Chuxiong Shengshi Shuyuan Hotel is recruiting, hello! My surname is Li. Is Xiongbao Hotel recruiting waiters and cleaners?

▲There are three main sources of the surname Zhang:

1. After the Yellow Emperor, he was the ancestor

According to the "New Book of Tang Dynasty: Genealogy List of Prime Ministers": "The fifth son of the Qingyang family, Shaohao, the Yellow Emperor's son, wielded the bow straightly and began to make bows and arrows. His descendants gave him the surname Zhang." This Zhang family was directly passed down from the Yellow Emperor. It first originated in Qingyang of Yincheng State and is now known today. It is near Jinci Temple in the southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Later, famous families also came from this area.

The surname Zhang is an ancient surname that originated from a distant legendary era. It is said that the ancestor of the surname Zhang was named "Hui". He was the grandson of Huangdi (some say he was the son of Huangdi). He was a great inventor. He invented the bow and arrow and the net (gu). As new production tools at that time, bows, arrows and nets allowed people to hunt more birds and beasts, catch more fish and shrimps, and reduce the harm done to themselves by wild beasts. The clan tribe where he belongs has been producing bows, arrows and nets for generations, so his descendants took "Zhang" as their surname.

The Huangdi, the recognized blood ancestor of the surname Zhang, was the leader of the Chinese tribal alliance in ancient legendary times. He governed the world with virtue, benevolence and faith, selected talents and appointed them, severely punished the stubborn, and created a world of singing and dancing. The prosperous age of peace.

According to the "Century of Emperors", the Yellow Emperor was born from the electric treasure attached to his mother's daughter Youqiao. "(Huang Di)'s mother said, "Fu Bao," she saw a big lightning circling the Big Dipper star, illuminating the countryside, and felt Fu Bao. She was pregnant for twenty-four months, and gave birth to Huang Di in Shouqiu. He grew up in Jishui. He had holy virtues and received the kingdom from You Xiong. He lived on the hill of Xuanyuan, so he was named and nicknamed it." Later generations deduced two legends based on this.

One legend is that the Yellow Emperor was born when the Emperor of Heaven descended to earth. It was the era of Shennong. Shennong’s uncle had a son named Shaodian. within the territory). At that time, the Shaodian clan was exchanging marriages with the Youqiao clan. So Shaodian married Fu Bao, the daughter of Chongqiao family. One day, Shaodian and Fubao went to the fields to plant grass with their hands on their backs. As they were walking, the sky suddenly dimmed, and the sky was suddenly full of stars, just like at night. At this time, Fu Bao looked up and saw a sparkling electric light spinning around the Big Dipper from time to time like a snake in the sky. In an instant, the surrounding area was covered with a layer of rich green light. After a while, Fu Bao felt something suddenly move in her abdomen, which made her yell. When Shaodian hurriedly turned around to ask, she said it was nothing. After that, Fu Bao became pregnant. After 24 months from the day of conception, that is, on one day in the third year, Fu Bao gave birth to a boy in Xuanyuan Hill, northwest of Xinzheng (some say in Qufu, Shandong). Since he was born in Xuanyuan, he named the child Xuanyuan. Legend has it that Xuanyuan was able to speak as soon as he was born and was very elf-like. When he was still a child, he saw people building houses on trees and said, "It is inconvenient and unsafe to build houses on trees. Wouldn't it be better if they were built on the ground?" Soon, Shennong heard about Huang Di's opinion. , disapproving of it. So Huang Di built a house on the ground for him to see, and Shennong was convinced.

There is another legend: Soon after Fu Bao and Shaodian got married, they moved to Shouqiu in Qufu, Shandong. One early winter night, Fu Bao went for a walk alone in the countryside. She looked up at the stars and missed her homeland. Suddenly, a silvery white lightning appeared in the sky, and she saw the lightning rotating around the pivot star in the Big Dipper. It circled a few times, then quickly moved from the sky to the earth, and quickly disappeared. At this time, Fu Bao, who was shocked, suddenly felt a strange feeling on his body. After a while, she realized that she was pregnant due to lightning induction. After that, after 24 months, on a winter day in the third year, Huangdi was born in Shouxiu. The newly born Huangdi had a bulging forehead, shaped like the sun, a dragon-like face, and hands and feet like dragon claws and toes. What's even more strange is that the Yellow Emperor has four faces. It is said that the Yellow Emperor can see and listen to all directions at any time and at any time, observe and understand all situations, and act better. Huangdi started babbling when he was born, and soon he could walk. He left Shouqiu when he was about ten years old and studied with teachers everywhere, visiting famous mountains and rivers.

The Yellow Emperor lived in the era of primitive clan communes. At that time, the social structure of China was represented by clans - tribes composed of several clans - and tribal alliances composed of several tribes. War often broke out between clans, tribes and tribal alliances for their own interests. Huangdi was only the leader of the tribe named Ji at first. During the long-term battle, he gradually established his own prestige and finally completed his rule over other tribes. , sat on the throne of the leader of the tribal alliance.

The wars against Yan Emperor, Chi You and Xing Tian were the three milestones on the Yellow Emperor's road to becoming the leader of the alliance. According to literature records, the two emperors Huang and Yan were brothers. "Guoyu·Jinyu" says: "In the past, Shaodian married the Youqiao family and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was born from Ji water, and the Yandi was born from Jiang water. The virtues vary according to the characteristics, so The Yellow Emperor is Ji, and the Yan Emperor is Jiang... Different surnames lead to different virtues, and different virtues lead to different types. ""New Book Yi Rang" says: "Yan Emperor is the half-brother of the Yellow Emperor, and each has his own half of the world." When he became the leader of the tribe surnamed Ji and began to prosper and grow, the Yandi tribe had entered a path of weakness and decline. The clans were fighting against each other and tyrannizing the people. However, Yandi was unable to quell the war and protect his subjects, so the Yellow Emperor rose up to teach the people how to use it. Fight with violence to conquer. As a result, all clans came to worship and submit to Huangdi. Emperor Yan moved to Zhuolu (in Zhuolu, Hebei, or Yuncheng, Shanxi), but he still practiced unethical practices. It was said in history that "there are no relatives, no literature, and the hearts of wise men are cold" ("Yi Zhou Shu Shi Ji Jie") . It was under this circumstance that Huang Di once again "reinforced his virtue and cultivated his army" and decided to have a decisive battle with Yan Di in Zhuolu. According to historical records, the coalition of clans and tribes led by the Yellow Emperor, whose totems were bears, wolves, leopards, tigers, etc., waved war flags made of feathers such as birds, cuckoos, eagles, kites, etc., and violently attacked Zhuolu. Attacking, Emperor Yan retreated to Banquan, one mile east of the city. After a bloody battle, the Yellow Emperor "killed Emperor Yan and conquered the others", so "the world was under rule". The defeated Yandi tribe was forced to move to the south and east, intertwined with the Miaoman group in the Yangtze River Basin, and gradually integrated. The victory of the Huang-Yan War established the Yellow Emperor's leadership over the middle reaches of the Yellow River that originally belonged to the Yan Emperor's sphere of influence, and enabled him to ascend to the position of leader of the tribal alliances in the Central Plains (someone known as the "Central Heavenly Emperor").

When the Battle of Huangyan ended and the Yellow Emperor had just ascended to the position of the Central Heavenly Emperor, Chi You, the leader of the Jiuli tribe who lived in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (now Shandong and northern Jiangsu), led his troops westward to Zhuolu City and marched toward Xin. The leader issued a challenge. The Jiuli tribe is a quite large tribe. They are brave and good at fighting. They take Chi (a kind of caterpillar) You (Tong Chi, the long worm in the human belly) as their totem. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, the tribe had a famous leader, and people called him Chi You. Chi You knew the way of heaven, was shrewd and capable, and was good at war. History books also described him as a god who was superior to ordinary people. It was said that he was a man with a human body and ox hooves, four days and six hands, hair on his temples like swords and halberds, and horns on his head. Not only that, he also has "eighty-one brothers, with bronze heads, iron foreheads, and sand and stone eaters", and his martial prowess is extraordinary. With his powerful force, Chi You continued to expand to his neighbors, and he had the potential to compete with the Yellow Emperor. At that time, a tribe headed by Yugeng in the middle reaches of the Yellow River asked the Yellow Emperor for help after being invaded by Chi You, which triggered the Zhuolu War between the Yellow Emperor and Chi You. This battle was extremely difficult for Huangdi. It was said to "bleed for a hundred miles" and "nine battles were invincible", but in the end he won.

After establishing a powerful tribal alliance through the battles between Emperor Yan and Chiyou, Huangdi based his search for a way to govern the country and the people on the basis of visiting wise men all over the world. For this reason, he spared no effort and traveled continuously. He walked to the king's house to receive the Alchemy Sutra, crossed Ding Lake and flew Liuzhu, climbed Kongtong to inquire about Guangcheng, went to Dacui to serve in Dakai, suited Dongdai to serve Zhonghuang, When he came to Jingu, he consulted Huazi, discussed guidance and nourishment, and questioned the two daughters of Xuansu. He pushed the steps carefully and visited Shanji and Limu. The strategy of the five tones is to remember the words of the white beast. ("Baopuzi") The footprints reach, "As far as the sea in the east, climb Wanshan, and Daizong. In the west, go to Kongtong, climb Jitou. In the south, go to Jiang, climb Xiong and Xiang. To the north, drive meat porridge, which is in line with Busan... …”.

The Yellow Emperor’s tours, on the one hand, expanded the prestige and influence of the Huangdi clan, thereby expanding the Yellow Emperor’s sphere of influence. According to the "Xuanyuan Huangdi Biography": "The emperor governs the world, extending to Jiaozhi in the south and Jiaozhi in the north. To Youling, to Liusha in the west, and to Panmu in the east." On the other hand, the foreign people where Huangdi traveled were deeply influenced. Inspired by Huangdi's benevolence and righteousness, they came to pay tribute to the Huangdi tribe one after another. It was the Zhubei and Dan'er kingdoms that came to offer gifts to the Huangdi tribe, and then the Nanyi tribe rode on white deer to offer wine. Later, tribesmen from all over the world continued to come to pay tribute. Tributes from outsiders further strengthened the friendly exchanges between the Huangdi tribe and other tribes. To a certain extent, this also provides extremely favorable conditions for the integration of the Huangdi clan and other clans. After touring the world, learning about the situation in various places, and gaining knowledge of how to nourish the people and stabilize the country, Huangdi proposed and began to implement his own strategy for governing the world.

The Yellow Emperor had four wives in his life. They were Leizu, Fanglei, Tongyu, and Mu. According to records in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors", "Century of the Emperors", "Lu Shi·Shuji·Huangdi" and other documents, Leizu was also the ancestor of (Ganlei), the daughter of the Xiling clan, and the concubine of the Yellow Emperor. She invented the art of raising silkworms and reeling silk, and taught people to weave silk and make clothes to warm themselves and cover their shame. The second concubines Fang Lei and Tong Yu were both virtuous and virtuous. My mother-in-law was very ugly, but she was virtuous and virtuous. Because she had no name, everyone called her an ugly girl before she got married. The Yellow Emperor believed that "a woman's virtue should not be forgotten, and a woman's righteousness should not be bad. Even if her (appearance) is evil, it will not hurt her" ("Lu Shi Chun Qiu"), so he married her into his wife and gave her the title of Pei Mu.

About the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there are many different opinions in the literature. "Guoyu Jinyu" says: "There are twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, and two of them have the same surname. Only Qingyang and Yigu are their surnames. Qingyang is the nephew of the Fanglei family. Yigu is the nephew of the Tongyu family. Ye. The sons of four mothers with different surnames are divided into twelve surnames. Among the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, there are fourteen surnames: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zang, Ren, Xun, Xi, Gu, Yan, and Yi are the same. Only Qingyang and Canglin have the same surname as Huangdi, so they are all named Ji. "Records" and other books are generally consistent with this.

Different from what is said in Guoyu, Shiji and other books, "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" says: "The Yellow Emperor gave birth to Yu (Leopard-Shaohu), and Yu's appearance gave birth to Yu Jing. Yu Jing is located in the North Sea, and Yu The appearance is in the East China Sea, and he is the god of the sea.

"The emperor's handsome son gave birth to Yu Hao, and Yu Hao gave birth to Yin Liang, and Yin Liang gave birth to Yu Fan, which was the beginning of the boat. Yu Fan gave birth to Xi Zhong, Xi Zhong gave birth to Ji Guang, and Ji Guang began to use wood as a cart. Huangdi gave birth to Miaolong, Miaolong gave birth to Rongwu, Rongwu gave birth to Mingming, and Mingming gave birth to White Dog. The white dogs are male and female, they are dogs and eat meat. "There is the country of Beidi." The grandson of Huangdi was called Shijun, and Shijun gave birth to Di. "

It has always been recognized that the Yellow Emperor had 25 sons. Although the 25 people were the sons of their father, they had different surnames. As for the 14 people who had the surname, they were divided into 12 surnames, this shows that they are married husbands, and each of them takes the surname of the clan they married into. As for "two people with the same surname", it means that they married into the same clan at the same time.

According to " Lu Shi·Guo Ming Ji records that the descendants of the Yellow Emperor were granted the title of states including Chen, Chang, Zhang, Zi, Kou, Li, Qu, etc., and their distribution areas spread all over the country today, which laid the foundation for the further multiplication of these descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The foundation of the Chinese nation. If we say that they are not the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, or if the historical records are based on it, then they should be the tribes under the leadership of the "Central Emperor". It is in this sense that they are Chinese. They all claimed to be "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" or "descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors".

After the death of the Yellow Emperor, there have been many opinions on the location of the county under Qiaoshan. It is generally believed that it was in Huangling, Shaanxi today. County. The Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum is not only the tomb of the ancestor of the Chinese nation, known as the "No. 1 Tomb in the World," but it is also the tomb of the blood ancestor of the Zhang family that we will introduce below.

Zhang Hui is the descendant of Zhang. The surname is the ancestor, but there are two different opinions on the relationship between Zhang Hui and Huangdi. One theory is that Zhang Hui is the son of Huangdi, and the other is that he is the son of Shaohao Qingyang, the son of Huangdi, that is, Zhang Hui is the descendant of Huangdi. Sun.

Although there are slight discrepancies in the historical records of surname studies such as "Yuanhe Surname Compilation", "Ancient and Modern Surname Books Identification", "Surname Jijiupian", "New Book of Tang Dynasty Genealogy List of Prime Ministers", they all advocate that he is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. It is said that the Zhang family is derived from the surname Ji. The fifth son of the Qingyang family, Shaohao, the Yellow Emperor's son, wielded the bow as a straight bow and began to make bows and arrows. He actually spread the bow to capture animals and worshiped the arc star. He was in charge of his duties in the world and was given the surname Zhang. . Many of the family trees and genealogies of the Zhang surname compiled by the descendants of the Zhang family in later generations followed this theory.

The third volume of "The Origin of the Shou Surname" in the Yuyitang edition of the Yuyitang edition of the Jiayin Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty says: "The Zhang family came from the Xuanyuan family of the Yellow Emperor and gave birth to the Jintian family of Shaohao, also known as Qingyang. The fifth son was called Gongzheng, and he was in charge of worshiping Huxing. He was in charge of his duties and was given the surname Zhang. "

"Guangyun" said that the son of Huangdi held Zhang Hui. (Xia Ping Sheng Shi Yang), Ma Liang's "Yi Shi" and other genealogies of the Zhang surname compiled by Zhang's descendants also agree with this statement.

Chinese surnames all have their origins and follow certain principles. The principles of naming surnames can be summarized as follows: based on the country, town, township, and pavilion; some are based on the person's name, character, order of birth, official, official name, title, title line, national talisman, skills, affairs, posthumous title, posthumous title It is based on clan, town line, town posthumous title, clan, clan line, etc.

The ancestor of the surname Zhang obtained the surname based on the above principles. Although the ancient literature records hold different opinions on whether Zhang Hui is the son or grandson of the Yellow Emperor, there is no big difference when it comes to Zhang Hui himself. They all agree that he made bows and arrows, official bows were straight, and he worshiped arcs. The basic fact about stars. However, careful readers will also find from the literature cited above that Zhang Huizhi got his surname as follows: "Guan Hu made arrows and made arrows, and was given the surname Zhang." There is a slight difference between "He who is in charge of his position from generation to generation, is given the surname Zhang" and "he is good at bows and arrows, is good at Zhang Gangluo, and inherits his position hereditary, so he is given the surname Zhang". Based on this, we can say that the surname Zhang was derived from is based on skills, that is, occupation, or it can be said that the surname is based on official, or it can be recorded as taking official as the surname.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Jin, founded by the descendants of King Wen of Zhou with the surname Ji, had an official called Jie Zhang, named Zhang Hou. The ancestor Zhang Hui passed down the 21st generation, and it lasted for hundreds of years. Probably in the early Shang Dynasty, Zhang Song came out, named Zhongshan, and was appointed as Yujia General, and was later named Ji Guogong. He had four sons, Zhang Liang, Zhang Feng, Zhang Wen and Zhang Jin. These are only found in lineages and not in ancient documents.

The ancestor Zhang Zhong was passed down from 30 generations to the 51st generation, with the courtesy name Zhongsi. Together with Yin Jifu, he assisted King Xuan of Zhou to revive the Zhou Dynasty. He had two sons, Zhang Xiang and Zhang Yi. According to historical records, Zhang Zhong lived before and after the Zhou Dynasty implemented government and administration. At that time, King Li of Zhou Dynasty was overthrown by his countrymen because of his unethical behavior and escaped from the palace. The ministers of the court publicly recommended Mao Zedong and Bo Dai to serve as emperors. The first year of Emperor He's reign (841 BC) is the beginning of an exact chronology in the history of our country. Fourteen years later, King Li of Zhou fell ill in Zhe (now Huo County, Shanxi Province). He and his uncle invited Prince Ji Jing to take the throne, and he was known as King Xuan of Zhou in history. King Zhou Xuan relied on a group of ministers to revitalize the country's power, conquer the Rong and Di, and achieved considerable achievements. It was called the "King Xuan Zhongxing" in history.

After Zhang Zhong, many ancestors with the surname Zhang were recorded in historical records. For example, "Zuo Zhuan" records that in the second year of Chenggong (589 BC), Zhang Hou was pierced by arrows in his hands and elbows, but he still struggled to push a cart and rushed towards the enemy's formation. In the 21st year of Zhaogong (521 BC), Song minister Zhang Ju killed Hua Duoliu in anger. In addition, there are Zhang Liang’s ancestors Zhang Lao, Zhang (Zou Zhai), Zhang Jie, Zhang Yishuo and others, who will be introduced in the next section.

In the 22nd year of King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty (403 BC), the three noble families of Han, Zhao and Wei in the Jin State were promoted to princes, which was known as the "Three Families Divided into Jin" in history. It marked that China entered the Warring States Period. During this period, the scope of activities of the ancestors surnamed Zhang further expanded. For example, Zhang Yi, a native of Wei State, traveled west to the State of Qin, joining forces vertically and horizontally, and displaying his talents to the fullest. There was a minister in the state of Chu, Zhang Yan, who once made a strange plan to ask the king of Chu to drive away Zhang Yi, who was acting as an envoy to the state of Qin. Qi State had Zhang Gai, who persuaded Lu State to remain neutral in the war between Qi and Chu. However, the ancestors surnamed Zhang mainly used the former Jin Kingdom's territory as the place where they established their achievements. In the State of Zhao, Zhang Meng talked about his plan to rebel against Han and Wei, counterattack Zhibo, and relieve the siege of Jinyang in one fell swoop. Wei had Zhang Chou to remonstrate with him and prevent Zhang Yi from conducting diplomacy for Qin in Wei; Zhang Yi sent Zhao as an envoy, causing Zhao to lean towards Wei in the war between Qin and Wei. Han had Zhang Quji, Zhang Cu and Zhang Liang's grandfather Zhang Kaidi and his father Zhang Pingping.

The State of Qin was the strongest among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and there was also a famous ancestor named Zhang Ruo there. In 316 BC, King Huiwen of Qin sent general Sima Cuo to lead his troops to capture Sichuan, demoted him to the king of Shu, and sent Zhang Ruo to guard Shu. At the beginning of taking office, he moved the Qin people to Wanjia River to implement agricultural reclamation and develop production. He also worked with Zhang Yi to jointly manage Chengdu, and built leylu, xiacang, shops, official residences, buildings, etc. according to the system of Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty. Jinguan and Yantieguan were also set up to develop government handicrafts, which made significant contributions to enhancing Qin's national strength. In 285 BC, the Qin State abolished the titles of the lords of Ba and Shu and established Shu counties to govern Sichuan. Zhang Ruo was appointed as the first governor of Shu County due to his meritorious service.

2. Ethnic minorities were granted surnames and changed their surnames

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a Mongolian general named Boyan Tiemu who was born in Jinshan behind the mountains (today’s Altai Mountains, some say Daxinganling). Son, he fought bravely and led his troops to defeat the peasant uprisings many times. But in a battle, he was defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang, so he surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty admired his martial prowess and gave him the surname Zhang. His descendants have been in the army, and their great-great-grandson Zhang Sheng has been promoted to the governor of the capital, and has entered the core leadership of the highest central military organization in the Ming Dynasty. Another example is the Tatar Haradun (the name given to the Mongolians in the eastern Mongolian region in the Ming Dynasty). They were brave and good at fighting. They were given the surname Zhang by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, and changed his name to Longshan. In October of the seventh year of Yongle (1408), Zhang Longshan was appointed governor of the Right Army in Beijing and became a core member of the central military leadership group. Another Tatar slave was a famous northern frontier guard in the Ming Dynasty. He had repeatedly made military exploits. In recognition of his bravery, Emperor Xianzong Zhu Jiancheng gave him the surname Zhang and changed his name to You. In August of the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), Zhang You was appointed as the commander of Jinwu Guards.

In the first dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, there was a Jurchen (the ancestor of the Manchu people) named Jiu Bu. He was very happy and gave his surname to Zhang and changed his name to Zhiyi. In the eighth year of Yongle (1410), Zhang Zhiyi was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard, and his administrative seat was Dongdachengzi, Dongning County, Heilongjiang Province. Four years later, the administration moved to the Hunjiang River Basin across Jilin and Liaoning provinces.

The Zhang family in Qianying Township, Xiuyan County today, was originally the Zhiliangkuang family of the Mongolian ethnic group. The surname was changed to Zhang in the Qing Dynasty. Its ancestor was Mazartai of the Yuan Dynasty. He successively served as the three emperors Wuzong, Wenzong and Huizong. He once served as the commander of the camp, Pingzhang of Shaanxi-Gansu, Huguang and other provinces. He also knew the affairs of the Privy Council and became the right prime minister of Zhongshu. The second generation ancestor also served as the right prime minister of Zhongshu. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, their descendants lived in Magalle and Humila in Changbai Mountain. Most of them were engaged in animal husbandry, and some were also engaged in business in the Batang area. In the 11th century, when Jiying conferred virtues, the Aixinjueluo family was rising in the Northeast, so he abandoned herding and joined the army, becoming a brave general under Nurhaci's account, belonging to the Xianghuang Banner. After the Qing Dynasty soldiers settled in Guan and established a unified political power, the Zhiliang Kuang family moved to Shengjing (Shenyang). The 13th generation ancestor was named Berg. He was proficient in Chinese, familiar with Han books, and was both civil and military. In the sixth year of Qianlong's reign (1741), he was transferred to Xiuyan Defense Envoy. Because he loved the beautiful mountains and rivers of the area, he served his mother Tong and settled down with his younger brother Wu Lingji. The two brothers multiplied here and their descendants all changed their surname to Zhang.

The Hesheli family is distributed in Duying'e, Hada, Huifa, Changbaishan, Foala, Baduna, Xianyan and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, some of them changed their surname to Zhang.

The Zakuta family is distributed in Varka (now the southern part of the Eastern Seaboard Province of the Soviet Union), Zakuta, Songhua River, Changbai Mountain and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, all of them were changed to the surname Zhang.

The Zalali family is distributed in Warkha, Zakumu, Hetuala and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, all of them changed their surname to Zhang. , the Aiyi family was distributed in the Aihu Basin, and all of them were changed to Zhang family in the Qing Dynasty.

In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), Zhang, a Hui nationality, was appointed as the commander of the Baoqing (Shaoyang, Hunan) Guards. According to Volume 33 of "Baoqing Mansion Chronicles", the ancestor who commanded the Zhang family was named Pu Luo De, a native of Sanhe, Peking. After Zhang's term of office expired, he settled in Jijiotang, Chelinpu, Wugang, and made a living by farming more than 100 acres of farmland. Today, most of the Hui people in various parts of Shaoyang City have the surnames of Ma, Zhang, Su, Hai and Cai. Among them, the Hui people surnamed Zhang may be the descendants of Purode.

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, among the nearly 100 Baiman tribes in the Erhai area of ??Yunnan, there was a tribe named Zhang who was said to have moved from Longxi.

The leader of this tribe in the mid-7th century AD was named Zhang Jinqiu. At this time, Mengshelong of the Wuman tribe and his son Longduluo (also known as Xinuluo and Xinuoluo) began to expand their power and establish the Nanzhao regime. In the 770s of the 7th century, Sinolo's forces advanced to the Erhai area. According to literature records, Zhang Jinqiu "ceded" his tribal power to Xinuoluo because he could not withstand Nanzhao's offensive. Xinuoluo, in order to reward Zhang, gave his eldest son Luo Bohai to his family. , changed his surname to Zhang, and changed his name to Zhang Chaofeng (Xia Zhengyin's "Biography of Ailao Yixiong"). This barbarian Zhang family later evolved into a part of the Yi ethnic group. Among the people's uprising of various ethnic groups in Yunnan led by Du Wenxiu in the late Qing Dynasty, there was a Yi general named Zhang Xinggui. History said that he was after Xi Nuoluo, the king of Nanzhao. His ancestor was probably Luo Bohai (namely Zhang Chaofeng), a Wuman who changed his surname to Zhang. ).

The Xiongnu is an ancient nation that lived in northern my country in ancient times. It was mainly active in the Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin dynasties. There are 19 tribes in it, among which only a few tribes such as the Tu various tribes are qualified to become the highest. The ruler, Chanyu, was a nobleman of the Huns. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu split into northern and southern parts, and the northern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty. During the Cao Wei period of the Three Kingdoms, Xihe County was established in Fenyang, Shanxi today, and the left tribe of the Southern Xiongnu was settled, that is, the Xiongnu tribe slaughtered various tribes. Historically, they were called Xihehu or Tugehu. From the literature, we can see many records of "Butcher Hu Zhang XX" and "Xihe Hu Zhang XX". These are the Xiongnu Zhang family. For example, "Book of Jin·Fu Jian Zai Ji" says: "Zhang Yi gathered thousands of people to massacre various people, claiming to be a great humble son, and sent Deng Qiang to bring him to peace." "Book of Wei·Taizong Ji" says: "In June of the first year of Shenrui "In March of the first year of Tianxing, Hu Zhangxian and others led the camp to slaughter more than 7,000 members of the family." The Jie tribe is a separate branch of the ancient Xiongnu tribe. , from the Qiangqu tribe of the Xiongnu, living in the southeastern area of ??present-day Shanxi Province. Mainly active in my country's Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Sixteen Kingdoms era, Shi Le was the main one who established the Later Zhao regime (319-351). There are many people with the surname Zhang among the Jie people, and there are many records in historical documents. For example, "Book of Jin·Shi Le Zai Ji" says: "The Hu tribe's leaders Zhang Xundu, Feng Motu and others supported thousands of people, walled up in Shangdang, and ordered them to follow them. "The Records of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Later Zhao" states: "Zhang Ji, named Wenbo, was from the Qiangqu tribe." There were many people with the surname Zhang in the Later Zhao Dynasty. When Shi Le raised his army, there were Zhang Chopu and Zhang among the eighteen cavalry. Yue Erqi. When Shi Le established himself as the king of Later Zhao, he appointed Zhang Li and Zhang Liang as his disciples and chief disciples, and Si Dian Hu people came out. It is said that when Shi Hu became the king of Later Zhao, Li and Liang were both officials at Shangshu Pushe, and there were also Zhang Qun, Zhang Jie, Zhang San, Zhang Mao, Zhang Si, Zhang Quzhi, Zhang Yi, Zhang Ju, Zhang Chong, Zhang Hedu, Zhang Chen, etc. were all high-ranking officials of Later Zhao. Mr. Yao Weiyuan made some research on the above-mentioned Zhang family in the eighth volume of the "Examination of Hu Surnames in the Northern Dynasties" "The Surnames of the Jie Clan: Zhang Clan" and concluded that they are the Zhang family of the Jie Clan. He believes that Zhang of the Jie family Zhang is a homophony of "Qiangqu" (Kangju). From this point of view, the Zhang family of the Jie tribe made a significant contribution to the establishment of the Later Zhao regime.

The Bohai ethnic group is an ancient ethnic group that lived in Northeast my country (including the former Soviet Union and part of North Korea) in ancient times. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, there was a Zhang family of the Bohai ethnic group who changed their surname from Gao. Sui Kuang has been introduced before. Before this, during the Bohai Kingdom

period (720-962), there was also a Bohai clan named Zhang. For example, General Zhang Wenlin, Minister Zhang Xianshou, etc., there are more than 20 high-ranking officials in the country. They work at the upper level and are the nobles of Bohai Kingdom. But the reason why this Bohai Zhang family took the surname Zhang is not very clear.

The Xi people are an ancient ethnic group active in the Tang, Song, Liao and Jin dynasties. In historical documents, it is often recorded as "Xi Ren" and "Xi Hui". At the end of the Liao Dynasty, Xi returned to Libao and proclaimed himself emperor in what is now the Northeast, established the Xi Kingdom, and restored the Yuan Dynasty to Tianfu. The most famous Zhang family member of the Xi clan in the Tang Dynasty was Zhang Xiaozhong, who served as the military governor of Yiwu. There was also Zhang Zhongzhi, who was originally from Xi and lived in Fanyang. Because he was good at riding and shooting, he was accepted as a "fake son" by Zhang Suogao, the general of the Song Dynasty in Fanyang, so he adopted the surname of Zhang from his adoptive father. Later he made many military exploits. He was promoted to the Minister of Rites and granted the title of Duke of Zhao. When Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, he was made the military governor of the German Army and his name was changed to Li Baochen. Li Baochen, some documents mistook his original name as Zhang Baochen.

After the Warring States Period, Han people continued to immigrate to Yunnan. They lived together with the local natives for a long time, intermarried, and influenced each other. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Baiman tribe was formed. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were hundreds of Baiman tribes around Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake. The Baiman ethnic origin is mainly Han, so their language, writing, customs, etc. are generally the same as the Han people, and their surnames basically follow Han surnames. At that time, there were large tribes named Zhao, Li, Yang, Dong and others in the Erhai area. Among them is a tribe named Zhang, which is said to have migrated from Longxi. Their leader was named Zhang Jinqiu. His descendants multiplied, the population increased, and they moved to various places. By the early Ming Dynasty, the Baiman Zhang family was distributed in Erxiyi, Yunnan County, Langqiong County, Dongshanjiang, Mengdingsai (now Laomeng, Yuanyang County), Zhennan, Taihe County, Yunnan Province. Prefecture Yingwuguan, Chuxiong County, Tengchong Prefecture, Mengheyi, Ningfan (today's Beisheng County) and other places, and many people have served as chieftains, inspectors, bookkeepers, commanders and other officials. Among them, Tengchong has the highest official rank. Zhang Ming, the local magistrate of the state.