Pulitzer is the founder of "new" news.

Pulitzer was born in Marko, Hungary on April 1847. He is the son of a wealthy grain merchant who was born in Madzar. His mother is German and deeply believes in Roman Catholicism. Old Pulitzer retired in Budapest. Joseph grew up under the education of local private schools and private teachers. Pulitzer, 17 years old, arrogant and unruly. The lanky young man, who is two meters tall, decided to join the army and tried to join the Austrian army, Napoleon's foreign legion in Mexico and the British army in India, but he was rejected because of his poor eyesight and weak body. This situation has troubled him all his life. However, in Hamburg, Germany, he met a man who, in order to get a reward, was recruited into the army of the United States federal government and was recruited as a substitute for conscripts, which was allowed by the conscription system during the civil war. He deserted in Boston, and it is said that he swam to the shore, determined to keep the reward for enlistment for himself, not for his agent. Pulitzer was rewarded and worked in the Lincoln Cavalry for a year, which suited him very much because there were many Germans in this unit. He speaks fluent German and French, but he doesn't know much English. Later, he worked until St. Louis. While doing odd jobs such as driving mules, porters and waiters, he plunged into the commercial library in St. Louis to study English and law. The biggest turning point of his career happened in the chess room of the library. While watching two regulars play chess, his brilliant judgment on one-step chess shocked the players and chatted with him. These two chess players are editors of a big German newspaper, the Westerlich Post, and they gave him a job. Four years later, 1872, he was known as a tireless and promising journalist. The young Pulitzer gained control of the newspaper from the newspaper owner who was on the verge of bankruptcy. At the age of 25, Pulitzer became a publisher, and then a series of shrewd business decisions made him the boss of 1878 St. Louis Post. He appeared in the press as a brilliant figure.

Earlier in the same year, he married a Washington socialite named Kate Davis at the Protestant Episcopal Church. This Hungarian immigrant who used to be a street tramp in the slums of St. Louis and was ridiculed as "Joey the Jew" has completely transformed. Now he has become an American citizen. As an orator, writer and editor, he is very proficient in English. Well-dressed, with a beautiful reddish-brown beard and pince-nez, he quickly integrated into the upper class in St. Louis, enjoying dancing at gorgeous parties and riding horses in the garden. This lifestyle came to an abrupt end when he took charge of the St. Louis Post. James Wyman Barrett, the last city editor of Le Monde in new york, described Pulitzer's situation when he was in charge of the Post in his biography Joseph Pulitzer and their World. "From morning till midnight or even later, he took care of everything in the newspaper." In order to make the public accept that his newspaper is their best defender, Pulitzer published investigative articles and editorials, attacking government corruption and tax evasion by the rich and gamblers. This populist appeal is quite effective, the circulation has increased and newspapers have prospered. If Pulitzer knows that in the Pulitzer Prize system he later established, the awards in the news awards are more for articles that expose corruption than other topics, he will be gratified.

Pulitzer's saburo-style working style for the newspaper made him pay the price and his health was damaged. With the decline of eyesight, Mr. and Mrs. Pulitzer 1883 went to new york and prepared to go to Europe for a holiday by boat according to the doctor's request. However, he did not board the ship in new york, but stubbornly met with the financier Jay Gould 1 to discuss the acquisition of new york's Le Monde, which is facing financial difficulties. Despite his serious health, Pulitzer devoted himself to finding a way out for the newspaper, which eventually brought what Barrett called a "single-handed revolution" to the editorial policy, content and layout of Le Monde. He used some techniques to increase the circulation of the post and oppose corruption in the government and business circles. The news column is full of sensational features. For the first time, he used a lot of illustrations to publish news gimmicks. In one of the most successful promotional activities, Le Monde collected money from subscribers and built a pedestal at the entrance of new york Port, which provided a place for the Statue of Liberty stranded in France waiting for shipment.

This measure has achieved good results. From then on 10, the circulation of various editions of Le Monde climbed to more than 600,000, making it the largest newspaper in China. But unexpectedly, Pulitzer himself became a victim of the circulation war. Charles Anderson Dana, the publisher of The Sun, was greatly frustrated with Le Monde's victory and began to make vicious personal attacks on him, saying that he was "a Jew who denied his race and beliefs". This persistent attack is aimed at alienating Jews in new york from Le Monde. Pulitzer's health is weakening in this disaster. At the age of 43, 1890, he resigned as editor of Le Monde and never returned to the editorial office. He is almost completely blind, and in extreme depression, he suffers from a painful disease that is extremely sensitive to noise. He went abroad to look for a good doctor, but found nothing. For the next 20 years, he basically shut himself in what he called a soundproof "cellar", on his yacht Liberty, in his holiday resort "The Tower of Silence" in bar harbor, Maine, and in his private residence in new york.

In those years, although Pulitzer visited frequently, he managed to closely control the development direction of his newspaper editing and business. From 1896 to 1898, the Wall Street Journal led by Pulitzer and william randolph hearst was caught in a fierce distribution war. These two newspapers publish sensational or fabricated news reports almost without restraint. On the issue of Cuba's opposition to Spanish rule, Pulitzer and Hearst both want to compete for positions that incite anti-Spanish anger. 1898 February 16, after the mysterious explosion and sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, both sides called for declaring war on Spain. Faced with strong voices, Congress passed a war resolution. After four months of war, Pulitzer no longer adopted the strategy called "yellow news". Le Monde has become more restrained, and its influential editorials represent the voice of the Democratic Party on many issues. Historians believe that Pulitzer's achievements in public service are stronger than his slide into "yellow news". He launched a brave and often successful condemnation of government and business corruption. To a great extent, he played an important role in the adoption of the Anti-monopoly Law and the standardized management of the insurance industry. 1909, Le Monde exposed a fraud case in which the United States paid 40 million dollars to the French Panama Canal Company. The federal government launched a severe counterattack against Le Monde, accusing Pulitzer of maliciously slandering President theodore roosevelt and some people, including banker J·P· Morgan.

Pulitzer did not flinch, and Le Monde continued its investigation. When the court dropped the charges, Pulitzer won wide acclaim for press freedom. 1904 In May, Pulitzer summed up his creed in an article in the North American Review and suggested setting up a journalism school. "Our country will coexist with the media." . A competent, fair and popular media, with well-trained, intelligent and courageous journalists, can maintain this public morality. Without it, the people's government is hypocritical and ridiculous. A cynical, mercenary and demagogic media will eventually create a person as despicable as itself. The power to shape the future of the Republic of China lies in the hands of future journalists. "

19 12, the year after Pulitzer died on the yacht, Columbia Journalism School was established. 19 17 under the supervision of the advisory Committee entrusted by Pulitzer, the first batch of Pulitzer prizes were awarded. The selection of Committee members and juries mainly depends on professional ability and affiliation, as well as other aspects of diversity, such as gender, nationality and geographical distribution, as well as the choice of journalists and the size of newspapers.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, Joseph Pulitzer stood out as a model of American journalism. He was born in Hungary and has a strong and unyielding character. Is the most capable newspaper publisher; He is also a passionate fighter against dishonest government; A competitor as brave as an eagle; In the competition in the distribution field, we will never give up the technology of making sensational news; He is also a visionary, which greatly enriches the connotation of his career. His innovative spirit in new york World and St. Louis Post reshaped the face of newspaper media. Pulitzer was the first person who called for the establishment of journalism schools in universities to train journalists. Of course, the lasting influence of Pulitzer Prize on news, literature, music and drama should also be attributed to his foresight.