Idioms are all soldiers; The wind and the wind are shaking; What battle is it related to?

The Battle of Feishui, also known as the Battle of Fertilizer and Water, took place in 383 AD, when the former Qin Dynasty in northern China fought at Feishui (now southeast of Shouxian County, Anhui Province) in order to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. In the end, the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated more than 800,000 former Qin Jun with only 80,000 troops.

Overview of activities

The battle of Feishui took place at the foot of Bagong Mountain, an ancient city in Shouxian County, Anhui Province.

【 Map of the North-South Situation from the Battle of Feishui to the Northern Expedition 】

Map of the North-South Situation from the Battle of Feishui to the Northern Expedition War

As fertile water, it originated in Jiangjun Mountain between Feixi and Shouxian. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Shi and Xie Xuan defeated Fu Jian in the water. The battle of water in the pre-Qin and Eastern Jin Dynasties is a famous war example in the history of China. There are some idioms, such as jittery, trees and grass, and stop whipping.

The picture on the right shows the north-south situation from the Battle of Feishui to the Northern Expedition. The black line in the picture is the dividing line between the actual control areas of the two sides before the Battle of Feishui, and the red line is the dividing line between the actual control areas of the two sides from the victory of the Northern Expedition to the death of Xie 'an.

Activity background

The original text is selected from Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Volume 105.

Chi forced the rich water to become Chen, and the nomads from the army were not allowed to pass. Xie Xuan sent an envoy to see Yang Ping and Gong Rong, saying, "It's a long-term plan for you to suspend your army and force yourself into the water, and you don't want to make a quick decision. If you move to Shao Chen, it will be a good golden soldier to cross and decide the outcome! " Qin generals said, "I am outnumbered. I might as well stop it and prevent it." Jane said, "But I serenaded him halfway, and I killed him with an iron horse. This is beyond reproach!" " Rong felt the same way, so he ordered the army to let him give up. Qin Jun retreated, unstoppable.

Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Yi and so on. Lead the troops across the water to attack. Those who rode a little slower and tried to retreat in a handsome manner fell down and were killed by the nomads. Qin soldiers were defeated. Xuan and others chased them. As for Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Qin Jun suffered a crushing defeat, and the deceased was trapped in the wild. When Monkey heard the news, he thought that Jin Jun was coming. He dared not rest day and night, sleeping in the grass, hungry and cold. There are seven or eight dead people.

At the beginning, there were few Qin soldiers, but Zhu Xu shouted after Chen: "Qin soldiers are defeated!" The crowd swarmed in. Both Xu Yuanxi and Tianxi Zhang are coming. Qin took the mica car. Recover Shouyang, praise Huainan satrap Bao Guo.

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The former Qin army was forced to deploy at the water's edge, and the Eastern Jin army could not cross it. Xie Xuan sent an envoy to Yang Jianrong, saying, "You are alone, but you have to deploy troops at the water's edge. This is a strategy of long-term stalemate, not a method of quick combat. If the army can be moved back a little, it will be good for the Jin Dynasty army to cross the river to decide the outcome. " The generals of the former Qin dynasty all said, "We are outnumbered, so it is better to contain them and prevent them from landing." Fu Jian said, "Just lead the troops back a little and let them go.

[Battle of Surabaya]

Battle of feishui

Halfway across the river, send armored cavalry to attack and then kill. There is no reason to be invincible! Fu Rong thought it was ok, so he waved the flag and commanded the soldiers to retreat. Once the former Qin army retreated, it was out of control.

Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Yi and others crossed the river with great armies to attack them. Fu Rong rode a horse to patrol the army to lead the retreating soldiers. As a result, his horse fell to the ground, Fu Rong was killed by soldiers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the army of the former Qin Dynasty was destroyed. Xie Xuan and others chased them all the way to Cyclobalanopsis. The army of the former Qin Dynasty was defeated and trampled to death, which protected Shan Ye and blocked the mountains and rivers.

When the former Qin army retreated slightly, Zhu Xu shouted behind the army: "Qin Jun failed!" Hearing this, the soldiers ran away. Zhu Xu took the opportunity to go to the Eastern Jin Dynasty with Tianxi Zhang and Xu Yuanxi. They seized the car decorated with mica by Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, and captured Shouyang and Bao Guo, the former governor of Huainan.

The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China.

The corrupt politics at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty led to great social unrest, and China entered the period of separatist regime in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in March17, and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most of the areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, political disputes among ethnic minorities are one after another. The former Qin States established by Di people perished one after another. The Yellow River basin was unified. Later, in 373 AD, Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were captured, and their sphere of influence expanded to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Therefore, Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was full of ambition and wanted to eliminate the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south.

The Battle of Feishui took place in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, which was called Shouzhou and Shouyang in ancient times. Also known as Feishui, it originated in Jiangjun Mountain between Feixi and Shouxian. Homologous and different returns: those that flow to the northwest will leave Shouxian after 200 miles and enter the Huaihe River; Flowing to the southeast, pouring into Chaohu Lake. In the Three Kingdoms, Wei defeated Sun Quan in water. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Xuan also defeated Fu Jian in water. It is a famous ancient battlefield, especially the water war in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is a famous war example in the history of our country.

In the Battle of Feishui, more than 700,000 * * troops fled in the former Qin Jun, and only 30,000 troops of the Mu Rongchui Department of Xianbei were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, but the temporary reunification of the north has also collapsed, once again.

[Battle of Surabaya]

Battle of feishui

Divided into more local ethnic regimes, Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore China's sovereignty, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South and created conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. The battle of surging water has also become a famous battle with less chances of winning and more losses.

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In August 383, Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry, more than 30,000 guards and 900,000 troops from Chang 'an to the south. At the same time, Fu Jian ordered Pei Yuanlve, the prefect of Zitong, to lead 70,000 navy divisions to swim downstream from Bashu to Jiankang. Nearly a million marching troops "March thousands of miles, moving in the opposite direction, east and west Wan Li, land and water go hand in hand."

Facing the critical moment of life and death in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the hawks headed by Prime Minister Xie An decided to stand up and resist. On the recommendation of Xie An, Di Chin appointed Xie Shi, Xie An's younger brother, as the conquering viceroy, and Xie Xuan, Xie An's nephew, as the pioneer, to lead the "northern government soldiers" with strong fighting capacity after seven years of training (selecting an army from northern exiled immigrants and strictly training, which is the main force with the strongest fighting capacity in the Eastern Jin Dynasty) to meet Qin Jun's main force Hu Bin, who was sent to lead the water army to reinforce Shouyang (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), and Huan Chong was appointed as Jiangzhou Secretariat, leading 65438.

[Map of the Battle of Feishui]

Map of the Battle of Feishui

On June+1October 65438+1October 8, Fu Jian's brother, Rong Rong, led the Qin vanguard troops to capture Shouyang (now Shouxian) and captured Xu Yuanxi, the commander-in-chief of 8 Jin Army. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been captured halfway. Waiting to join the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Shi Xia. Fu Rong led Liang Cheng to attack Luo Jian (east of Huainan, Anhui Province) with 50,000 troops, blocking the Huaihe River traffic and Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Shi Xia, running out of food and grass, and it was difficult to feed him. He wrote an urgent letter to, but the money for delivering the letter was caught by Chi.

As soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander-in-chief of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to the Jin army camp to surrender. After arriving at the camp, Zhu Xu not only did not surrender, but provided Xie Shi with information about Qin Jun. He said, "Although there are millions of people in Qin Jun, they are still on the March. If the troops are concentrated, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's failure to arrive in full and launch an attack quickly, as long as we can defeat its vanguard and weaken its spirit. Xie Shi thought Qin Jun was strong at first, and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to take the initiative.

165438+ 10, Xie Xuan sent General Yong Liu Laozhi to attack Luo Jian with 5,000 chosen men, which started the water war. General Qin led an army of 50,000 troops to meet the enemy. After Liu Laozhi divided his troops around Qin Jun, he cut off his way home. Led the troops stormed waterinfo, stormed Qin Jun, Qin Jun panicked, barely resisted for a while, and then collapsed. Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died, and officers and men raced against time to cross the Huaihe River, killing more than 6,543,800 people. Luo Jian's victory greatly boosted the morale of 8 jin j..

Due to the deployment on the west bank of Feishui, the Jin army could not cross the river and had to confront each other across the bank. Xie Xuan sent an emissary to Fu Rong and defiantly said to him, "It is a long-term solution for you to suspend the army and release water by force, which cannot be solved by people who want to make a quick decision. Wouldn't it be better to move less and let the Jin army cross the river and decide the outcome? " Qin Jun's generals expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought that the army could fight back and let the army retreat a little. Jin Jun will be killed by cavalry halfway across the river, so as to win. Fu Rong also reflected Fu Jian's plan.

[Battle of Surabaya]

Battle of feishui

He agreed, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and instructed Qin Jun to retreat. The morale of the pool was low, and as a result, it lost control and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than eight thousand cavalry and rushed to Qin Jun. After the Battle of Qin Jun, Zhu Xu shouted, "The Chi soldiers are defeated! Qin Bing was defeated! " Chixin believed it and turned and ran. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong rode to stop him in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of 8 Jin Army. The flies that lost their Lord became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused panic in the follow-up troops and triggered a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun dare not retreat along the road. They all thought it was 8 jin j chasing them. 8 jin j pursuit, straight to Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin Jun soldiers died in unison, all over the mountains and rivers. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow, and only 65438+ 10,000 yuan was left when he fled back to Luoyang.

The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An was playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he was expressionless, put it aside and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "What's the situation?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." ("The child is broken and the thief is broken!" The guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs. This is the origin of the famous allusion "Broken Clogs".

Edit this campaign story.

Fear of danger in every voice; Start with the rustling of leaves; be frightened out of one's wits

"Fear of wind and fear of grass and trees", that is to say, wind and bird singing are regarded as the abnormal sound of the enemy's pursuit, and every grass and tree are regarded as the enemy's army, which shows how frightened the fear of defeat and flight is!

This is a sentence from Jin Fu Jian. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Qiang Qin always wanted to annex the State of Jin, and Fu Jian, king of Qin, personally led 800,000 troops to attack the State of Jin. Xie Shi and Xie Xuan, the generals of the State of Jin, fought against 80,000 military forces. Fu Jian, of course, arrogant, not care about the disparity in strength 8 jin j..

But what I didn't expect was that the vanguard of the vanguard troops was defeated in the first battle with 8 jin j, and Fu Jian panicked. He and his younger brother Fu Rong went to the front to inspect in the evening. He saw that the lineup of 8 Jin Army was neat and the morale was high. Even the vegetation on Bagong Mountain where 8 Jin Army was stationed looked like soldiers from the Five Mountains! Then, in the battle of Feishui, Qin Jun was completely defeated and suffered heavy losses. Fu Jian, the king of Qin, was injured himself, and his younger brother Fu Rong died. Fu Jiancang fled. He heard the wind and birds singing and thought he was the enemy's pursuer again. According to this historical fact, later generations created the Wind Crane.

[After the Battle of Feishui]

The course of the Battle of Feishui

The idiom "all trees and grass are soldiers".

If the cavalry throws the whip into the river

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, after the former Qin Dynasty and Fu Jian unified the north, they confronted and competed with each other. Fu Jian wanted to lead millions of cavalry south and wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Fu Jian called ministers to discuss, but many people disagreed. Prince Zuo Weikai and Minister Shi Yue said, "According to the astrology, it is not appropriate to go south this year. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Yangtze River had a natural barrier and its king won the hearts of the people. So don't act rashly and blindly move forward lightly. " Take the opportunity to attack. "Fu Jian don't think so. Instead, he boasted, "You can't believe everything about astrology. As for the Yangtze River, Fu Cha, the King of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Sun Hao, the Lord of Wu in the Three Kingdoms Period, were both perils of the Yangtze River, and they all ended up in born to die. Today, we have nearly a million troops, many of whom will be very big, and many will throw whips at the river, which will cut off its flow. Are we afraid of natural disasters? " Ignoring advice, he decided to attack Kim and personally led the army to form a long queue from west to east. Xie Xuan and Xie Shiling, the generals of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, fought against the enemy with 80,000 soldiers. However, Fu Jian was provoked by 8 Jin Army, defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and never recovered.

The original intention is to throw all the whips into the river and cut off the current.

make a comeback

In August 383, Fu Jian personally led an army of 870,000 to set out from Chang 'an. On the way to the south, smoke billowed, infantry, cavalry, vehicles, horses and trench, and the team was vast, almost a thousand miles long. After a month, Fu Jian's main force arrived in Xiangcheng (now south of Shenqiu, Henan Province), and Yizhou Water Army also went downstream, and troops north of the Yellow River came. The former Qin dynasty went hand in hand with land and approached the south of the Yangtze River. When the news reached Jiankang, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin and all the officials in Beijing panicked. The military and civilians of the Jin Dynasty did not want Jiangnan to fall into the hands of the former Qin Dynasty. Everyone hoped that the Prime Minister Xie An would make up his mind. Xie An is a native of Chen County (now Taikang, Henan Province) and was a good friend of Wang Xizhi when he was young. He often visits the mountains and rivers of East Mountain in Huiji and writes poems. Everyone thinks that he is a very talented person, but he would rather live in seclusion in Dongshan than be an official. He was recommended as an official and didn't want to work for more than a month. At that time, there was a saying among the literati: "What will the people do if Xie An doesn't come out to be an official?" It was not until he was in his forties that he came out to be an official again. Because Xie An lived in Dongshan for a long time, it was later called "a comeback".

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There are many reasons for Fu Jian's fiasco in Lishui, including: arrogance, arbitrariness, not listening to dissuasion, and rushing to war; Internal instability, disagreement, confusion, and floating people's hearts; If the front line is too long and the troops are scattered, the shed length will be short and there will be no coordination; Frustrated in the first battle, that is, losing confidence; In addition, not knowing the military situation, retreating at will and making a mess provided the enemy with an opportunity; I didn't notice the espionage activities of Zhu Xu and others, so I let my opponent know my situation and put myself in a passive position.

The main factors of the army's victory in the Eastern Jin Dynasty can be summarized as: staying calm in times of crisis.

[Fu Jian who goes his own way]

Fu Jian, go his own way.

Respond to the enemy; The monarch and the minister are in harmony, and the soldiers use their lives; The Lord will be able and the command will be certain; Get the truth about the enemy and know yourself; The foot soldiers are fine, and the northern government soldiers are ten; Understand the right time, the right place and the right people, and give full play to the strengths of your own army; Break the enemy in the first battle, defeat its soldiers and boost morale; Encourage the enemy with wisdom, lure him into chaos, and then use the gap to cover up and kill him; Resolutely implement strategic pursuit and expand the results.

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The result of the Battle of Feishui stabilized the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities into the South, and provided the necessary opportunity for the social and economic recovery and development of the south of the Yangtze River. For the former Qin regime and Fu Jian himself, the war was to promote the disintegration of the temporary unification of the northern region. Mu Rongchui, Yao Chang and other clan nobles rose again, dismembering the rule of the former Qin Dynasty, and Fu Jian himself soon suffered a tragic ending.

In the long run, the most important role of the Battle of Feishui is to continue and develop the Central Plains culture of the Han nationality who fled to the south, and directly affect the spiritual essence of the unified dynasties such as Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that the Battle of Feishui preserved the core part of Chinese culture and gave it a chance to breathe and rise again after the so-called "five flowers".

After the Battle of Feishui, after the War of Shenhe North, the North and South confronted each other. Later, Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty entered Chang 'an in April17, but the generals in the army clashed in Guanzhong and fell again. In 450, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty penetrated all the way from the north bank of the Yellow River to the north bank of the Yangtze River, but it was difficult for northerners to adapt to the southern climate and the soldiers were infected. First rebelled against Beiqi, then defected to Nanliang, and then rebelled against Liang's independence. In 548 AD, he was also trapped in Jiankang, and was soon killed by his subordinates. The goal of unifying the whole country is still far away. It was not until 589 AD that Emperor Wen of the Northern Zhou Dynasty inherited "One World" and "One Region". So far, it has been 206 years since he went to the Battle of Surabaya.

Historically, reunification is not based on the orthodoxy of the North and the South, but on the political development of the state power. Judging from the unification trend of China after the Battle of Feishui, although the Jin Dynasty was morally superior and popular, it still failed to achieve reunification. This is because the ruling class of the Jin Dynasty as a whole did not regard the realization of national reunification as its basic policy. Even Zhu Xu can fight.

[Xie An (320 ~ 385)]

Xie An (320 ~ 385)

The generals did not regard the Northern Expedition as an ideal. The court appointed him as the secretariat and stationed in Pengcheng, but he asked to retreat to Huaiyin. Obviously there is no will to the Northern Expedition. Even after Sima Tian succeeded him as the secretariat, he was still stationed in Luoyang, but the rulers failed to continue the Northern Expedition. Sima Tian died after serving for more than a year, and Zhu Xu quickly retreated from Luoyang to Xiangyang. The rulers were later stationed by Zhu Xu and Liu Laozhi. After the capture of Zhai Zhao, there was no real northern expedition to Houyan and Houqin, and only a few people in the ruling class of the Jin Dynasty still regarded reunification as their ideal.