What are the contents of professional test subjects for geological environment monitoring stations and land resource management posts in public institutions?

knowledge related to the professional examination of land resources management (for the examination of public institutions)

The concept of land is a natural economic complex composed of natural elements such as climate, soil, basic geology, topography, hydrology and vegetation in a certain three-dimensional space on the earth's land surface and the results of human activities' transformation and utilization. The meaning of land (concept) ① Land is a natural complex formed by the interaction and mutual restriction of natural elements; ② Land is a vertical system; (3) The nature and function of land depend on the comprehensive effect of various natural factors; ④ Land is the most basic means of production and living conditions for human beings, and it has socio-economic attributes. The concept of land resources-refers to all the land that can be used by human beings under certain technical conditions and within a certain period of time, or refers to all the land that is of use value to human beings at present and in the foreseeable future. The relationship between land and land resources land is the general name of the objective objects we study, which includes all types of land; The land resource is to explain its specific meaning from the perspective of the resource utilization value of the land. Its classification generally needs to be evaluated after the resource value and utilization function of the land, and what kind of land resource it is can be determined. The scope of land resources is expanding with the progress of science and technology. That is, land resources are included in the land. Characteristics of land (short answer or fill in the blank) Resource characteristics of land: productive, regional, dynamic, renewable, multifunctional, limited and irreplaceable asset characteristics of land: commodity characteristics, property rights characteristics, value-added characteristics, real estate characteristics, differences and connections between land and landscape and environment. Landscape refers to a specific part of land and has an extensional subordinate relationship with land; Land focuses on social and economic attributes, while landscape emphasizes its aesthetics, ecological value and long-term benefits; Environment refers to the whole of objective things around human beings, including natural factors and social factors, which exist in the form of entity or non-entity. Landscape refers to the physical part that constitutes the human environment. The concept of land resources science Land resources science is an important branch of resource science and land science. It is a comprehensive subject that studies the types and characteristics, quantity and quality, investigation and evaluation, development and utilization, governance and transformation, protection and management of land resources. Research contents of land resources science (6 aspects) (1) Basic theoretical research of land resources science (2) Land types and types of land resources (3) Investigation and evaluation of land resources (4) Land production potential and land population carrying potential (5) Research on development and utilization of regional land resources (6) Protection and management of land resources (4) Research methods of land resources science (1) Systematic analysis method of land (2) Application method of modern technology. (3S technology: GIS, RS, GPS)3 Landscape ecological analysis methods 4 Socio-economic analysis methods constitute the natural elements of land resources: climate, geology, landform, hydrology, soil, Filling in the blanks by biological and other geoscience factors is mainly a regional factor. Geoscience factors often make the four elements of light, warm water and soil in the region regroup and distribute under the control of the big climate law. There are seven indicators: soil profile, soil texture, soil organic fertilizer, salt soil PH, plant soil calcareousness, and the most important climatic factors affecting the characteristics of land resources are light (solar radiation) and water (precipitation). Temperature (heat) can be used to evaluate the solar radiation conditions in a certain area: light intensity, day-length and light quality. The main indicators to measure the heat characteristics are: temperature, accumulated temperature and frost-free period. The more meaningful temperature measurement indicators in agriculture are: ≥℃ farming period; The initial temperature of cool-loving crops ≥5℃; The initial temperature of thermophilic crops ≥1℃, also known as active temperature; Accumulated temperature in the safe growth period of thermophilic crops ≥15℃: the sum of daily average temperatures from a certain temperature (℃, 1℃) to a certain temperature (℃, 1℃) is called the accumulated temperature of a certain temperature. Several significant isolines with accumulated temperature ≥1℃: 1 7℃ isoline, which is located at the northern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains and belongs to the southern boundary of permafrost. Cold-tolerant and cool-loving crops in the south of this line can grow 3 5℃ isoline, which is equivalent to the northern boundary of winter wheat along the Great Wall-line, and can be planted once a year. Winter wheat can be planted at 4 5℃ isoline in the south of this line, and once a year in the north of this line. 4mm isorainfall line-starting from Daxinganling and passing through Tongliao, Zhangbei, Hohhot, Yulin, Lanzhou, Yushu, Naqu and Shigatse. To the west and north are pastoral areas, and to the east and south are 8mm isohyet lines of agricultural areas-starting from Qingdao in the east, going to Huaibei in the west, and then following the Qinling Mountains and passing through western Sichuan to the southeast corner of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Agricultural geoscience elements in the north-dry farming (rain-fed) and south-paddy field are regional factors, which mainly make the four elements of light, temperature, water and soil in the region be combined and distributed under the control of the big climate law, thus resulting in different types of land resources and land use methods. Surface water mainly includes rivers, lakes, glaciers and swamps. Groundwater types: stagnant water (soil water, upper stagnant water), phreatic water and interlayer water. Soil profile Forest soil (4 layers): organic litter layer, humus topsoil layer, sediment core layer and parent material layer: humus topsoil layer, sediment core layer and parent material layer cultivated soil (3 layers) Soil profile and physical and chemical properties: soil profile, soil thickness, soil texture (loam is the best), soil organic matter, soluble salts, soil PH value, Distribution of calcareous soil types 1. Zonal distribution of soil latitude-temperature 2. Zonal distribution of soil longitude-precipitation 3. Zonal distribution of soil vertical zonality-regional distribution of soil in different regions above sea level 4. Topography, landforms and geological biodiversity are the general names of all life forms on the earth, and their research objects involve life entities at all levels, ranging from genetic genes to ecosystems and even biospheres, mainly including genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity (narrow sense biology) Vegetation is the totality of plant communities in a certain area, including forests, grasslands and cultivated crops in farmland. The effect of vegetation on land use is mainly reflected in plant types, plant productivity, ecological adjustment and so on. Ecological adjustment function of vegetation on land system 1. Water conservation, soil and water conservation, 2. Climate protection, 3. Wind and sand fixation, farmland protection, 4. Consolidation of soil to improve soil physical and chemical properties. Land system is the sum of land relations under certain social and economic conditions, and it is a legal norm and institutionalized system about the principles, methods, means and boundaries of ownership, use and management of land, a basic means of production. Land ownership is the core of the whole land system and the foundation of land relations. The core and content of land use system is to determine the land use right independent of land ownership. Land location: the spatial geometric location of a plot on land, and the reflection of the overall combined benefits formed by the interaction between various natural factors of land and socio-economic factors in spatial location. That is to say, land location is a concrete manifestation of the organic combination of natural factors, economic location and traffic location in space and region. Law of Factor Restriction: Land productivity is dominated by the least influencing factors. The artificial control factors that affect the economic production potential of land mainly include: the construction of field infrastructure such as irrigation and drainage, the input of crop cultivation techniques and chemical fertilizers, the improvement of crop varieties and their optimal combination, and the classification of water products and land in field management. Based on the natural, social and economic attributes of land, the comprehensive attribute differences and spatial distribution laws of land are studied, and they are summarized and merged in different degrees according to their qualitative similarity. Relationship between land types and land resource types: The relationship between land types and land resource types stems from the relationship between land and land resources. Their division is based on: land types are based on landscape morphological characteristics, natural, social and economic attributes; The types of land resources are based on land attributes and utilization value. The result of land type classification is the basis of land resource classification. Land types emphasize comprehensive attributes, land resource types emphasize availability and utilization value, and land types include land resource types. The same land type should have roughly the same productivity and suitability. Classification system of land types in China: land order, land type, land type, land facies and land area. New classification of land resources in China: three in the first level: unused land for agricultural land construction: eight cultivated land, woodland garden, grazing land and independent industrial and mining land. Distribution law of unused land types in traffic land waters: zonal distribution, zonal distribution and vertical zonal distribution: spatial structure of various land types in a certain region. Common ones are strip, repeated combination, ring, fan, dendritic structure and so on. Quantitative structure of land types: refers to the comparative relationship of various land types in a certain area. Or the comparative relationship between land types in quantity. Representation methods include: area ratio, frequency ratio, degree of differentiation, diversity, dominance and so on. The succession of land types refers to the process in which land types are influenced by various geographical processes and human activities in the process of their formation and development. When the intensity of various natural and human factors reaches a certain level or the time of action reaches a certain period, the attributes of land types change, and one land type evolves to another, or one land type is replaced by another. Reasons: Natural succession, the nature of succession, the direction of succession in time and space, the process of forward and reverse succession, and the investigation of land resources in rhythmic and non-rhythmic succession. It is a series of processes to find out the types, quantity, quality and spatial distribution of land resources, as well as their mutual relations and development and change laws based on the subject knowledge of land resources science. The basic data and scientific basis obtained from the investigation are mainly used for comprehensive agricultural zoning, land resource evaluation, formulation of national economic development plan and scientific management of land resources. Quality of land resources: the natural, social and economic attributes of the land, and the degree of effectiveness compared with human needs (ecosystem balance, food safety, human health, etc.) and specific uses (including agricultural production, forestry, protection and environmental management, etc.). Its greatest feature is its obvious versatility. Land resources survey can generally be divided into four stages: preparation, field work, indoor work, inspection and acceptance. Dynamic monitoring of land resources mainly monitors the basic situation of land resources such as land type, land use status and land quality. Evaluation of land resources: It is a process that after the investigation of land resources and the classification of land types are completed, based on the understanding of the characteristics of various components and complexes of land, with the goal of rational use of land, the quality appraisal and quantitative statistics of land attributes are carried out according to specific purposes or certain land uses, so as to clarify the suitability degree, production potential, economic benefits and favorable or unfavorable consequences for the environment, and determine the land value. The characteristics of land resource evaluation are: 1) it must have a specific purpose; 2) it must be aimed at a certain land use; 3) it must be aimed at a certain period; 4) it must be analyzed by multiple factors; 5) the evaluation results should be directly used in production and practice; 3) the basic principles of land resource evaluation are diversity principle, comprehensive principle, system analysis principle, relativity principle, comparability principle, The basis of land resource evaluation based on restrictive principle: 1. Productivity of land resource 2. Suitability of land resource 3. Methods of land resource evaluation: direct method, indirect method, classification method and numerical method. Intermediate process of land evaluation: selection and determination of land use types, requirements of land use, division of land evaluation units and description of land properties, selection of evaluation factors and calculation of evaluation results. Proportional land productivity refers to the ability to continuously produce biological products needed by human beings under certain conditions. Land production potential refers to the potential ability of land to produce biological products or economic products useful to human beings under certain natural or socio-economic conditions. It is the potential productivity of land. Evaluation method of productive potential of land resources 1. Qualitative method-ranking and grading according to the strength of natural restrictive factors of land on various crops or land use patterns. Mainly based on the land potential evaluation system of the US Department of Agriculture. The evaluation system is divided into potential level, potential sub-level and potential unit. 2. Quantitative method-quantitative method actually refers to the calculation of land production potential and the evaluation of the degree of land production potential. Land suitability evaluation method-the ratio of land use requirements and land quality: the process of analyzing and comparing the land use requirements of land use mode and the land properties of the evaluation object, and on this basis, adjusting the land use mode or combining the transformation of land quality with the calculation of suitability results. Research methods of land productivity potential 1. Experimental method 2. Typical investigation and analysis 3. Mechanism method-that is, according to the mechanism of crop productivity formation, considering the comprehensive effects of ecological factors such as light, temperature, water and soil, crop light interception characteristics and photosynthetic pathways to estimate crop productivity potential. Generally, it calculates the gradual "attenuation" according to the level at which crops convert natural and artificial energy into chemical potential. In PaPfTWS PTWS PWS formula, Pa is the lower limit of land production potential; T, W and S are the effective coefficients of temperature, moisture and soil respectively; Pf is the theoretical value of photosynthetic potential; PT is the upper limit of light temperature potential; PW is the light and warm water production potential or climate production potential. Mechanism method: determination of temperature effective coefficient PtPf×f(t) formula: Pt-light temperature potential PF-photosynthetic potential F (t)-temperature effective coefficient or temperature attenuation coefficient formula: T1 is the lowest temperature; T2 is the highest temperature limit; T3T4 Optimum temperature range Three base points temperature refers to: the highest temperature, the suitable temperature and the lowest temperature for crop growth. The classification system of land resources production potential in the United States: land potential level, land potential sub-level and land potential unit. Land natural adaptability refers to the suitability of a crop or land use mode to the natural conditions of land in a certain area (such as climate, soil, landform, hydrology, etc.). Land economic evaluation: the process of evaluating the economic effect of land input and output by using certain economic comparable indicators. Land economic classification: according to the natural, economic and social characteristics of land, or the size of productivity (output value), land is divided into different grades based on evaluation. Such as the grading of urban land and agricultural land. The evaluation system of land evaluation outline of FAO is divided into four grades-suitability outline; Suitable class; Suitable subclass; The indicators and groups suitable for unit land economic evaluation index system are: land economic effect (land productivity) indicators: land economic analysis indicators: production material consumption indicators, cost and asset possession indicators, land use and its structure indicators, socio-economic conditions indicators: land economic effect analysis indicators: technical effect indicators.