What are the three unequal treaties signed between Hong Kong and the United Kingdom?

The Treaty of Nanjing, the Treaty of Beijing, and the Special Article for Expanding the Boundary Site of Hong Kong.

On January 26, 1841, after the First Opium War, the British occupied Hong Kong Island. Afterwards, the Qing government tried to regain it by force. Emperor Daoguang issued many edicts to this end, but the Qing Dynasty could never Defend territorial integrity.

On August 29, 1842, the Qing government signed the unequal Treaty of Nanjing (formerly known as the Treaty of Jiangning) with the United Kingdom, ceding Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom.

On October 24, 1860, China and Britain signed the unequal Treaty of Beijing, ceding the area south of Boundary Street on the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.

On June 9, 1898, the British forced the Qing government to sign the "Special Treaty for the Expansion of Hong Kong Boundary Sites" (commonly known as the "New Territories Lease"), forcibly leasing the land north of Boundary Street and south of the Shenzhen River on the Kowloon Peninsula. area, as well as more than 200 large and small islands, with a lease term of 99 years (ends on June 30, 1997).

Through three treaties, the British Empire occupied Chinese territory including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories with a total area of ??1,092 square kilometers, which is the current area of ??the entire Hong Kong area. ?

Extended information:

1. "Treaty of Nanjing"

Thirteen paragraphs of the "Treaty of Nanjing" require China to:

1. Cede Hong Kong Island;

2. Compensate the British for the price of opium, cigarettes, commercial debt, and military expenses*** 21 million silver dollars;

3. Five people For trade, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai were opened as treaty ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls;

4. Agreement on tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export taxes and fees , China's customs has no autonomy;

5. Abolish the public service system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.

In addition, it also stipulates equal exchanges between officials from both sides, the release of the other side's soldiers and civilians, and the withdrawal of British troops.

2. "Treaty of Beijing"

The Qing government and the United Kingdom signed a treaty on October 24, 1860. The British representative was the Earl of Elgin. The treaty contains 10 pages in both Chinese and English. The main contents of the treaty are as follows:

The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin;

1. The Qing Dynasty ceded Xin'an County, Guangdong (today's boundary of Hong Kong (South of Tianjin Street) to Britain;

2. The Qing Dynasty opened Tianjin as a commercial port;

3. Increased the indemnity in the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin to 8 million taels;

4. Allow Western missionaries to rent land and build churches in China;

5. Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work abroad as cheap labor (coolies).

3. "Special Article for Expanding the Boundary Site of Hong Kong"

The main content of the special article is: China will occupy the remaining parts of the Kowloon Peninsula other than Tsim Sha Tsui that were captured by the British in 1860. That is, the entire Kowloon Peninsula from Shenzhen Bay to Mirs Bay will be leased to the United Kingdom for 99 years; during the lease period, the leased area will be under British jurisdiction.

The land area of ??the leased area is 376 square miles, including 286 square miles of mainland and 90 square miles of islands. It is approximately 11 times larger than the land area of ??the original British-controlled Hong Kong Administrative Region, and the waters of the leased area are 40 to 50 times larger than before.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Hong Kong