Seek the best and complete social security system for Korean athletes after retirement.

Before the 1960s, South Korea was economically backward, socially chaotic and had no social security system. In the early 1960s, the government set the construction of a welfare state as a national political goal and formulated more than 65,438+00 social security laws. However, at that time, the policy of "growth first and distribution later" was implemented, and social security was ignored. These laws are rarely put into practice. The people's demand for social security was not strong at that time. Solve the problem of food and clothing first. They should be satisfied as long as they have jobs. Some government officials and scholars even think that it is too early to implement the social security system in South Korea.

When South Korea's economy continued to grow at a high speed for more than 20 years, and the per capita gross national product reached about 2000 dollars, the social security issue was put on the agenda. Since the mid-1980s, the policy of "increase first and then distribute" has aroused the dissatisfaction of working people, and strike movements demanding higher wages and benefits have emerged one after another. The government has to pay attention to social development, turn to the distribution policy suitable for the level of economic development, and begin to implement a series of social security systems.

The welfare and social security systems in Korea were established in different historical periods. Generally speaking, it has not been established for a long time, and it can be said that it has just started. It may take a long time for South Korea to establish a Korean-style social security system with Korean characteristics.

First, the development of social security system in Korea

South Korea's social security system is generally divided into three parts: social insurance, public relief and social welfare services. Social insurance is the center, and medical security and income security are the main purposes of social security.

Since 1960s, the development of social security system in Korea can be divided into three stages, namely, social welfare in 1960s, social relief in 1970s and social insurance in 1980s.

1, the first stage (1960s)

The government of the Third Republic, which launched the military coup, took the development of economy and the construction of a welfare state as its national political goal, and clearly put forward the citizens' right to exist (Article 30 1) and the obligations of the welfare state (Article 2) in the Constitution, and formulated a series of laws on social welfare. Therefore, this period is called the "large-scale formation period" of laws concerning social welfare. However, the government's actual poverty eradication strategy is economic growth, and ensuring the right to subsistence through welfare policies is a long-term goal.

After the first five-year plan began, the economy developed, but the government implemented the policy of "growth first and then distribution", attached importance to economic growth and ignored distribution and welfare, and thought that relying on traditional family relations and mutual assistance was more moral and superior than the national poverty alleviation policy.

In the 1960s, efforts were made to establish a social security system. However, due to the limited financial resources of the country and the priority given to economic development, the policy in this regard stays on relief and old-age care. Although more than 10 laws have been enacted, it is a political need to consolidate political power and is rarely put into practice. Only the social insurance and industrial disaster compensation insurance of special departments such as civil servant annuity and military annuity are implemented, which is not social insurance, but the legal responsibility of the employer.

2. The second stage (1970s)

In the 1970s, with the great development of economy, the government carried out social welfare policies focusing on poverty alleviation in a planned way, and formulated the Social Welfare Law (1970) and the National Welfare Annuity Law (1973), and set up special accounting for national welfare annuities. However, due to the oil crisis in 1973, the implementation of the national welfare annuity system had to be postponed, and later it was changed to the national annuity law, which was implemented in 1988. 1976 and 1963 have also revised the medical insurance law, which is ready for full implementation. However, the president's executive order has been delayed, and medical insurance has been in the pilot stage. The reason is that the government sees that there is a financial deficit in the social security system of developed countries, and thinks that medical insurance should not be implemented prematurely in the period of giving priority to economic development.

South Korea formally proposed social security from the third five-year plan (1972- 1976). But interestingly, the social security system was not mentioned in the third five-year plan, and the national welfare annuity law was suddenly formulated in the second year after the plan began. Its purpose is not to really implement the social security system, but to raise funds for the development of heavy chemical industry.

3. The third stage (1980s to present)

The 20-year policy of "growth before distribution" has caused many side effects such as distorted income distribution and polarization, which requires changing the strategy of pursuing economic growth and development and attaching importance to social development. Therefore, 1980127 October, the Constitution of the Fifth Republic added the right to pursue happiness (Article 9), the right to demand an appropriate salary (Article 30, paragraph 1), the right to enjoy social welfare (Article 32, paragraph 2) and the right to the environment (Article 33) to the rights and obligations of citizens, and also included economic provisions. The fifth five-year plan, which started from 1982, was also renamed as "economic and social development plan", and relevant laws were formulated on social security issues. However, the welfare policy of the Fifth Republic is not positive but negative, and the cost of implementing welfare policy is unproductive.

South Korea's social security system began to improve from 1987. 1986, South Korea's balance of payments turned black, social welfare changed from slogan to implementation, and three measures were implemented, including universal medical insurance, national annuity and minimum wage system. 1988 the sixth Republic adopted a series of measures to implement the social security system: 1) 1989 passed the local autonomy law, and local councils should also be established, putting regional welfare issues on the agenda; 2) Social welfare centered on the reception and protection of facilities began to change to regional welfare and family welfare; 3) great development of child care; 4) The government pays more attention to the disabled; 5) Full-time staff of the Social Welfare Department. As a result, welfare policy has changed from a field opposite to the principle of market economy to a field inseparable from politics and economy.

1993 after the Jin Yongsan government came to power, the focus of social security was on the implementation of the existing system. The newly introduced employment insurance went beyond the scope of unemployment insurance, including preventing unemployment, promoting employment, improving the employment structure and developing the ability of workers.

South Korea's investment in social security is still very small, and the proportion of social security expenditure to GDP is 1. 1.2% in 0980, 1.48% in 0985 and 1.0% in 0994. From 65438 to 0990, the proportion of social development expenses (including social security, education, human development, health, environment, housing, etc. ) is only 4.9%.

Second, the social insurance structure and system.

At present, social insurance in Korea includes: annuity insurance, medical insurance, industrial disaster compensation insurance and employment insurance. Since 1960s, relevant laws have been promulgated successively, including: Civil Servant Pension Law (1962), Military Pension Law (1963), Private School Staff Pension Law (1974) and National Welfare Pension Law (1973).

1, annuity insurance

South Korea's annuity system is divided into two categories, one is the annuity of civil servants, soldiers and private school staff, and the other is the national annuity of ordinary working people.

(1) Civil servant annuity: applicable to national civil servants, local civil servants and survivors. Under the supervision of the General Affairs Office (civil servant annuity management company), the number of participants in110,000 in 1989 was 8 1 10,000, and the number of beneficiaries was 2120,000, accounting for 2.6%. The civil servant annuity is paid by 5.5% of the civil servant's monthly salary (it will not be paid after 33 years of service), and the national treasury or local government will bear 5.5% of the civil servant's salary and the burden of disaster compensation. Annuity expenditure is divided into short-term and long-term categories, totaling 18. Short-term includes medical expenses and disaster compensation. Long-term pension, disability annuity and survivor annuity.

(2) Military annuity and military insurance: Military annuity is applicable to active servicemen and survivors. 1989, the number of participants 142000, and the number of beneficiaries was 38000. The Ministry of National Defense (Finance Bureau) is responsible. The serviceman shall pay 5.5% of the monthly remuneration (length of military service will not pay it for more than 33 years), and the national treasury shall pay 5.5% of the serviceman's remuneration and disaster compensation. Annuities are used for retirement annuities, disabled servicemen annuities and survivors annuities.

Military insurance is applicable to soldiers above sergeant, and the insurance period is 10 year. 1 the owner has 1 the account, 1 the account is 50,000 yuan (1 974 65438+February),1the account pays the 300 yuan monthly, and the monthly payment13 shall be borne by the state treasury. The chiefs of staff of all services and arms are responsible for the insurance, and the insurance premium is paid into the special accounting insurance account of the Bank of Korea for assistance. When the insurance expires, it will be refunded in full. People who retire due to illness or other physical and mental disorders will receive 5 points of interest plus 30%. People who die or suffer physical and mental injuries due to service will receive 5 points of interest plus 50%.

(3) Private school staff annuity: The staff of Korean national schools are all civil servants, so a private school staff annuity is set up separately, which is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education (the private staff annuity management legal person). The staff pay 5.5% of the monthly salary, the school pays 3.5% of the staff salary, and the state treasury pays 2% of the operating expenses. Annuity expenditure is the same as that of civil servants.

(4) National annuity. 1973 1973 In February, 1973, the National Welfare Annuity Law was promulgated to provide insurance for the elderly, the disabled and the deceased, but the government failed to implement it. 1986 The National Pension Law was promulgated and implemented in 1988+0. The national pension is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (National Pension Management Company) and is applicable to ordinary citizens aged 65-438+08 to 60. National annuity participants are divided into unit participants, regional participants and arbitrary participants. It was originally stipulated that units employing more than 65,438+00 people were obliged to join. 65,438+09,965,438+0, changed to units with more than 5 employees. 1In July 1995, it began to expand to rural areas and fishing villages, and farmers and fishermen also volunteered to join. At present, units and urban self-employed workers who employ less than 5 people are willing to join, and plan to join voluntarily in this century. 1992, the number of people participating in unit annuities was 5 million, the number of people participating in regional annuities was 25,000, and the number of people participating in random annuities was 8,300.

South Korea's national pension is regarded as the core of the income security system and will play the most important role in the income compensation system after old age. South Korea's national annuity adopts provident fund, and the accumulated amount of national annuity in 1994 has reached 13 trillion won, and will continue to increase in the next 20 years. At present, there are different opinions about whether this fund can be used like the national finance.

The premium of national annuity will be adjusted every five years from 1988, and all expenses will be borne by participants in principle. Employers and employees pay half of the insurance premium for units employing more than five people, while farmers and fishermen are supported by the state treasury in consideration of their affordability.

Insurance rate of national annuity system (unit:%)

Income standard insurance rate

After1988-921993-971998

Standard monthly income of company insured1.51.5-2.02.02.03.0.

The monthly income of all participants will be 3.06.09.0.

From 2000 to 2004 and 2005, all monthly income declared by agricultural and fishing village participants should be borne by themselves after 1995-99.

3.0 096.0 9.0

The expenditure of national annuity is mainly used for old-age annuity, disability annuity, survivor annuity and one-time repayment. The term of the old-age pension is 20 years, and it is a lifelong annuity from the age of 60 for men (55 for women) to their death. Survivor's pension and disability pension are paid according to a certain proportion of old-age pension, which depends on the time of joining and the degree of disability.

Are there any waiters in the annuity system in Korea? Hey? Why throw it away when you are poor? Poor snipe throwing threats? What's your explanation? Hey? Leech? What happened? Crispy skin? D shell? What are you doing now? What happened? The pension fund will be exhausted in 2000, and the national pension will not be in deficit before 2040.

2, industrial disaster compensation insurance

The original industry was only a part of the Industriousness Standard Law (1953), and the Industrial Disaster Compensation Insurance Law was promulgated as a separate law in 1963. Industrial disaster compensation insurance is the responsibility of the Ministry of Labor (Hard Work and Welfare Company), and the insurance premium is not shared by both employers and employees, but borne by employers. 1987 insurance rates are divided into 67 types according to the degree of danger of the industry, ranging from 0.2% to 17.9%, with an average of 16.4%. At first, it was only applicable to 8 1 10,000 employees in mining and manufacturing industries, and expanded to enterprises with more than 1 6 employees in power gas industry, waterway sanitation facilities industry, construction industry and service industry in 1 year, with the number of participants reaching 3.45 million.

Industrial disaster compensation insurance is the earliest national social insurance in Korea, covering business-related occupational diseases, work-related injuries, diseases, disabilities and deaths caused by industrial disasters, and providing medical services or living allowances (paying a certain proportion of compensation or annuity according to different situations). 199 1 year insurance premium payment is as follows: medical expenses (42 1 000) and sick leave allowance (357,000) are the most, disability benefits are mostly one-time compensation (287,000), and a few are in the form of annuities (2600).

3. Medical insurance

South Korea's medical insurance law was enacted by 1963, but the conditions were not met. 1977 partially implemented, 1989 fully implemented. It is divided into three categories: civil servants and private school staff medical insurance, unit medical insurance and regional medical insurance, and regional medical insurance can be divided into rural areas and towns. The unit insurance target is the unit that employs more than 5 people, and those who employ less than 5 people join the regional insurance.

Medical insurance bureau is responsible for medical care and welfare training, and the medical insurance for civil servants and teachers in private schools is managed by management companies. General medical insurance adopts the combination system, and the regional combination of unit combination is managed by the Central Medical Insurance Federation. By the end of 1995, there were 379 medical insurance portfolios, and each portfolio implemented independent insurance financing. Each insurance portfolio collects insurance premiums from the insured, and the medical expenses are paid to the medical institutions that provide medical services for the insured (the insured bears part of it). The main functions of the Medical Insurance Federation are: 1, guiding the medical insurance work of each combination, 2, establishing and managing medical facilities and welfare facilities, 3, uniformly designating medical units, 4, auditing medical expenses, etc.

The payment of medical insurance is divided into statutory and additional. The former is medical expenses such as medical treatment, childbirth and physical examination, and the latter is funeral expenses, maternity allowance and subsidies that I bear (I will give subsidies when my burden exceeds the regulations). Medical treatment must be in a designated hospital, limited to the insured and their families, and maternity insurance is limited to themselves and their spouses.

Medical insurance finance mainly depends on the insured's insurance premium, treasury subsidy or other interest income as a supplement. The insurance premiums of unit insurance and civil servants' and staff's insurance in private schools are within 3-8% of the standard monthly salary (3.5% on average), and each unit and individual shall share half. The insurance premium of regional combination is determined according to income, property and family population, and all of them are borne by the insured.

The medical insurance of civil servants and teachers in private schools is combined with the unit medical insurance, and the financial situation is good. In recent years, the accumulated amount has continued to increase, and how to use it is under study. However, regional medical insurance has not got rid of the initial deficit stage. The high medical expenses and the medical expenses of the elderly are partly adjusted by finance, and 50% of the total expenses are subsidized by the state treasury, so it is now the burden of the budget of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.

The government establishes a new medical service system while implementing medical insurance, divides the whole country into three medical circles: China, China and the United States, and advocates seeking medical treatment nearby. That is to say, under normal circumstances, you can go to the third medical institution for medical treatment by first seeking medical treatment in the first and second medical institutions and then transferring to these hospitals. If I violate this rule, all medical expenses will be borne by myself. Recently, there are few rural medical institutions and there is no choice. As for the medical expenses of hospitals, the Ministry of Health and Welfare is responsible for the adjustment every year. The medical expenses of the insured shall be declared by the relevant combination and paid after being audited by the Medical Insurance Federation.

Part of medical expenses shall be borne by patients, and the legal proportion is 30-55% for outpatient service and 20% for hospitalization. But if the number of experts exceeds the prescribed level, the personal burden is generally 50%. At present, I feel that my burden is too great and should be lightened.

4. Employment insurance

The Employment Insurance Law was promulgated in 1993, and was implemented in July 1995. Its purpose is to eliminate the anxiety caused by unemployment and systematically solve the large demand for skilled workers brought about by the upgrading of industrial structure. Employment insurance is different from unemployment insurance. It is not limited to providing relief for the unemployed, but also uses active manpower.

Policy means preventing unemployment as early as possible.

Employment insurance is applicable to units with more than 30 employees, but employment stability and professional ability development are applicable to enterprises with more than 70 employees, and the scope will be gradually expanded in the future. Insurance premiums are divided into two categories: unemployment insurance premiums are shared by employers and employees, and insurance premiums for employment stability and professional ability development are borne by employers. The employer's insurance premium rate is 0.3- 1.0% of the total wages, and the employee's insurance premium rate is 0.3% of the total wages. Employment insurance is the responsibility of the Ministry of Labor (Occupational Stability Committee).

The functions of employment insurance system in employment stability are: 1, supporting employment adjustment of industries with unstable employment, 2, promoting regional employment in areas with shrinking economy, 3, promoting employment of the elderly and women, 4, supporting facilities such as enterprise nursing facilities to promote employment, 5, providing employment information and providing career guidance.

The functions of employment insurance in the development of vocational ability are: 1, supporting on-the-job training of enterprises, 2, supporting education and training, 3, re-employment training of unemployed people, 4, supporting vocational training facilities, 5, exploring and supporting the development of vocational ability.

Unemployment allowance should pay the insurance premium for more than 12 months, instead of spontaneous unemployment.