Summary of basic knowledge of water conservancy projects, must be seen when getting started?

(1) Basic information of water conservancy projects

Water conservancy projects: refer to all kinds of projects built to control, regulate and utilize surface water and groundwater in nature, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating pests and promoting benefits.

(2) Scope of water conservancy project

Projects for eliminating water disasters and developing and utilizing water resources. According to its service objects, it is divided into flood control projects, farmland water conservancy projects, hydropower projects, waterway and port projects, water supply and drainage projects, environmental water conservancy projects, beach reclamation projects and so on. Water conservancy projects that can serve flood control, water supply, irrigation and power generation at the same time are called comprehensive utilization water conservancy projects.

(3) Classification of water conservancy projects

(4) Reservoir

Reservoir is an artificial lake that people build dams in ravines or river canyons for flood control, power generation, irrigation, water supply and navigation, and redistribute river runoff in time and space. Reservoirs are generally composed of water retaining structures, water conveying structures and water discharging structures. (1) Water retaining structures, such as dams, are used to intercept rivers, raise water levels and form reservoirs; (2) Water conveyance structures, such as water conveyance tunnels, culverts and water pipes, are used to convey water to meet the needs of irrigation, power generation and water supply. (3) Drainage structures, such as spillway, spillway tunnel and gate, are used to discharge flood and ensure dam safety. According to the classification of water conservancy and hydropower projects and flood standards, the scale of reservoirs is: large-scale (1) reservoirs: total storage capacity ≥ 1 100 million cubic meters; Large (2) type reservoir: 1 100 million cubic meters ≤ total storage capacity 1 100 million cubic meters; Medium-sized reservoir: 0. 1 100 million cubic meters ≤ total storage capacity 1 100 million cubic meters; Small (1) reservoir: 0.0 1 100 million cubic meters ≤ total storage capacity 0. 1 100 million cubic meters; Small (2) type reservoir: 0.00 1 100 million cubic meters ≤ total storage capacity 0.0 1 100 million cubic meters.

(5) Hydropower station

Hydropower station refers to a comprehensive engineering facility that converts water energy into electric energy. Generally, it includes water diversion systems of reservoirs and hydropower stations, power plants, electromechanical equipment, etc. It consists of a water retaining structure and a drainage structure. The high water level of the hydropower station flows into the workshop through the water diversion system to drive the turbine generator set to generate electricity, and then it is input into the power grid through the step-up transformer, switching station and transmission line.

(6) Dam

According to different standards, the classification of dams is different. For example, according to the different mechanism of resisting head pressure, it can be divided into gravity dam and arch dam. Gravity dam, as its name implies, is to use its own weight to resist the upstream water pressure and maintain its own stability. For example, the famous Three Gorges Dam is a concrete gravity dam. Arch dam, like arch bridge, is an arched water retaining structure protruding upstream on the plane, which transfers all or part of the water pressure to the bedrock on both sides of the valley by means of arch, such as the famous Hoover Arch Dam in the United States. According to different dam materials, it can be divided into earth-rock dam, concrete dam, rubber dam and steel gate dam. Earth-rock dams are generally trapezoidal in cross section and consist of earth and rock. , and are the oldest dam types, such as Xiaolangdi Dam. Rubber dam is to fix rubber filled with gas or water on the river bed to keep water, which is mainly used for urban landscape and river ecological restoration. In addition, according to the different construction methods, dams can also be divided into filling dams, riprap dams, conventional concrete dams and roller compacted concrete dams.

(7) Sluice

The sluice consists of four parts: sluice chamber, seepage control and drainage, energy dissipation and scour prevention, and cross-bank connection. Sluice scale grade: large sluice: sluice flow ≥ 1000 cubic meters per second; Medium sluice: 1000 m3/s ≤ sluice flow1000 m3/s; Small sluice: the flow through the sluice is per second 100 cubic meter.

(8) Dams

Dike refers to the water retaining structures built along the river, river, lake, sea, canal or reservoir, flood discharge area, flood detention area and reclamation area, including dike body and dike foundation. According to Code for Design of Dike Engineering, the dike grade is: 1: flood control standard [return period (year)] ≥100; Grade II: 50≤ flood control standard [return period (year)]100; Grade 3: 30≤ flood control standard [return period (year)] 50; Level 4: 20≤ flood control standard [return period (year)] 30; Grade 5: 10≤ flood control standard [return period (year) ]20.

(9) Pumping station

Pumping station project is a water lifting facility that converts electric (thermal) energy into water energy for irrigation and drainage or water supply, and it is the core of electromechanical irrigation and drainage project. It is usually composed of water pump, power machine, auxiliary equipment and corresponding supporting buildings. According to the Code for Design of Pumping Stations, the grades of pumping stations are as follows: large-scale pumping stations: design flow ≥50 cubic meters per second or installed power ≥ 1 1,000 kilowatts; Medium-sized pumping station: 10 m3/s≤ design flow 50 m3/s or 0. 1000 kW≤ installed power1000kw; Small pumping station: design flow 10 cubic meter per second or installed power 0. 1 10,000 kilowatts.

(10) Interesting knowledge of water conservancy projects

1) Dujiangyan, Sichuan is the longest existing dam-free water diversion hub in the world. 2) In A.D. 1954, Foziling Reservoir in Huoshan, Anhui Province was completed. The dam is 74.4 meters high and is the first concrete multi-arch dam in China. 3) In 1956, Meishan Reservoir was built in Jinzhai, Anhui Province, with a dam height of 88.24m, which is the highest concrete multi-arch dam in China. 4) Lingqu is the earliest gated canal in the world. 5) The Three Gorges Project is the largest water conservancy control project in the world today. Its indexes have broken the records of water conservancy projects in China and the world. 6) Jinghang Yuanhe River, the longest canal in the world, has a total length of 65,438+794 km from Beijing to Hangzhou and was opened in the 3rd century. 7) 1980, China built the Fengtan dam in Yuanling, Hunan Province, with a dam height of 1 12.5m, which is the highest concrete hollow gravity arch dam in the world. 8) 1972, China Qingshan Hydraulic Pump Station was completed. With a total pumping flow 15.26 m/s, a net lift of 50 m, an annual pumping capacity of 65,438+300 million m and an irrigated farmland of 350,000 mu, it is the largest hydraulic pump station in the world. 9) In A.D. 1977, Jiangdu Irrigation and Drainage Station was built in Jiangsu, consisting of four electric irrigation and drainage stations, with a total installed capacity of 49800kW and a pumping capacity of 473m/s, making it the largest electric irrigation and drainage station in China Plain. 10) Xiaolangdi river dam is the largest rockfill dam in China, with a crest length of 1667m, a dam height of 154m and a total filling volume of 5 185m3. 1 1) 1986, Jiangxia tidal power station was built in Wenling, Zhejiang, with an installed capacity of 3200kW, making it the largest tidal power station in China. 12) The emergency gate of Erjiang Gate of Gezhouba Water Control Project is the largest flat gate in China, with a width of 12m×24m. 13) The miter gate at the lower lock head of No.2 lock of Gezhouba Water Control Project is the largest miter gate in China. The single gate 19.7m×34.5m( 14) is located in Dujiangyan Irrigation District, Sichuan Province 1988. After many expansions, The irrigation area has increased from 2.88 million mu in 1949 to nearly 1658 15) A.D. 197 1 year. China has built Qunying Dam in Jiaozuo, Henan Province, with a dam height of 100.5m, which is the highest in the world. 16) The Three Gorges Project, the longest water conservancy project in the world, has been started for 75 years. 17) The Three Gorges Reservoir has a total storage capacity of 39.3 billion cubic meters, a flood control storage capacity of 2.2/kloc-0.50 billion cubic meters, and the flood regulation of the reservoir can reduce the peak flow by 27,000 ~ 33,000 cubic meters per second, making it the most remarkable water conservancy project in the world. 18) The total length of the dam axis of the Three Gorges Dam is 2309.47 meters. The spillway dam section is 483 meters, with 700,000 kilowatts ×26 hydropower stations, double-track five-stage lock and ship lift, which is the largest water conservancy project in the world. 19) The earth and stone excavation and filling volume of the main building of the Three Gorges Project is about 65.438+34 billion cubic meters, the concrete pouring volume is 27.94 million cubic meters, the steel bar system is 463,000 tons, and the metal junction system is 256,500 tons, making it the largest water conservancy project in the world. 20) The Three Gorges Project has a intercepting flow of 90 10 m3/s and a maximum flood peak flow of 79,000m3/s during construction, which is the largest water conservancy project in the world. 2 1) The maximum flood discharge capacity of the spillway gate of the Three Gorges Project is 102500 cubic meters per second, which is the largest flood discharge capacity in the world. 22) The lock of the Three Gorges Project, with five double lines and total head 1 13m, is the inland river lock with the largest number of stages and the highest total head in the world. 23) The effective size of the ship lift of the Three Gorges Project is120×18× 3.5m, the weight of water in the ship box is11800t, the maximum lift is113m, and the tonnage of the ship is. 24) In the Three Gorges Project, the number of reservoir immigrants is the largest and the work is the heaviest, which can eventually reach one million. 25) In China, the construction of dams has a long history. The earliest dam seen in the literature is Anfengtang Dam in Shou County, Anhui Province, which was built between 598 BC and 59 BC1year.

(1 1) Three systems of water conservancy and hydropower engineering quality management

According to the Regulations on Quality Management of Water Conservancy Projects: 1), the quality of water conservancy projects is governed by three quality management systems: the project legal person is responsible, the supervision unit is responsible, the construction unit guarantees and the government supervises. 2) The project legal person (the construction unit) is fully responsible for the quality of water conservancy projects. Supervision, construction and design units shall be responsible for their own work in accordance with the contract and relevant regulations. Quality supervision institutions perform the supervision functions of government departments and do not replace the quality management of project legal persons (construction units), supervision, design and construction units. All parties in water conservancy project construction have the responsibility and right to report the project quality problems to the relevant departments and quality supervision institutions.

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