperity of dramas in the Yuan Dynasty.

In the creation of Yuan Dynasty dramas, Bai Pu played an even more important role. Commentaries on Yuan Dynasty Zaju have always called him, Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu the four great masters of Yuan Zaju. According to Zhong Sicheng's "Ghost Book" of the Yuan Dynasty, Bai Pu wrote 15 kinds of scripts. The 15 kinds are: "Tang Minghuang's Autumn Night in the Wutong Rain", "Dong Xiuying's Story of the Flower Moon on the East Wall", "Tangminghuang's Tour of the Moon Palace", "Han Cui's Royal Palace" "Red leaves in the water", "Xue Qiong's resentment of the silver kite on a moonlit night", "The Emperor of the Han Dynasty beheaded the white snake", "Su Xiaoxiao's dream of Qiantang on a moonlit night", "Zhu Yingtai's death in marriage to Liang Shanbo", "King Chuzhuang's Night Banquet", " Cui Hu Yejiang", "The Return of the Great Ancestor to the Village", "Horses on the Wall Between the Mandarin Ducks", "Phoenix Boat on the Autumn River", "The Story of Xiao Yizhi Earning Orchid Pavilion", "Yan Shidao Rushes to the River". Including the fragmentary copy of "Li Ke Shoots Two Eagles with Arrows" recorded in "New Voices of the Prosperous Age", there are a total of 16 copies. At present, there are only three types of "Tang Minghuang's Autumn Night with Wutong Rain", "Dong Xiuying's Story of Flowers and Moon on the East Wall", "Pei Shaojun's Horse on the Wall", as well as the fragmentary fragments of "Han Cui Fang Yu Yuan Feng Red Leaves" and "Li Ke Shoots Two Eagles with Arrows". Included in Wang Wencai's "Commentary Notes on Bai Pu Opera Collection".

The themes of Bai Pu's plays are mostly historical legends, and the plots are mostly about talents and romances.

The extant "Tang Minghuang's Autumn Night in the Wutong Rain" is about the love story between Tang Minghuang and Yang Guifei, and "A Horse on the Wall Between Mandarin Ducks" describes a woman with "extraordinary ambition" named Li Qianjin who broke through the famous religion and chose her own spouse. story. The former is a tragedy, written in a sad, sideways, majestic and tragic way; the latter is a comedy, written in an ups and downs, passionate and unrestrained style. These two works have always been regarded as successful works of love drama. They have strong artistic vitality and have a profound impact on the development of opera in future generations.

In the history of Chinese opera, the Song and Jin dynasties had operas that purely performed stories, but no scripts have been handed down, so we have no way of telling the situation of these operas clearly. The dramas of the Yuan Dynasty developed to a very sophisticated level in terms of storylines and character creation, laying a solid foundation for our country's opera art. From the preserved plays, it can be seen that the plot is tortuous, the theme is outstanding, and it has strong appeal; the characters in the play, whether it is Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty who ruined his country due to hedonism, Yang Guifei, who has ice muscles and jade bones, or the delicate and charming Concubine Yang. The cheerful and courageous lady Li Qianjin is each portrayed with lifelike personality. So much so that the legacy of this image created by Bai Pu can still be seen in Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty on the drama stage.

Compared with Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu's life circle is relatively limited. Therefore, it is impossible for him to extract materials from the lower classes of society and write "The Injustice of Dou E" as touching as Guan Hanqing's. However, he is good at using historical themes to stage stories. Because of the old themes, innovative ideas, beautiful words, and deep and lasting feelings, he is beyond the reach of Guan Hanqing. His status and role in the history of literature and drama, as well as the artistic achievements of his plays, have long become important research topics in literature and art.

Bai Pu's lyrics were compiled into a collection called "The Collection of Sounds of Heaven" during his lifetime. By the Ming Dynasty, it had been lost, and the words and sentences were incorrect. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yizun and Hong Sheng began to publish it. The complete collection contains more than 200 poems, and apart from some poems about social occasions and gifts, and songs and prostitutes' banquets, most of them are sad and sentimental works. Thanks to this work, we can understand Bai Pu's career. His lyrics follow the style of Yuan Haowen's long and short sentences, which are ups and downs, detailed, natural and simple.

Du Fu (712-770), courtesy name Zimei, was originally from Gong County, Henan Province. His grandfather Du Shenyan was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. In his youth, he traveled to today's Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, and Shandong areas, and met Li Bai twice, and the two formed a profound friendship.

In the fifth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (746), Du Fu came to Chang'an. The next year, he took part in the examination ordered by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the obstruction of the treacherous minister Li Linfu, none of the candidates were admitted. From then on, he had no way to make progress and lived in poverty. It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) that he was given the position of "Youwei leads the governor to join the army" and was responsible for taking care of the armor warehouse. In the same year, the Anshi Rebellion broke out. At this time, Du Fu was visiting his family in Fengxian (now Pucheng, Shaanxi Province). The next year, he settled his family in Qiang Village, Yanzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province), and went to Suzong alone who came to the throne in Lingwu (now Gansu Province). He was captured by the rebels on the way and taken to Chang'an after its fall. During this period, he witnessed with his own eyes the atrocities of the rebels' killing and looting and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (757) that he took the risk and fled to Fengxiang (today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), Suzong's temporary residence, and was appointed an official Zuo Shiyi. Soon after he rescued Fang Guan, he was demoted to Huazhou Sigong and joined the army. Since then, he was very disappointed with the real politics, abandoned his official position, and traveled westward with his family. After many twists and turns, he finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yan Wu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River in the west of the city, known as the "Du Fu Thatched Cottage" in the world. Later, he was recommended by Yan Wu as Jiedu staff member and Wailang, a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering. After Yan Wu's death, he left Chengdu and his family lived in Kuizhou (now Fengjie County, Sichuan). Two years later, he left Kuizhou and traveled around Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (770), the poet died of illness in a small boat in the Xiangjiang River.

His poems are famous for their richness and variety in art. Sometimes they are vigorous and unrestrained, sometimes they are melancholy and desolate, sometimes they have magnificent diction, sometimes they are plain and simple. He is good at rhythmic poetry and is the founder of the new Yuefu poetry style. His poems have a harmonious rhythm and concise word selection. "He writes good sentences for the sake of human nature, and his words are not surprising." This is a true reflection of his rigorous creative attitude. In the history of Chinese literature, he is known as the "Saint of Poetry". More than 1,400 of his poems have survived to this day. There is "Collection of Du Shaoling".

Du Fu Thatched Cottage is one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It is located on the bank of Huanhua Creek outside the west gate of Chengdu. It was the former residence of Du Fu, the great realist poet of the Tang Dynasty, when he lived in Chengdu.

Du Fu (AD 712--770), whose courtesy name was Zimei, was called Shaoling Yelao. He was also called Du Gongbu because he served as the inspector of the Ministry of Works.

A native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, lived in the transition period from prosperity to decline of the Tang Dynasty. His life was rough and he was ultimately unsuccessful. He is known as the "Sage of Poetry" because of his brilliant achievements in poetry creation. There are more than 1,400 poems circulated to this day.

In the late winter of 759 AD, Du Fu fled to Chengdu to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. In the spring of the following year, with the help of friends, he built a thatched hut by the scenic Huanhua River, which is the name mentioned in his poem. The Chengdu Thatched Cottage of "West House of Wanli Bridge, North House of Baihuatan". He lived here for nearly four years and left more than 240 poems, such as "Spring Night Happy Rain", "Sichuan Prime Minister" and other famous poems, among which "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind" is an eternal masterpiece.

Du Fu lived and traveled in Chengdu, wrote poems and paintings, and produced endless wonderful works. "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a line of egrets ascends to the blue sky. The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the door is docked with ships thousands of miles away from the East Wu." This "Four Quatrains (Part 3)" vividly depicts what the poet saw in the thatched cottage. The spring scenery of Bo's family. In 765, Yan Wu died of illness, and Du Fu, who had lost his only support, had to reluctantly bid farewell to Chengdu.

Today's Du Fu Thatched Cottage has been restored many times and covers an area of ??more than 240 acres. It is one of the tourist attractions with the highest concentration of tourists in Chengdu. In the thatched cottage, there are towering nanmu, plum and bamboo forests, meandering streams, alternate bridges and pavilions, flower paths and wood gates, winding paths leading to secluded areas, and the garden layout is elegant and beautiful. The building starts from the main entrance and proceeds in sequence to the big temple, the Hall of Poetry and History, Chaimen, and the Gongbu Temple. Among them, the big temple and Chaimen are the original buildings of the thatched cottage mentioned in Du's poems. In the middle of the Hall of Poetry and History is a standing statue of Du Fu. The hall displays couplets and plaques inscribed by famous people in the past. There is a portrait of Du Fu enshrined in the Gongbu Temple, accompanied by Lu You and Huang Tingjian, the successors of Du's poems.

In 1985, Du Fu Thatched Cottage was renamed Du Fu Thatched Cottage Museum. The museum contains more than 30,000 volumes of various materials and more than 2,000 cultural relics. It includes fine engravings, photocopies, manuscripts and various modern printed editions of Du Fu's poems in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as foreign translations in 15 languages ??and more than 120 Chinese engravings published in Korea and Japan. It is about Du Fu's life. It has the richest and best-preserved collection of creative works. Du Fu wrote more than a thousand poems in his life, among which the famous ones include "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "The Trooping Chariot", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Beauty" "Xing", "Spring Hope", etc. Du Fu's poems fully expressed his deep sympathy for the people and exposed the sharp opposition between the exploiters and the exploited in feudal society: "The wine and meat in the rich families smell stinky, and there are frozen bones on the road!" This immortal poem has been passed down from generation to generation. remembered by the Chinese people. "Dare to love to death in times of crisis, lonely and heartbroken!" This is a full demonstration of Du Fu's incomparable love for the motherland, which makes his poems highly popular. Du Fu's patriotic enthusiasm is also fully reflected in famous works such as "Looking at Spring" and "Hearing that the Government's Army Takes Henan and Hebei". In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", he praised the patriotic spirit of the people who endured all sufferings, and showed his innocent heart of patriotism and love for the people in front of readers. Out of love for the motherland and the people, he must have a strong hatred for the luxurious and dissolute appearance of the ruling class and the crimes that harm the country and the people. This point has been vividly expressed in the immortal masterpieces "The Journey of Military Chariots" and "The Journey of Beauties". A great patriot's concern for his country and his people must be reflected in other aspects. Some of Du Fu's poems about objects and scenes, and even his lyrical poems about couples, brothers, and friends, are all filled with deep feelings for the motherland and the people. In short, Du Fu's poems are an artistic record of the Tang Empire's transition from prosperity to decline. With his positive spirit of joining the world, Du Fu bravely, faithfully and profoundly reflected the extremely broad social reality. No matter what kind of dangerous situation he was in, he never lost confidence. In the long history of literature in my country, the cognitive role of Du Fu's poetry has been The reference, educational and aesthetic functions are all difficult to achieve.

The biggest artistic feature of Du's poetry is that the poet often hides his subjective feelings in objective descriptions, allowing the things themselves to impress the readers. For example, in "Beauty's Journey", the poet did not directly reprimand the Yang brothers and sisters for their dissoluteness. However, the author's love-hate attitude has been fully revealed from the detailed description of their clothing, diet, etc.

The language of Du's poems is plain, simple, popular and realistic, but it shows great skill. He also often uses monologues and sayings to highlight the personality of the characters.

When Du Shi depicts characters, he is particularly good at grasping the details of description. For example, a passage about his wife and children in "The Northern Expedition" is a very prominent example.

Du Fu's poetic style is changeable, but overall, it can be summarized as melancholy and frustrated.

The melancholy here refers to the deep and profound meaning of the article, and the frustration refers to the ups and downs of emotions, the ups and downs of tone and syllables.

All of this established Du Fu's status as the supreme "Poetry" in the history of Chinese literature for more than three thousand years.

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