Where did the ancestors of Hakka people in Hezhou originally live?

Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world. It is distributed in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huiyang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Hainan, Fujian and Hong Kong, and distributed in more than 120 counties. Ancestors lived in the Yellow River valley, and went south in large numbers in the late Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century) and the late Tang Dynasty (late 9th century) due to war. /kloc-after the demise of the southern song dynasty in the 0' s and 270' s, it moved to Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Call themselves "Hakkas" or "Lairen" to distinguish them from the locals. Hakka dialect is one of Chinese dialects, which retains more ancient Chinese phonology. Folk songs have a unique style. Hakkas keep their own customs and traditions in the area where they live. Women are full of energy, participate in labor production, are not bound by feudal bad habits, and are brave in making progress. In modern times, after the failure of the Taiping Rebellion, many Hakkas were forced to disperse in a wider range, and some migrated to Nanyang to live.

There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

[Edit this paragraph] Hakka origin

At present, there are two main views on the origin of Hakka:

(1) evolved from the Han people who moved from the north to the south;

(2) The Han people who migrated from north to south merged with the southern natives and evolved;

In the eyes of ordinary people, Hakkas are immigrants, a branch of Han immigrants from the north to the south. In the long years, they have been displaced from place to place and experienced hardships, forming, evolving and developing into a large clan with a population of tens of millions.

In May, 2007, an article was published in the authoritative American academic magazine Human Genetics: Y chromosome of historical figures along the Yangtze River, in which a set of data was very amazing. The picture below shows that the Central Plains genes of Hakka people account for a large proportion.

1. root

Hakka's roots are in the Han nationality.

Traditionally, the source of Hakka is Heluo. The so-called Heluo refers to the Yellow River and the Luohe River. Broadly speaking, Heluo is the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Luohe River Basin. The narrow sense of Heluo is Luoyang. There are three bases for "taking root in Heluo": ① According to genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record that ancestors lived in Heluo. (2) the legend of mount tai Shi Gandang. ③ Hakka classical Chinese; It's a kind of Mandarin, much like Henan dialect in Zhongzhou. Rooting in Heluo does not mean that all Hakkas are Heluo people, but its scope should include the central plains hometown south of the Yellow River, north of the Yangtze River, east of the Hanshui River basin and west of the Huaihe River, with its core in Heluo.

2. Reasons for migration

The migration of Hakkas includes the southward migration of their ancestors and the domestic and international migration of Hakkas. As far as migration behavior is concerned, there are active and passive points, and the reasons for migration are different in different periods according to the history of migration process. Generally speaking, there are four aspects of various migration factors:

A. factors related to emigration, that is, push factors.

① The reverse development of cultivated land area and population is the fundamental factor that often plays a role.

2 War. The brutal war turned prosperous cities and wealthy villages into ruins, and millions of people were killed in the war. In order to seek a stable social environment, survivors were forced to leave their homes and migrate to various places, which is the root cause of large-scale sudden migration.

(3) Formal relocation and resettlement.

4 reading and doing business.

(5) Struggle, including political struggle and economic struggle.

B. Factors related to the relocation site, namely "pulling force".

The north develops early and the south develops late. The south has a vast territory, a small population and few wars, which has good conditions for the Han people who moved south to settle down and develop agriculture. For example, in Meizhou, Guangdong Province in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the land is barren and the people are lazy, but the farmers are fresh, and the residents and overseas Chinese cultivate, so the elderly do not suffer from no fields, and every field does not waste labor." In addition, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Baiyue area in the south implemented the policy of "no tax". For the Han people who fled in the north, it can be described as a "paradise", and they have settled in Jiangnan and Lingnan.

C. Factors related to intervention barriers, namely "intermediary factors".

Hakka ancestors migrated from Heluo and Zhongyuan to Jiangnan and Lingnan areas. Although the traffic conditions are extremely difficult, there is no way out. Since the Qin dynasty, there have been post roads; There have been canals and waterways since Sui Dynasty, especially Southeast Road and Lingnan Road. Since the Song Dynasty, there has been "Tompu" and so on.

The southeast road is dominated by the Grand Canal, connecting Guanzhong, Huainan and Southeast, and extending to Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. There are four ways to enter Lingnan: first, enter Hunan from Jingxiang Road and enter the Pearl River Delta via Xiangshui, Lingqu, Gui Jiang and Xijiang; First, from Dayue Gengling, Hunan, along Zhenjiang and Beijiang; First, starting from the Yangtze River and Ganjiang River, Gengling Mountain goes south along Zhenjiang and Beijiang River; One is from Fuzhou to the southwest coast of Guangdong. Smooth roads provided convenient traffic conditions for Hakka ancestors to move south in past dynasties.

The reclamation of land by feudal governments, such as "moving the sea to restore the boundary" in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the 5th year of Kangxi1year, also provided opportunities and conditions for the Hakkas to migrate again.

D factors related to personal psychology and physiology, namely "self-reasons".

Floating population is a person with special personality, not an ordinary migrant population, which is reflected in the spirit of adventure and dissatisfaction with the status quo, which is closely related to personal factors. For example, the essence of calling short people "the last generation".

3. Migration process and route.

There are many historical records of the migration of Han people from north to south, but there are different opinions in academic circles about the time when Hakka ancestors began to migrate on a large scale from the Central Plains. Some people think that it began in the Qin Dynasty, while others think that it began in the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms, or the Eastern Jin Dynasty, or the Tang Dynasty, or the Five Dynasties, or the Southern Song Dynasty. As a result, the great migration of Hakka has been formed, including the second theory, the third theory, the fifth theory, the sixth theory and the ninth theory. It is generally believed that there have been five large-scale and explosive migrations of Hakkas. Generally speaking, their migration patterns and routes are from north to south, from east to west, from plains to hills and mountains, along rivers to core areas, from home to abroad and scattered around the world.

A. Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Mainly influenced by the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of northern Han people moved south. The farthest migration started from today's Changzhi, Shanxi, and the most recent migration started from today's Lingbao, Henan, south, along the Ying, Ru, Huai and other basins, and along the Yangtze River to Hubei, southern Henan and the northern shore of Anhui and Jiangxi.

B. Late Tang and Five Dynasties

Mainly influenced by the Anshi Rebellion, the Huang Chao Uprising and the separatist regime of the buffer region, most of the people who moved far south crossed the river from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan, Shouxian and Fuyang in Anhui, and even moved to Minnan; Recently, it moved from the northwest or middle of the river to the south of Jiangxi or the west of Fujian, or the border between northern and eastern Guangdong.

C. Song Dynasty

Influenced by the Jin people going south, the Mongols entering the Central Plains and the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After the failure of the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hakkas made an unprecedented migration, fearing not to go deep into the mountains and forests, and formed the characteristics of "there are guests in every mountain, but no guests to live in", which made the Hakkas have typical characteristics of mountain people. The war at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty touched the migration of Hakka people. Most of the emigration places are Fujian, and the emigration places are concentrated in Jiaying. The main reason is that Jiaying is located in the east of Lingnan, the best way to the north, and there are many low-lying hilly areas for reclamation. In addition, in the process of resisting the Yuan Dynasty, it was once in ruins, which responded to the call of "Lu Wen called for joining the army and being diligent, the cliff mountain was covered, the people in the state were all dead, and Jing Ke was empty". So the Hakkas moved from other cities to regroup. With a large number of Hakkas moving into Jiaying area in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Jiaying became the hinterland of Hakka, the center of Hakka settlement and the "capital of Hakka". In short, the immigrants in this period migrated from southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong on the basis of the second stage.

D. late Ming and early Qing dynasties

On the one hand, the reason for migration is the expansion of internal population, on the other hand, it is the influence of Manchu nobles entering the Central Plains. Because there are many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land is becoming more and more fierce, and people are constantly migrating abroad. For example, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, people moved from Cheng Xiang and Changle to Haifeng and Guishan, and from Tingzhou to Fuzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, Kangxi moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin 'an, Dongguan and Heshan with Guangzhou as the core. "Re-border" moved to today's Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan, Taishan and other places, "Huguang fills Sichuan" moved to Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places. After the failure of sending troops, many Hakkas moved to Taiwan Province with Zheng Chenggong in order to avoid being implicated.

At this stage, the migration route is: mainly from the second and third phases of the old residence, to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, as well as Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan Province provinces, and a few from western Fujian, northern Guangdong and eastern Guangdong moved back to the south of Jiangxi and the two sides of the Luoxiao Mountains in the west of central and northern Jiangxi, which led to the differentiation of new and old customers in Jiangxi Hakka.

E. During the Tongzhi period

Hakka Migration Caused by Guangdong West Road Incident and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

After the Guangdong West Road incident, with the help of the government, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and even crossed the sea to Yaxian and Ding 'an in Hainan Island.

After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by Hakkas, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to slaughter all the men, women and children who participated in the uprising, so many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places. A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to work as coolies in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and North and South America, just like contracted Chinese laborers. During this period, it mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to the west, south and Hainan and Southeast Asia.

Not every migration is a Hakka migration, but there are strict differences. It is generally believed that the migration before the Southern Song Dynasty is the migration of Hakka ancestors, and the migration after the Southern Song Dynasty is the real Hakka migration. Hakka migration is not like water waves, wave after wave, nor like archery, nor is it organized and led, but unorganized and very prosperous.

4. The formation of Hakka

At present, the main viewpoints are: the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty; Song and Ming dynasties; After the middle of Ming Dynasty; After the middle of Qing dynasty.

It is generally believed that in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Hakka group differentiated into a branch of the Han nationality and began to form a scale. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were a large number of people and they became a great social force. By the Qing Dynasty, the self-awareness of Hakkas was stronger and they were very active on the social stage. What is the main basis for the formation of Hakka in the Southern Song Dynasty?

(1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty.

(2) A considerable population. Population is the carrier of nation and clan. Without a certain number of people, there is no nation or clan. It is difficult to estimate the historical population of Hakka by statistics, but it can be analyzed from the number of counties in Hakka concentrated areas. According to the administrative divisions of Ming Dynasty, the Hakkas mainly lived in Nan 'an and Ganzhou in Jiangxi, Tingzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian, Chaozhou, Li Anping, Shaozhou and Nanxiong in Guangdong, based on the Chunke County listed in Luo Xianglin's A Study of Hakka Origin. These eight counties used to be mountainous areas, with a vast territory and few people (except Chaoshan coastal areas) and few county governments. After the Song Dynasty, the number of counties gradually increased, and the number of counties in the Ming Dynasty increased by 12. The establishment of county governance is undoubtedly to strengthen the rule, but it must be based on a large number of residents and a high level of production development. Before these counties were established, many people must have lived here. That is, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the northern Han nationality living in the border area between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi had gained a firm foothold and had a certain population size after hundreds of years of integration and evolution with the original residents.

(3) The same geographical environment. The border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces are mountainous, with dense forests, blocked traffic and difficult communication, which is very conducive to the formation of Hakkas.

A. The farming economy in small watersheds laid an economic foundation for the formation of Hakkas.

B. customs caused by small basins. These immigrants live in small basin mountain villages and get a relatively stable living environment under closed geographical conditions. The original dialects and customs were retained after the integration with the original residents.

(4) Same-sex social action. This is the expression of Hakkas' striving for their own interests, the embodiment of strong group consciousness, and the important foundation for Hakkas to become independent ethnic groups. The Hakka settlements in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong are connected, with frequent economic exchanges, and the resistance struggle of the oppressed echoes each other. The corresponding feudal dynasties also treated this area as a specific political unit when they ruled. From the perspective of economic sources, people from Gannan and Tingzhou rented land in Meizhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. In terms of political struggles, such as the peasant uprising led by Fan, Yu and Chen in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang in Jiangxi and Jiangxi provinces.

5. The formation region and process of Hakka.

At present, the main viewpoints are: Poyang Lake Plain; Gannan: Shicheng; Tingzhou: Shibi Village, Ninghua County; Meizhou: Meixian; Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region.

(1) Hakka base and base camp: Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region;

(2) The main road of Hakka: Shicheng;

(3) Hakka anchorage: Ganzhou;

(4) Hakka postal kiosk: Shek Pik;

(5) Hakka capital: Tingzhou (before the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties);

(6) Hakka hinterland: more than ten counties with Meizhou as the center;

(7) World Guest Capital: Meizhou.

6. Hakkas

Today's Hakkas are one of the most widely distributed ethnic groups in the world, and also one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. There are Hakka communities in China, with *** 19 provinces, autonomous regions and 265 counties and cities, including 4 pure or basically pure Hakka counties and cities, with a total population of about 55 million. In addition, there are about 6.5438+0.25 million in Hong Kong, 6.5438+0.5 million in Macau and 4.6 million in Taiwan Province Province. There are five continents and six oceans abroad, distributed in more than 80 countries and regions, with a total population of about 5 million.

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