Fairness of social insurance system

Fairness is the core concept and basic value orientation of social insurance system. China's current social insurance system, whether from the universality of the subject who enjoys social insurance rights or from the degree of protection of the rights and interests of the insured, has the problem of lack of fairness. In order to fundamentally solve the problem of the lack of fairness of the social insurance system, we must gradually promote the construction of the social insurance system that coordinates urban and rural areas. (A) the coverage of social insurance is unfair. First, the coverage of the system is still very narrow. 1.200 million urban employees did not participate in endowment insurance, and the participation rate of non-public economic organizations was not high; 290 million unemployed people in cities and towns have a high voice of participating in insurance, but they are not included in medical insurance; Some retirees from difficult enterprises and closed bankrupt enterprises are not insured due to insufficient funds; 80% of the country's10.2 billion migrant workers are not guaranteed; Of the more than 40 million farmers whose land has been expropriated, only 20% are included in basic living or old-age security. Second, the participation rate is not high. In 2006, among the 28,365,438+10,000 urban employees, 65.9% participated in the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees, 55.6% participated in medical insurance, 39.5% participated in unemployment insurance and 36.2% participated in industrial injury insurance.

(B) the social insurance adjustment mechanism is unfair. At present, China's social insurance system has the problem of reverse adjustment. First of all, the existing social insurance system has widened the treatment gap between urban and rural areas. For a long time, China's urban and rural social insurance system has developed unevenly, resulting in a gap in the social insurance benefits enjoyed by urban and rural residents. 199 1 year, the per capita social security expenditure in urban areas is 250 yuan, and that in rural areas is 5. 1 yuan, which is nearly 50 times that in rural areas. 200 1 year, urban per capita social security expenditure 1324 yuan, rural per capita social security expenditure 13.2 yuan. The per capita social security expenditure in cities and towns is 100 times that in rural areas, and the gap between urban and rural residents' social security level has further widened. Second, some policy designs have seen transfer payments from the poor to the rich. Generally speaking, well-off families in cities and towns often get more benefits from the unit and the state in terms of endowment insurance and medical insurance than poor families, and even the proportion of high-income groups in social security expenditure exceeds social security contributions, thus making social insurance a redistribution mechanism for the transfer of social wealth from low-income groups to high-income groups. Take medical insurance as an example. Due to the high medical expenses, hospitals lack the monitoring of moral hazard. Low-income groups often have problems such as expensive and difficult medical treatment, which leads to poverty due to illness, while high-income groups have the ability to pay medical expenses, so as to better enjoy medical insurance services. In addition, if housing subsidies and other hidden benefits are added, the income gap between them will further widen after the second redistribution.

(3) The pension benefits of enterprises and institutions are unfair. The contradiction between the pension insurance benefits of enterprises and similar retirees is too large. During the five years from 2000 to 2004, the national enterprise employees' pensions increased by 6.3 1% annually, and the pensions of government agencies and institutions increased by 13.45% and1.67% respectively. In 2005 and 2006, after two years' adjustment, the pension for enterprise retirees was about 1.000 yuan for enterprises and1.000 yuan for institutions and institutions, and it was still around 500 yuan every month, so the gap between the pension for employees of institutions and enterprises was still large. With the standardization of subsidies for government agencies and institutions, the subsidies for government retirees have changed from dark to bright, and another subsidy has been added, further widening the treatment gap. In addition, in the adjustment of enterprise treatment, the inclination of enterprise retirees with senior titles has also caused the comparison between intermediate titles and leading cadres of the original enterprises.

(4) The protection of the rights and interests of the insured is unfair. At present, the endowment insurance in most areas is implemented at the prefecture-level or county-level level, with a low level of overall planning and scattered areas. This has little effect on those who have worked and lived in a certain area for a long time, but it is unfair to those who have flexible employment. Because this kind of institutional arrangement can't adapt to the characteristics that flexible employees often change their employment areas, work places and jobs, changes in the work of the insured are only allowed to take away the accumulated part of personal accounts, and the social pooling part is actually a supplement to local social insurance funds. Its social insurance relationship is difficult to transfer, and the change of employment area means the loss of social insurance rights and interests, which seriously infringes on the protection rights and interests of migrant workers. In addition, industrial injury insurance and other types of insurance also have the same problem. (A) the defects of the social insurance system itself. At present, there are some defects in the system design and actual operation of China's social insurance system, which weakens the income redistribution ability of social insurance to some extent. First, structural defects. Due to various reasons, the construction of China's social insurance system generally shows obvious urban bias. Secondly, there is a certain deviation between system design and actual operation. For example, the stipulated treatment level is low, the social security problems of newly emerging migrant workers and their families are prominent, the protection of the development rights of poor and vulnerable groups is seriously inadequate, and the welfare services for low-income people are seriously inadequate. Finally, the degree to which social insurance systems are valued varies with the voices of groups, departments or personal influence, which leads to the fairness of some social insurance systems being affected.

(B) the dual structure of urban and rural social insurance system arrangements. In recent ten years, China's social insurance system construction has made remarkable progress, but the achievements are mainly concentrated in cities, and the rural social insurance system construction is still lagging behind, showing obvious dual structure characteristics. The fundamental reason is that the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas in China has existed for a long time, and too many social insurance resources are inclined to the cities, which leads to the rural social insurance falling far behind the cities in coverage, security level, hierarchical structure and socialization degree.

(3) The urban social insurance system can't meet the needs of economic development. The urban social insurance system, especially the old-age insurance system, was established under the impetus of the reform of state-owned enterprises. With the reform of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of economic structure, the existing system has not adapted to the endless employment patterns in economic development, and directly affected the expansion of coverage.

(D) The old-age insurance system is fragmented and imperfect. The basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees combined with unified account is based on the principle of low level and wide coverage, and the adjustment of pension is restricted by the supporting capacity of the fund, with a relatively slow increase. In addition to ensuring the basic living, the pension of public institutions is also linked to the salary increase of on-the-job personnel. Therefore, the gap between the two treatments is widening. In terms of system design, the compensation for on-the-job payment deferred payment of enterprise retirees is provided by enterprise supplementary insurance (enterprise annuity). The development of enterprise supplementary insurance lags behind, and there is no other compensation channel, which further widens the pension gap of similar personnel in enterprises and institutions.

(5) The overall planning level is low. More than 90% of the country is based on county (city) level overall planning, which increases the difficulty of social insurance relationship transfer. It is difficult to transfer and continue the social insurance relationship, which affects the interests and enthusiasm of the floating population across regions. At the same time, the social insurance system is based on the "law of large numbers", and only by realizing a large-scale overall planning can we improve our ability to resist risks. The low level of overall planning and the difficulty in adjusting funds have restricted the mutual aid function of social insurance, and the burden of security among regions is unbalanced, making it difficult to realize the function of spreading risks on a large scale. (A) to build a social insurance system with social equity as the primary value orientation. In order to eliminate the "reverse adjustment" influence of China's social insurance system, we must reform the current social insurance system and build a social insurance system with social equity as the primary value orientation. This is the essential requirement of the system and the objective requirement of the new stage of China's social and economic development. The key is to speed up the elimination of urban-rural differences and unfairness in the existing social insurance system, and gradually build a new social insurance system that integrates urban and rural areas, including all urban and rural residents enjoying basic equal social security benefits, while paying more attention to fairness and rationality in system design.

(2) Strengthen the construction of rural social insurance system with agricultural population as the main body. Conditional areas should accelerate the exploration and establishment of a new rural social endowment insurance system with financial support and farmers' voluntary participation, and encourage farmers to participate in the insurance. Popularize the new rural cooperative medical system as soon as possible. We will continue to improve the rural five-guarantee system and earnestly do all the work. Establish a minimum living security system for rural residents nationwide. Do a good job in social security for land-expropriated farmers, and take solving social security for land-expropriated farmers as an important condition into the land acquisition approval procedures. Promote the construction of social security system for special groups such as migrant workers.

(3) Unifying the endowment insurance system of enterprises, government agencies and institutions. Explore the establishment of a reasonable growth mechanism for enterprise pensions, and pay attention to the problems of early retirement, serious illness and low income of enterprise retirees. Further standardize and improve the enterprise annuity system, promote the establishment of occupational annuity system, and establish a multi-level endowment insurance system.

(4) Improve the overall level of social insurance as soon as possible. Accelerate the provincial-level overall planning, improve the mutual aid ability and fairness of social insurance, solve the problem of regional social insurance transfer and connection, and bring more employees into the current social security system. We will improve the policy of transferring and continuing the social security relationship of migrant workers, encourage qualified areas to quantify the rights and interests deemed as payment years, move with them, reduce the pressure on pension payment in retirement areas, and balance the interests and responsibilities of all localities. Separate account management shall be implemented for the general account and individual account. Lock in the historical debts owed by the government to retirees and clarify the responsibilities of the government and individuals.

(5) Continue to increase financial support for social security. In particular, it is necessary to increase investment in medical insurance for urban residents, new rural cooperative medical care and rural minimum living security system.