Fingerprint identification and method, please 3Q.

First, the earliest fingerprint identification technology (1) The earliest fingerprint identification China is recognized as the birthplace of fingerprint identification in the world, and its application history is very long. Tracing back to the fingerprint history of the Chinese nation can be traced back to the middle Neolithic age 6000 years ago. The pottery unearthed from Banpo site is printed with clearly visible fingerprint patterns. There are three groups of geometric curve paintings on the ancient pottery pot found in Hongshan Culture site (now Hongshan, Dong Xiao, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia) 5,000 years ago, which are three identical and typical dustpan-shaped fingerprint paintings. Each fingerprint painting has a central line and six peripheral lines. In Majiajiao culture located in Liuwan Cemetery, Ledu County, Qinghai Province, a 5000-year-old portrait fingerprint painted pottery pot was unearthed. There are four original paintings of spiral fingerprints on it. The details of the starting point and ending point of the ridge line are obvious. Draw a triangle between the two groups of paintings, and the central pattern matches the left and right triangle patterns to form a complete barrel-shaped fingerprint painting. Fingerprint experts confirmed that fingerprints were once the template for ancient people to design pottery patterns. Archaeologists named geometric patterns on Neolithic pottery, such as wave patterns, arc patterns, circular patterns, arc patterns, vortex patterns, thunder clouds and so on, with various fingerprints. This is an accurate and vivid fingerprint painting based on rich experience in fingerprint observation. The success of this creation is a re-creation based on a deep understanding of fingerprint characteristics, and it is a prelude to the understanding of fingerprints. China is the earliest security measure to use fingerprints in ancient times. During the Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0-25 AD), the system of sealing mud prevailed. At that time, most public and private documents were written on wooden slips or bamboo slips. When it is delivered, it is bound with a rope, and both ends or intersections of the rope are sealed with mud, and stamped with a seal or fingerprint as a credit check to prevent unauthorized disassembly. This mud print fingerprint, as a personal identification, also indicates truth and loyalty. It can also prevent counterfeiting. This security measure is reliable and easy to implement. The first contract document printed with fingerprints in ancient China. 1959 A Tibetan document of the Tang Dynasty (borrowed from Su Qi) was unearthed in the ancient city of Milan, Xinjiang. This deed is written in thick brown paper, 27.5 cm long and 20.5 cm wide. Tibetan is black, and there are four red handprints at the signature. One of them can see the ridge line, and it can definitely be a fingerprint. In addition, during the Song Dynasty in China, evidence and science were emphasized. At that time, fingerprints had been used as material evidence in formal criminal cases. The Biography of Yuanjiang in Song Dynasty records the story of Yuanjiang's use of fingerprints to judge cases. (2) Formal Formation of Fingerprint Technology Fingerprint technology was first applied in China, but the formation of fingerprint technology is the contribution of westerners to the world. Henry. Dr. Folc is a member of the Royal Society of Internal Surgery, and once worked in the Beijing-Zhuhai Hospital in Japan. Tel: 1874- 1886. 1880 10 year 10. On 8th October, he published his paper "Skin Ridge on Hands" in the 22nd issue of the British journal Nature. Almost at the same time, William? Sir Herschel, the internal affairs officer of the British Empire in the Indian colony, once worked in the civil affairs department of the Hugli region of Bangladesh at 1853- 1878. 1880165438+1On October 28th, the 23rd issue of the British magazine Nature also published his article-Skin Ridge of Hand. Compared with Henry? Here comes Dr. Falk's paper. His paper was published in the same magazine only once late, but the titles of the two papers are strikingly similar. Henry. During the 13 years that Dr. Falk taught biology in Japan, he saw that many documents in Japan, like China, were signed by handprints. Henry. Being sensitive to biological knowledge, Dr. Falk became interested in the fingerprints of ancient pottery. He collected a lot of fingerprints for research. After a lot of observation and comparison, he found that people's fingerprints are different. So as to be the first person to put forward the first feature of fingerprints. In order to know whether fingerprints have changed in human life cycle, he organized Japanese students and doctors to carry out various experiments. Try to polish or corrode fingerprints with sandpaper, acid and alkali, but the newly grown fingerprints are exactly the same as the original ones. Henry. With his profound biological knowledge, Dr. Falk used biological theories and methods to standardize his fingerprint research from the very beginning, and soon came to the conclusion that fingerprints are different, and confirmed the theory that fingerprints will remain unchanged for life put forward by Aulke, a lecturer and anthropologist at Giessen University, in 1856. To 192 1, Henry? Folc published dactylography Bimonthly for seven consecutive issues, which established its leading position in the field of western dactylography. William? When Sir Herschel 1853- 1878 was working in India, he found that some Bangladeshi China businessmen sometimes put their thumbs on contracts. He also used the method of pressing fingerprints to make each soldier press two fingerprints on the allowance list and receipt, and the situation of reapplying and taking the initiative came to an abrupt end. Later, he asked the prisoner to press the middle finger and index finger of his right hand as hostages, which stopped the phenomenon that criminals often hired people to serve their sentences and pretend to be. William? During his 19 years of fingerprint experiment and practice, Sir Herschel collected thousands of fingerprint files. These documents provide valuable information for further study of fingerprint technology. 1877, in India, he wrote the article "The Line of Hands". 189 1 year, Gao Erdun used the theory of statistics and probability to sort out the morphological rules of fingerprints. He is Darwin's cousin and is good at statistics. According to the number and existence of fingerprint triangles, he combined all kinds of fingerprints into bow, dustpan and bucket, and then subdivided them into sub-tables, and compiled digital codes for all kinds of tables, which greatly facilitated the management of fingerprint files. Henry. Gao Erdun systematically sorted out Falk's theory, and the classic fingerprint was published in Gao Erdun in 1892. This book marks the birth of modern dactylography with non-empirical and scientific significance. William? Henry, Sir Herschel's successor, studied dactylography in Gao Erdun in 1893, and established the classification and registration method of fingerprint files. He classified fingerprints into five categories (see Figure 26): radial ring (positive basket), ruler ring (negative basket), spiral type, flat arch and convex arch, and began to use them in India. 190 1 year, the British government adopted Henry's fingerprint classification, 1903, Germany 1904, the United States 19 14, and France also adopted Henry's fingerprint classification one after another. Other countries, such as Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Italy and Egypt, have also adopted Henry's fingerprint classification. Since then, Henry's fingerprint classification has been widely used all over the world, including China. Second, the formation of artificial fingerprint identification technology Since Henry's fingerprint method was put forward, countries all over the world began to widely use this classification method in their respective criminal investigation fields. At that time, the fingerprint file was stored with the fingerprint card as the carrier. With more and more fingerprints collected, the subtypes of fingerprints are becoming more and more abundant. After many years of practical experience, the FBI and other institutions have expanded Henry's fingerprint system, adding more judgment data as the basis for auxiliary classification. At the same time, considering the convenience of storage, retrieval and management of fingerprint cards, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation has formulated the standards of fingerprint cards, including card size, ink type, fingerprint number and fingerprint name to be collected (thumb, etc.). ), fingerprint pressing position, description text position and so on. At that time, fingerprint collection was in the form of fingerprint card. At the scene of criminal investigation, most of the methods to collect fingerprints left by criminal suspects are to show fingerprints by chemical development, and then take photos to obtain fingerprints at the scene and save them for manual comparison. There are many specific methods to show fingerprints, which are mainly divided into physical attachment, chemical reaction and fluorescence. But no method is a universal "universal method". Specific screening must be done according to quality, time and place, otherwise it will not work, and even fingerprints will be destroyed on the spot. The following is the basic idea provided by a staff member who has been engaged in criminal investigation for many years. (1) First of all, under natural light or artificial light, you can observe more clearly by adjusting the intensity and angle of light, that is, you can take pictures directly. (2) If you can't observe clearly under ordinary light, you can try to check the fluorescence with different filters under various colored light, ultraviolet light and laser. Many substances (including sweat substances) will produce fluorescence under the excitation of external light energy. Under the excitation of different substances and different wavelengths of excitation light, the wavelength range of fluorescence is also different. There are several filters. When the filter matches the fluorescence wavelength of the fingerprint substance, we can see and take a clear fingerprint through the filter. (3) Most fingerprints can be displayed by fumigation with special glue. Moreover, the line adhesion exposed by fumigation is enhanced, and other methods such as iodine fumigation can be continued to enhance the fumigation effect. (4) After fumigation, if the effect is not good, you can let it volatilize and continue to develop color by chemical methods, usually by spraying. According to different objects, different reagents can be used. (5) After fumigation, chemical methods are not suitable, but physical methods can be used to display them properly, and then vacuum coating is used to enhance the effect. (6) Finally, it can be detected by secondary fluorescence technology. Generally, manual fingerprint comparison is based on the fingerprint classification method and fingerprint detail identification method formulated by professional technicians in advance, and the fingerprints collected on the spot are manually identified on the fingerprint card in the fingerprint database with naked eyes. At that time, manual comparison was mainly used for criminal investigation and court judgment, so it is very important to ensure the accuracy of manual comparison. Thirdly, automatic fingerprint identification came into being in the 1960s. The gradual rise of information technology represented by electronic computers provides new ideas and methods for people to study fingerprint identification. As early as 196 1 year, a paper on automatic fingerprint matching was published. 1963, the famous journal Nature also published a paper on automatic fingerprint identification. As for the application of fingerprint cards, by 1969, the FBI alone had collected more than160,000 fingerprints. At that time, the FBI found that the task of storing and searching fingerprints was too heavy for the FBI staff. So I asked the National Bureau of Standards to help me study the technology of automatic comparison. At that time, France, Britain, Russia, Canada and Japan also started similar research. At present, most of the world-famous AFIS companies were founded and developed at this stage, such as SAGEM(Morpho system), UltraScan, Printrak Motorola, NEC, Biolink, Idenicator, Cogent and so on. In China, "fingerprint identification" is one of the important evidences. In the previous work of solving crimes, technicians needed to check the fingerprints extracted at the scene in hundreds of thousands of fingerprint files with a magnifying glass. Sometimes it takes a dozen people two months to find the same fingerprint. In the early 1990s, the Institute of Criminal Science and Technology of Beijing Public Security Bureau (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of Criminal Science and Technology) successfully developed an international advanced fingerprint automatic identification system that met the actual needs of China's criminal investigation departments, completely ending this heavy manual labor. It only takes 5 minutes at most to do the same job with the automatic fingerprint identification system. The fingerprints taken by the police from the crime scene, whether vague, incomplete, deformed or even deliberately destroyed, can be scanned and input into the computer, and the same fingerprint can be compared with the owner of this fingerprint within a few minutes, or the user can be informed that there is no same fingerprint in the database. The system has made great contributions in the process of detecting major criminal cases such as robbing cash trucks on land. At present, the system has been widely used in public security organs all over the country, and a huge database of criminal record fingerprint files has been established, most of which have been compared remotely. Using this system, Beijing has cracked 1 1999 criminal cases 17, and nearly 100 cases have been solved so far this year. Since the system was popularized in the whole country, more than 10000 cases have been solved, and economic losses of 1 100 million yuan have been recovered. Fourth, from police AFIS (fingerprint identification system) to civil AFIS (fingerprint identification system) Before the 1990s, fingerprint identification technology was basically only used in the field of criminal investigation to meet the special needs of national criminal investigation and court identification. Because of the huge fingerprint database, high complexity of image signal processing and high real-time requirements, the police AFIS system has high hardware cost, high requirements for operating environment and relatively high cost of use and maintenance, and is mainly used in the fields of justice and criminal investigation. The application of fingerprint identification technology in the civil field has developed slowly, and the biggest obstacle is that the computer system is too large, expensive, and the fingerprint collection method is backward and difficult to use. The traditional collection method is to press the finger on the paper to leave the fingerprint, and then use the scanner and other equipment to input the fingerprint into the computer for processing, which is slow and inconvenient, and the quality of the fingerprint image can not be guaranteed, and there is often overlap and adhesion, which greatly affects the recognition accuracy. With the continuous development and maturity of computer image processing and pattern recognition theory and large-scale integrated circuit technology, automatic fingerprint identification system has made a qualitative leap, with smaller size, faster speed, lower implementation cost and lower requirements for operating environment, which has improved the speed and convenience of fingerprint collection. All these make the practical application of fingerprint authentication technology take a big step forward, which is widely used in government, banks, taxation, social security, schools, enterprises and institutions, such as file security, information security, access control, attendance management and card management, etc., which require computer automatic identity authentication. This change occurs in the second stage of automatic recognition. Generally speaking, the application of police AFIS focuses on taking fingerprints as evidence and taking fingerprint identification as an effective forensic technology. The application of civil AFIS focuses on taking fingerprint as the identification mark of personal identity, and taking fingerprint identification as an effective identification method in the application system. Five, the basis of fingerprint identification technology is that the two characteristics of fingerprints are inseparable. No matter how fingerprint identification technology develops, "fingerprint" is always the most basic component and the main object of fingerprint identification. No matter how its technology develops, it can only be said that it is the technical identification of "fingerprints". Therefore, the characteristics of fingerprints are the basis of fingerprint identification technology. The two characteristics of fingerprints are (1) "Everyone's fingerprint shape will remain unchanged for life"; (2) "Everyone's fingerprints are different". (1) Among them, the theory of "fingerprints remain unchanged for life" was put forward by Hautcoeur, a lecturer and anthropologist at Giessen University, in 1856. He compared his fingerprints at the age of 34 and 75, and found that the pattern types and details of fingerprints had not changed, so he put forward this theory. "The fingerprint remains unchanged for life" means that the ridge shape of the fingerprint will not change during its life. After birth, with the increase of age, the ridge line will become thicker and the grain area will increase. But in adulthood, these changes are not obvious. "Fingerprint remains unchanged for life" is also manifested in its certain toughness and indestructibility. The recovery ability comes from the regeneration ability of dermal papillae. As long as it doesn't hurt the dermis, even if the epidermis is peeled off in a large area, it can slowly recover and maintain the same pattern and structure as before, as well as all the characteristic points. (2) Another feature of fingerprints is that they are different. It was put forward by an Englishman, Henry volz, who was the first Henry to write fingerprints. He is a member of the Royal Society of Physicians and Surgeons and teaches biology. During his missionary work in Japan, he saw that many Japanese documents, like those in China, often had fingerprints, so he began to collect a large number of fingerprints for research, and organized Japanese students and doctors to conduct various experiments on fingerprints, thus proving that everyone's fingerprints were different. At the same time, he also proved Hautcoeur's theory that fingerprints will remain unchanged for life.