What are the meanings of the word jian in classical Chinese?

1. What are the meanings of the word jian in classical Chinese?

① Possessing several things or doing several things at the same time. "What the Fish Wants": "You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness."

② ***; concurrently. "Postpreface": "I am removing the right prime minister and secret envoy."

③Merge; merge. "On the Passage of Qin": "About Cong Liheng, including the people of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan."

④ Double; double. "Book of Han·Han Xin Zhuan": "Being humiliated and humiliated, one does not have the courage to join others and is not afraid."

⑤Two; two. "Prison Miscellaneous Notes": "Doubling it for one person will hurt the skin and heal in ten days."

⑥Add; add. "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "I have biological parents, persecutors and brothers."

⑦And; and. "The Battle of Red Cliff": "The general is a man of great military prowess and the stamina of his father and brother." 2. What are the meanings of the word "Jian" in classical Chinese?

① Possessing several things or doing several things at the same time.

"What I Want When Fishing": "You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness." ② ***; concurrently.

"Afterword": "I am removing the Prime Minister and the Privy Envoy." ③ Merger; merger.

"On the Passage of the Qin Dynasty": "The appointment is from Liheng, including the people of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan." ④ Double; double.

"Book of Han·Han Xin Zhuan": "If you are humiliated, you will not have the courage to join others, and you will not be afraid." ⑤ Two; two.

"Miscellaneous Notes from Prison": "Doubling it for one person will hurt the skin and heal within ten days." ⑥ Add; add to.

"The Peacock Flies Southeast": "I have biological parents, persecutors and brothers." ⑦ And; and.

"The Battle of Red Cliff": "The general is a man of great strength and talent, and also relies on the fierceness of his father and brother.". 3. What does "Jian" mean in ancient Chinese?

jiān (jiān,) jiān

① Possessing several things or doing several things at the same time. "What I Want from Fish": "You can't have the two~, the one who sacrifices his life for righteousness."

② ***; concurrently. "Afterword": "I will remove the right prime minister ~ the Privy Envoy."

③Merge; merge. "On the Passage of Qin": "About from Liheng, the people of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan."

④ Double; double. "Han Shu?" "Han Xin Zhuan": "Being humiliated by being stepped on, there is no courage, no fear."

⑤Two; two. "Prison Miscellaneous Notes": "Doubling it for one person will hurt the skin and heal within ten days."

⑥Add; add. "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "I have biological parents who persecute my brothers."

⑦And; and. "The Battle of Red Cliff": "The general is so powerful that he relies on his father and brother for his stamina." 4. The usage and meaning of the word combination in classical Chinese

〈action〉

1. (Understanding . The shape of the small seal character is Congyou (hand), Congshu (lì). The original meaning is: holding two crops in one hand. The extended meaning is to do several things at the same time or possess several things.)

2. Having or involving several affairs or aspects at the same time [hold o or more...concurrently]

Merge, merge. ——"Shuowen"

Hold on to both and make progress. ——"Ritual and Betrothal Gift". Note: "It's still two things."

It is also a scarf. ——"Etiquette·Shihunli". Note: "The six-bean towel is also a towel."

Also included are all the bows. ——"Etiquette·Country Shooting Ceremony". Note: "Aiming at the same goal."

You can't have both. ——"Mencius Gaozi 1"

Prime Minister and Privy Envoy. ——Wen Tianxiang of the Song Dynasty, "Guide Record gt; Afterword"

Also the length of a hundred flowers.

——Li Yu, Ming Dynasty, "Planting Department"

Also built sculptures. ——Cai Yuanpei's "Pictures"

3. Another example: concurrently (one son is also the heir of two families. The descendant inherits the previous generation); concurrently funded (with Tong; concurrently); concurrently (officials remove their duties) In addition, he also takes care of other duties); and taste (referring to two or more dishes)

4. Merge, combine parts into a whole [merge; bine; amalgamate]

Approximately from Li Heng included the people of Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei, and Zhongshan. ——Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin"

5. Annex (territory) by force; swallow up]

It is not difficult to conquer the world. ——"Han Feizi·Destroyed"

The boy has grown up, and he is in charge of my family, and he wants to have me as well. ——"Zuo Zhuan·The Eighth Year of Zhaogong"

6. Another example: annex (yue to annex); jiangzhu (yue to annex, annex); annex the weak and attack the ignorant (annex the weak and attack the weak)

7. Double, double [double]

The king gave a gift and a hundred gold. ——"Mencius". Note: "The price is twice as much as usual."

If the benefits are not combined, the reward will not be doubled. ——"Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Books"

Reading is twice as good as writing, and skill is as good as being a person. ——Han Yu, Tang Dynasty, "Han Pang's Epitaph"

Also known as Xun Yu. ——Fang Bao, Qing Dynasty, "Miscellaneous Notes from Prison"

8. Another example: Jianzhi (a few, several); Jianri (consecutive days, more than one day); Jianxun (twenty days) ; Jiantong (proficient in two or more subjects of knowledge or skills)

9. Repeat; accumulate [repeat; accumulate]

[Family members] have a lot of money and purple, and become vassals one after another auxiliary. ——"Book of the Later Han·The Biography of the Eunuch Lu Qiang"

10. Exhaust; exhaustion [exhaust]

It is reasonable for a sage to indulge his desires and emotions and control them. ——"Xunzi"

The husband and the sun shine on the world, and one thing cannot be the same. The ruler and ruler take care of a country, and no one person can block it. ——"Han Feizi"

11. To surpass; to surpass [be superior to]. For example: Jianren (better than others. Indicates that one person can do the same things as two people)

12. Tong, together with [be the same as; together with; along with]

Cold and heat It doesn't come at the right time. ——"Han Feizi Xianxue"

〈Form〉

1. All; the whole [whole]

With all the people in the world, no one dares not to do what they want. What is good is to avoid what is bad. ——"Shang Jun Shu"

2. Another example: Jiansi (widely gathered)

lt;; Lian gt;

1. Indicates juxtaposition relation. and, with [and]. Such as: Jianluo (parallel); Jianyan (said together)

2. Indicates a progressive relationship. And, and [and; besidess]. Such as: both; both and (and)

〈vice〉

1. Indicates another aspect, which can be translated as "return", "at the same time", "plus" Class [still; yet; even more]

Also has infantry. ——Sima Guang, Song Dynasty, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"

2. Also

He also fought against his father and brother.

It also adheres to the medicine. ——Song Dynasty Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan·Trapboard"

Multiple uses ***.

——Cai Yuanpei's "Pictures" 5. What are the "concurrent words" in classical Chinese?

In ancient Chinese, some words represent the combination of two words. Such words have the meaning of two words that are combined with each other. Meaning and usage, such characters become combined words. Common combined words include "Zhu", "Yan", "叵", "曷", "盍", and "旃". Some of the pronunciations of this kind of character are the two words it represents. The combination of the sounds of each word, for example: "旃" is the combination of the pronoun "zhi" and the preposition "yan", and "zhu" is the combination of the pronoun "zhi" and the preposition "yu" ("yu" in ancient pronunciation "wū") The sound, "叵" is the consonant sound of the negative adverb "bu" and the verb "ke". Of course, not all the adverbs are consonant words. In addition, it needs to be specially pointed out that the adverbs "can" are not an independent type of words. . Below, we will introduce the specific usage of commonly used concurrent words. When the word "Zhu" is used in a sentence, it is combined with the pronoun "Zhi" and the preposition "Yu". When used at the end of the sentence, it can be seen as the pronoun "Zhi" and The modal particles "hu" are two words. For example: (1) Throw it at the end of the Bohai Sea and the north of the hidden earth. ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") (2) It is a reward and an offering to the Fu army. ("Promoting Zhi") (3) Wang Chang said that Zhuangzi was fond of happiness, and there were Zhu ("Zhuang Bao Jian Mencius") "Zhu" in sentence (1) (2) is the conjunction of "to", and "Zhu" in sentence (3) is to "zhi" The compound word of "hu". "Yan" is generally used at the end of a sentence as a concurrent word. It can be used as both "with" or "with" and as "with that". For example: (1) The accumulation of soil forms a mountain, and the wind and rain stir up Yan. .("Encouragement to Learning") (2) He led his wife to this desperate situation and never came back. ("Peach Blossom Spring") "盍", "曷" ("曷"通"盍") are both interrogative pronouns "He" and the negative adverb "bu" are two words. For example: (1) Confucius said: "Yongge speaks of your ambition" ("The Analects of Confucius·Gong Yechang") (2) The days and days of mourning are with you! ("Shang Shu·Tang Shi") "叵" is the negative adverb "bu" and the willing verb "ke". For example: (1) Bumu Bei said: "Big Er'er is the most trustworthy." ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty· "The Biography of Lu Bu") (2) With ulterior motives. The word "惃" is rarely used, it is the pronoun "Zhi" and the modal particle "Yan". For example: She Zhan She Zhan, Gou Yimo is not like this. ("The Book of Songs·" Cailing") Comparison of the concurrent words "Zhu" and "Yan" In ancient Chinese, the concurrent words "Zhu" and "Yan" appear quite frequently, and they are typical examples of two different types of concurrent words.

Comparative analysis will help us further understand the general characteristics of Jianci and draw inferences from one instance. 1. "Zhu" is a homophonic sound and a word; "Yan" is a non-homophone and a word.

Not only does the meaning and function of "Zhu" merge into one, but the pronunciation is also made up of the rhyme and tone of the two characters, similar to Funchie phonetic notation, where the upper character takes the sound and the lower character takes the rhyme and tone. For example: (1) The father of Yang Chu, the minister, chased him and reached the rivers, but he was in the boat.

("The War of Food") (2) Wang Chang said that Zhuangzi enjoyed pleasure. What are the reasons? ("Zhuang Bao Sees Mencius") (1) The word "zhu" in the example is the consonant sound of "zhiyu", zhi (zhī) Yu (yū) = Zhu (zhū). ──The word "yu" here is based on the ancient phonological system. "Yu" belongs to the "fish rhyme", so its final rhyme is U; (2) The word "zhu" in the example is the consonant sound of "zhihu", which (zhī) Nearly (hū) = Zhu (zhū).

The pronunciation of "Yan" does not have the same spelling relationship as "Zhu". For example: (3) When three people are walking together, there must be one who is my teacher.

("The Analects of Confucius·Shuer") In this example, the word "Yu" only means "Yu Zhi", but the pronunciation is not a combination of "Yu Zhi", Yu (yū) Zhi (zhī) ≠ Yan (yān). 2. "Zhu" can be used not only in declarative sentences, but also at the end of interrogative sentences and exclamatory sentences; while "Yan" is generally only used at the end of declarative sentences.

"Zhu" is used in declarative sentences and is equivalent to "of". For example: (4) Throw it at the end of the Bohai Sea and the north of Hidden Earth.

("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") "Zhu" is used at the end of a question and at the end of an exclamation, which is equivalent to "zhihu".

For example: (5) King Wen's confinement is seventy miles away. How many are there? ("Mencius: King Hui of Liang" (6) Although there is millet, I can eat it! ("The Analects of Confucius: Yan Yuan") "Yan" is a participle, neither used in declarative sentences nor at the end of interrogative sentences. It is only used At the end of the declarative sentence.

For example: (7) How can meat eaters seek it? ("Cao GUI's Discussion") 3. "Zhu" and "Yan" are both content words in terms of part of speech. The combination of function words is different, but the form of their combination is different. "Zhu" puts the content word first and the function word after it, while "Yan" is just the opposite, with the function word first and the content word after.

"Zhu". "There are two combination forms. "Zhiyu" in the sentence is a pronoun and preposition; "Zhihu" at the end of the sentence is a pronoun and an auxiliary word. For example: (8) It is a reward and a tribute to the Fu army.

("Chu Zhi") (9) When Tang killed Jie and King Wu defeated Zhou, there were Zhu? ("Zuo Zhuan") (8) For example, "Zhu" is the combination of "Zhi Yu", and "Zhi" is called "Chu Zhi"; "Yu" introduces the introduction object; (9) "Zhu" is the combination of "Zhihu", "Zhi" refers to the two events of "Tang Zhu Jie" and "King Wu defeated Zhou", and "Hu" is a modal particle. "Yan" is used at the end of the sentence, which is a prepositional pronoun. The preposition is only the word "yu", and the pronouns include "zhi", "shi", "he", etc.

For example, (10) I heard about Pao Ding. ("Pao Ding Jie Niu") (11) When the soil accumulates, the wind and rain will flourish; when the water accumulates, the dragon will grow.

("Encouraging Learning") (12) Qi Xi came to his old age, and the Marquis of Jin asked about his heir ("Zuo Zhuan·Xianggong Three Years") 4. "Zhu" is used after transitive verbs, either as an object, or as a complement to introduce actions such as "Yu". ; "Yan" is used after intransitive verbs, adjectives and verb-object phrases, and is only used as a complement.

"Zhu" is used as the object of transitive verbs at the end of interrogative sentences. For example: (13) Youmeiyuyu. So, how about hiding things in a pile? ("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan") The four examples above (2), (5), (6) and (9) are all the same.

"Zhu" is used as the object of a transitive verb in a declarative sentence and "yu" is used to introduce actions, etc., such as: (14) The force of the warrior restrains all the elements, and the woman is temporarily exempted from the states.

("The War of Food") The same is true for the above three examples (1), (4) and (8). "Yan" is used after intransitive verbs, adjectives and verb-object phrases to serve as place, object, scope and comparison. The complement of sex.

For example: (15) He led his wife to this desperate situation and never came out ("Peach Blossom Spring") "Yan" serves as the complement of the intransitive verb "come out", as shown in (7). ) (11) The same is true for both cases.

(16) There is no greater improvement than the past ("Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Year") "Yan" serves as the complement of the adjective "big". p>

(17) It is time to die. 6. What does "Jianci" mean in classical Chinese?

To learn classical Chinese, you must understand some special linguistic phenomena in ancient Chinese, "Jianci". Just one.

The so-called Jianzi is a monosyllabic word composed of two characters that are read quickly and has two parts of speech at the same time. The common ones are "Zhu", "盍", "叵" and "ER" wait. When used in sentences, sometimes it is the consonance of "zhiyu", in which "zhi" is a pronoun and "yu" is a preposition.

For example: ① Throw it at the end of the Bohai Sea and the north of Hidden Earth. ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") A handful of earth and rocks were thrown to the edge of the Bohai Sea, to the north of the hidden earth.

② Duke Mu of Qin visited Zhu Jian Shu. ("The Battle of Yao") - Duke Mu of Qin asked about this matter Uncle Jian asked for advice.

The word "Zhu" in the above two examples is the consonant sound of "Zhiyu". In the example sentence ①, "Zhi" replaces "earth and stone", and "Yu" is used as the preposition "to". Speak; the "Zhi" in the example sentence ② refers to the attack on Zheng by the Qin army. "Yu" is a preposition and is used as "Xiang" to tell the story. It is used at the end of the sentence and is the consonant of "Zhihu". "Zhi" is a pronoun. "Hu" is a question word.

For example: ③Wang Chang said to Zhuangzi that he liked happiness. What are the details? ("Zhuang Bao Meets Mencius") - "The king once told Zhuangzi about his love for music. Is this true?" ④ Wen Qiang's family taught armor and attack to his son, and his son heard about Zhu? ("Zuo Zhuan: The Eighth Year of Duke Zhao") - "I heard that Gao Qiang wanted to attack you with troops. Have you heard about this?" "盍" (hé) is the consonant sound of "why not", where "盍" (hé) is the consonant sound of "why not", where "What" is an interrogative pronoun, used as "why" and "how"; "no" is a negative adverb.

For example: ① "What is your ambition?" "("The Analects of Confucius·Gong Yechang") -"Why don't you each talk about your ambitions? "'②"Wu She has two sons. If he doesn't kill the one, he will be in trouble for the state of Chu. How can he avoid being summoned by his father? "("Historical Records: The Chu Family") - Wu She has two sons. If they are not killed, they will become a disaster for the Chu State. Why not summon them in order to absolve his father?" What should be noted is, " If "盍" is followed by the word "bu", then "盍" is equivalent to "he" and is not a homophone. For example: "Why can't you follow me out?" ("Guanzi·Jie")" - "Why don't you follow him out? "叵"叵" (pǒ) is a homophone of "can't", which expresses negation and is mostly used in a derogatory sense.

For example: ① "There are many people in my family, and Yin Zi is unpredictable. "("New Tang Book·Yin Qing Biography") 1-"I have many students, Yinzi cannot speculate! "②Have ulterior motives.

(Idiom) - The intention is sinister and cannot be guessed. "叵": - Generally used before the word "measure", "叵思" means that it cannot be guessed.

In the early vernacular, there was also the word "叵Nai", which means "intolerable".

Er "er" is a homophone of "just". "That's all" expresses a restrictive tone. For example: ① "Gai has never been able to win over the ear." "

("Tan Sitong") - It turns out that he has always been just trying to win over (comfort) the commander-in-chief." ② In August, the seedlings are not withered, and the harvesters can easily identify them.

("Herbal Gathering") - In August, the stems and leaves are not dead yet, so it is easy for those who collect herbs to identify them. It should be noted that "ear" can also express a positive tone, but it does not need to be translated.

For example: Ancient and modern are the same, people have the same ears as me. ("Cha Jin") - Ancient times are the same as now, and others are the same as yourself.

Yan is equivalent to "with", "here", and "with that". ① When three of us travel together, we must be our teacher.

(Yan: in it) ②The accumulation of soil forms a mountain, and the wind and rain stir it up. (Yan: from here.)

③The five of them were the ones who died in anger when Lord Zhou of Liaozhou was arrested. (Yan: In this matter.)

④I heard what the cook Ding said, and I learned how to maintain my health. (Yan: from inside.)

⑤ Never come out again. (Yan: from here.)

It should be noted that in addition to being a concurrent word, "Yan" also has more complex meanings and usages.