Ask God to help explain the terminology of water conservancy projects.

Also called water conservancy project. Classification of water conservancy projects [Hidden] The composition characteristics of available water amount Prospect Water conservancy projects are built to control and allocate surface water and groundwater in nature and achieve the purpose of eliminating pests and promoting benefits. Also known as water engineering. Water is an indispensable and precious resource for human production and life, but its natural state can not fully meet human needs. Only by building water conservancy projects can we control water flow, prevent floods, adjust and distribute water quantity and meet the needs of people's life and production for water resources. [Edit this paragraph] Classification can be divided into: flood control projects to prevent flood disasters; Irrigation and water conservancy projects or irrigation and drainage projects to prevent drought and flood disasters and serve agricultural production; Hydropower projects that convert water energy into electric energy; Waterway and port projects to improve and create shipping conditions; Urban water supply and drainage projects that serve industrial and domestic water and treat and remove sewage and rainwater; Water and soil conservation projects and environmental water conservancy projects to prevent soil erosion and water pollution and maintain ecological balance; Fishery water conservancy projects to protect and promote fishery production; Land reclamation and reclamation projects to meet the needs of industrial and agricultural production or transportation. Water conservancy projects that serve flood control, irrigation, power generation and shipping at the same time are called comprehensive utilization water conservancy projects. [Edit this paragraph] Water supply can be divided into single project water supply and regional water supply. Generally speaking, there is some compensation and adjustment between interrelated projects in the region, and the regional water supply is not the sum of the water supply of individual projects in the region. Regional available water supply is a water supply system composed of new projects and original projects, which is obtained after adjustment and calculation according to the water demand requirements of planning level years. Regional water supply Regional water supply consists of several individual projects and calculation units. Regional water supply is generally carried out by establishing a regional water supply forecasting model. In each calculation area, various interrelated water conservancy projects are combined into a water supply system, which is jointly regulated according to certain principles and operation modes. Attention should be paid to avoid repeated calculation of water supply in joint dispatching. For other unrelated projects in the region, it is calculated according to the single project method. The calculation of available water mainly adopts the typical year method, and in areas with relatively complete incoming water series data, the available water is also calculated by using the long series adjustment algorithm. Water storage projects refer to reservoirs and ponds (excluding regulating reservoirs specially built for water diversion and pumping projects), which are counted by large, medium and small reservoirs and ponds respectively. Water diversion project refers to the project of taking water from rivers, lakes and other surface water bodies by gravity (excluding water storage and water lifting projects), which are calculated on a large, medium and small scale respectively. Water pumping project refers to the project of pumping water from rivers, lakes and other surface water bodies by pumping stations (excluding water storage and diversion projects), and statistics are made on large, medium and small scale respectively. Water transfer project refers to the inter-basin water transfer project between first-class water resources regions or between independent basins, and the supporting projects of water transfer project do not include storage, diversion and lifting projects. Groundwater source project refers to the well project using groundwater, which is calculated by shallow groundwater and deep confined water respectively. Groundwater utilization studies the development and utilization of groundwater resources in order to better serve all sectors of the national economy (such as urban water supply, industrial and mining enterprises water use, agricultural water use, etc.). The utilization of groundwater in agriculture is to rationally develop and effectively use groundwater for irrigation or drainage, so as to improve the supply of soil and water and serve agriculture and animal husbandry. Comprehensive planning must be carried out according to the hydrogeological conditions, hydrometeorological conditions and water use conditions in the region. On the basis of evaluating groundwater resources and finding out the exploitable amount, the development plan and engineering measures are formulated. Groundwater utilization planning should follow the following principles: (1) Make full use of surface water, rationally develop groundwater, and make overall arrangements for groundwater and surface water; (2) According to the recharge capacity of each aquifer, determine the number of wells and the exploitation amount of each layer, so as to take water by layers, combine shallow, medium and deep, and make a reasonable layout; (3) It must be combined with drought resistance, flood control, alkali prevention and salt prevention to make unified planning, ensure irrigation, reduce groundwater level and prevent alkali waterlogging; It not only exploited the groundwater, but also emptied the underground storage capacity. It can store rainfall and surface runoff in flood season, creating conditions for waterlogging and alkali control. In the process of using groundwater, management should be strengthened to avoid adverse consequences caused by blind exploitation. Shallow groundwater refers to phreatic water directly related to local precipitation and surface water and weak confined water closely related to phreatic water. Other water source projects include rainwater collection, sewage treatment and reuse, seawater utilization and other water supply projects. Rainwater collection project refers to the water conservancy project composed of artificial collection and storage roofs [edit this paragraph]. The basic components are various hydraulic structures, including water retaining structures, drainage structures, water intake structures and water delivery structures. In addition, there are hydraulic structures that serve a certain purpose, such as hydraulic structures with special functions for river regulation, navigation, fish crossing, wood crossing, hydropower generation and sewage treatment. Hydraulic structures are combined into different types of water conservancy projects in various forms. [Edit this paragraph] Features Water conservancy projects are different from other projects and have the following characteristics. ① Very systematic and comprehensive. A single water conservancy project is an organic part of various water conservancy projects in the same basin and region, which complement and restrict each other; A single water conservancy project itself is often comprehensive, and its service objectives are closely related and contradictory. Water conservancy projects are also closely related to other sectors of the national economy. The planning and design of water conservancy projects must proceed from the overall situation, systematically and comprehensively analyze and study, in order to get the most economical and reasonable optimization scheme. ② Great impact on the environment. Water conservancy projects will not only affect the economy and society in this area through their construction tasks, but also affect the natural features, ecological environment and natural landscape of rivers, lakes and nearby areas, and even the regional climate to varying degrees. This kind of influence has both advantages and disadvantages, so it must be fully estimated in the planning and design, give full play to the positive role of water conservancy projects and eliminate its negative influence. ③ The working conditions are complicated. All kinds of hydraulic structures in water conservancy projects are constructed and operated under natural conditions such as meteorology, hydrology and geology, so it is difficult to accurately grasp them. They bear the thrust, buoyancy, permeability and scouring force of water, and their working conditions are more complicated than other buildings. (4) The benefits of water conservancy projects are random and vary according to different hydrological conditions every year. Irrigation and water conservancy projects are also closely related to changes in meteorological conditions. ⑤ Water conservancy projects are generally large in scale, complex in technology, long in construction period and large in investment, and must be carried out in accordance with the basic construction procedures and relevant standards (see water conservancy project construction procedures). [Edit this paragraph] Looking forward to the current major problems faced by most countries in the world, such as rapid population growth, insufficient available water resources, tight urban water supply, energy shortage, and deterioration of ecological environment, are closely related to water. Flood control and full development and utilization of water resources have become major issues in contemporary social and economic development. The development trend of water conservancy projects is as follows: ① flood control engineering measures are further combined with non-engineering measures, and non-engineering measures play an increasingly important role; (2) The development and utilization of water resources will further develop in a comprehensive and multi-objective direction; ③ The function of water conservancy projects should not only meet the people's growing needs of life and the development of industrial and agricultural production, but also serve to protect and improve the environment; ④ Further develop large-scale water resources allocation projects such as inter-basin water transfer; ⑤ With the development of new exploration technology, new analytical calculation and monitoring test methods, new materials and new technology, complex foundations and high-head hydraulic structures will be developed, local materials will be more widely used, and the cost of hydraulic structures will be further reduced; ⑥ Gradually strengthen the unified management and dispatching of water resources and water conservancy projects. -Water conservancy projects are projects to eliminate water disasters and develop and utilize water resources. According to its service objects, it is divided into flood control projects, farmland water conservancy projects, hydropower projects, waterway and port projects, water supply and drainage projects, environmental water conservancy projects, beach reclamation projects and so on. Water conservancy projects that can serve flood control, water supply, irrigation and power generation at the same time are called comprehensive utilization water conservancy projects. Water conservancy projects need to build different types of hydraulic structures, such as dams, dikes, spillways, sluices, inlets, channels, water crossings, rafts and fishways, in order to achieve their goals. Compared with other projects, water conservancy projects have the following characteristics: ① wide influence. Water conservancy project planning is an integral part of river basin planning or regional water conservancy planning. The construction of a water conservancy project will have a great impact on the environment of its surrounding areas, including advantages and disadvantages such as flooding, immersion, migration and relocation. Therefore, the planning of water conservancy projects must proceed from the overall situation of the basin or region, and make overall plans to reduce adverse effects and obtain the best economic, social and environmental effects. ② Water conservancy projects are generally large in scale, large in investment, complex in technology and long in construction period.

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