Japanese grammar: What's the difference between automatic words and other verbs?

(A) the meaning of automatic words and other verbs

Automatic word: the verb itself can completely express some action of the subject.

Other verbs: Verbs need an object to fully express the action or function of the subject.

Example: the wind blows (automatic word)

がタォルをる (other verbs)

(2) Classification and comparison between automatic words and other verbs.

1. Only automatic words have no corresponding verbs. For example:

Live, walk, come, sleep, cry, sleep.

2. There are only other verbs without corresponding automatic words. Such as buying books, smelling books, reading books and thinking.

Do a test.

It is both an automatic word and a verb. For example:

Blow, open, laugh, close and send.

Classification of Japanese verbs

In class, students generally reflect that the semantic features and grammatical functions of Japanese automatic words and other verbs are unclear, especially the problem of Japanese automatic words involves will rather than will, which is difficult and causes great confusion to students.

Let's look at several groups of automatic words with the same root but different endings:

Shrink, shrink

Go, go

がる, 〫げる, 〫ぐ

No, no, no

Cut it off, cut it off.

ける, かる, く, かす

Let's take a closer look. In fact, no matter how many automatic words or other verbs correspond to each other under a root, their endings can actually be classified into the following categories:

Automatic words:-u–aru–eru

Other verbs: -u-su-eru

Automatic words: るるるるるがるるるるるるるれるるるるるるるるるる1242

Other verbs: -u is like cutting,, -su is like cutting, moving, -eru is like shrinking.

In fact, the same suffix has the same semantic features, so it also has the same grammatical function. So we can subdivide automatic words according to this suffix. Automatic words are divided into three subcategories, so are other verbs. Therefore, as long as we understand the semantic and grammatical features of each small class, the problem of automatic words that puzzles us will be solved.

First, automatic words

1 u automatic words: automatic words ending in -u are simple automatic words (while automatic words ending in -- Aru and -- eru are derived automatic words). Simple automatic words are actions issued by the action subject, and actions do not involve objects. For example, it is not difficult to judge whether these automatic words are volitional verbs, because we can judge whether the sender of the action is volitional subject according to the meaning. For example, the main body of walking and laughing is generally human and has will. And a subject like く is a plant with no will like a flower.

2 -aru automatic word: an automatic word ending in -aru is a derived automatic word, and its subject in the sentence is not the sender of the action, but the receiver of the action, such as

(1) The park should be planted with trees.

(2) wall hanging.

For example, the "wood" in the first sentence can't be planted in the park by itself, and the naturally growing trees in the second sentence can't be planted by themselves and hung on the wall by themselves. The word "wood" in the first sentence and the word "わる" in the second sentence are both recipients of actions, and the sender of actions once had an influence on them. Its point of view is that the state of the action receiver continues after accepting the action, taking the receiver as the center, which is different from the passive sentence in its state. The viewpoint of passive sentence is on "passive action" and "passive process". At first, Japanese passive sentences were not allowed to take things with no will to life as the subject, but later, with the increasing influence of western translation, a large number of sentences with things as the subject of passive sentences gradually appeared, such as

(3) This book is a book.

(4) Don't hang it on the wall.

Example 4 emphasizes the action process of the door being opened, paying attention to the "person who opens the door", while sentence 2 focuses entirely on the door itself, emphasizing the state of the door being opened, and can almost ignore the "person who opens the door" factor. This is the difference between -aru automatic words and passive sentences.

3 -eru automatic words

The automatic word ending in–Aru is also a derivative automatic word, and its subject in the sentence is also the receiver of action, not a passive sentence, which is the same as that of–Aru automatic word, but not exactly the same as that of–Aru automatic word, such as

ロープがれた.

コンピューターがㆺれた.

(1), (2) such sentences don't emphasize human behavior at all, only emphasize the state of the receiver, but we can still analyze that a person made an action at that time, which affected the receiver, and (5) such sentences may not be able to analyze that the sender of the action must be a person. For example, the rope is broken, which may be man-made, but it may also be broken by itself or for other reasons. That is to say, the point of view of-Aru automatic words emphasizes the receiver more. Other functions are basically the same-Aru automatic words.

4 -aru automatic words and -aru automatic words are non-random verbs.

There is little difference between the derived automatic words-Aru automatic words and-Eru automatic words, so it is not necessary for intermediate students to distinguish these small differences. Their similarities far outweigh their differences, and their similarities are what they need to remember.

A wayward verb refers to a verb controlled by the will of the actor, usually an action verb. The viewpoints of --Aru automatic words and --eru automatic words are the state of the receiver, so they have both passive meaning and state meaning in semantics (passive meaning does not conform to "action sender" and state meaning does not conform to "will-controlled behavior"), so they must be involuntary verbs. Involuntary verbs have a series of grammatical restrictions, such as "てくださぃ, imperative, ことが, できる, (られ). Sometimes beginners of Japanese will make mistakes like Example 7:

⑦ この を を んだらぁなたのはることが.

In fact, it means reading the text to create meaning, treating "treating the disease" as a will verb, or failing to notice that "treating the disease" refers to the state of being cured, which is an involuntary verb.

Trembling verb

1 -u Other verbs:

Other verbs ending in -u are native verbs, which basically describe people's will actions and behaviors, and are will verbs. such as

8 Cut wild vegetables.

Pet-name ruby nailed.

Of course, there are exceptions, but after all, they are a few, so I won't list them here.

2–su Other verbs

Another verb ending in–su is a derivative verb, which semantically means "how to make" and "how to make". This "..." is the object in the sentence, and this "how" means the root. take for example

Attending seeds used for flowers, flowers withered.

"Withering" means "letting flowers wither" and "letting flowers wither". "Flower" is the object of the sentence, and "withered" means root. Almost all–su other verbs can be used as will verbs, which we will talk about later. Other verbs also have involuntary uses.

3–ERU Other Verbs

Other verbs ending in -- eru are also derived from other verbs, which also mean "how to make …" and "how to make …" semantically. This "..." is the object in the sentence, and this "how" means the root. such as

⑾ Great projects, homes and buildings.

The hole in father's wall is empty.

But unlike–su other verbs,–su other verbs can have involuntary usage, or–su other verbs allow involuntary things to appear in the subject position, while–-eru other verbs never allow this.

take for example

* ⒀𖳖𖲴𖲴𖲴𖳎𖳇𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴𖲴⒔ ⒔ ⒔ ⒔ ⒔

* (13) Earthquakes, earthquakes, caves and caves.

[14] [14] doesn't hold, while -su other verbs can hold for people with will and things without will.

⒂A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:B:A:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B:

Sunshine, flowers and withered flowers.

A father and son support each other.

Call for help.

4 the causative state of verbs

The causative state of (させる) is different from that of-element and verb-forehead and verb, and the causative state of (させる) is the real causative state.

⒄ taro Naoko cried.

⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ ⒅ 934

Although the "intellectual" and "student" of the object made the actions of "crying" and "reading" under the condition of being enslaved or forced, no matter how reluctant they are emotionally, their will is controlled by the object itself.

So to sum up, the causative state of the verb requires that the subject and object of the sentence must be will, while the verb -eru other requires that the subject of the sentence must be will, and there is no restriction on the object. The verb "element" has no requirement not only for the object, but also for the subject. In addition, the causative state of (させる) emphasizes the causative action and process, which is a dynamic expression, while the verb -eru and the verb -su emphasize the causative reason, which is a static expression.

However, as analyzed one by one above, the vast majority of other verbs, whether native or derived, are volitional, and the vast majority of derived automatic words are involuntary, while the volitional or involuntary nature of native automatic words should be analyzed in detail.