What is "feudalism"?

First, the origin of the feudal system In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan thought in "On Feudalism": "Feudalism is not a saint, nor is it a trend." Feudalism ",simply put, is that the king enfeoffed the vassal's land to the vassal and founded the country in feudal areas." This is a way of defeating tribal rule and defeated land and population in ancient times. It can be seen that the so-called feudalism has been formed since the tribal war. However, the feudal system officially originated in the Zhou Dynasty, and modern scholars have different opinions, but most of them advocate that it began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In view of the numerous governors at that time, Zhou Shi was bound to suffer from * * *, which was for the sake of the country's prosperity and destruction. In the name of peerless, feudal rulers used colonial methods to enfeoffment Zhou He's heroes to various places, and established the country by using the original clans and tribes in various places.

From top to bottom, Zhou officially became the master of the world, and the feudal scale was officially completed. Second, the content of feudalism basically has two conditions: first, the multi-level division of land and power. The other is that there is a subordinate relationship between the superior and the subordinate. That is to say, the rulers in the world ceded part of the land and people to princes, and then subcontracted the land to lower levels, and each level of enfeoffment had to fulfill certain obligations to higher levels. As far as his fiefs are concerned, he is an economic and political hereditary and has the highest power in his fiefs. Therefore, the whole society is divided into several levels, and the ruling class has four levels: emperor, vassal, great doctor and scholar. The following are common people and slaves. Under the feudal system, there were certain political rules between emperors and vassals: according to Mencius, the vassal state ranked fifth, and there were certain fiefs according to titles, and vassals were everywhere; "This place is seventy miles; Children and men are fifty miles each, and less than fifty miles, they are called princes. From time to time, the son of heaven patrolled the four places to patrol the princes, who worshipped the son of heaven and paid tribute to them. When the royal family has to go out, the princes have the obligation to obey the levy; If the royal family has foreign invasion, the princes will send troops and be diligent. (However, some people think that the titles of Gong, Hou and Bo in inscriptions on bronze inscriptions have no hierarchical meaning; Some people think that the land mileage of countries is too neat, too idealistic and unreliable. According to Zhou Guan, the military system under the feudal system is the six armies of the emperor, the three armies of the princes, the two armies of two countries and the one army of a small country. One Army12,500 (this establishment was also questioned by later generations). In addition, the son of heaven has the right to interfere in the employment and administration of vassal States. There are three officials in the big country, all appointed by the son of heaven; The second country has three ministers, one of whom was appointed by the son of heaven. As can be seen from the content of the feudal system, its purpose is to control the vassals, and the emperor is the supreme king of the country, not the Lord. Everything of the vassal is given by the emperor, and all the ministers are the emperor's. C, the reason of Zhou feudalism is that the influence of Yin people can't be completely eliminated after cutting. Therefore, on the one hand, we should keep the Yin family, on the other hand, we should gradually invade the east and seal the vassal state to expand our power and shield the royal family. To sum up, the rise of feudal system is not only the natural trend of social organization, but also the work of Zhou people to adapt to the actual needs of the political situation at that time. The reasons are summarized as follows: Zhou was one of the princes of Shang dynasty, and his career was destroyed by the corruption of Shang royal family, which had an intangible impact on his later emperor status. Therefore, after the king of Wu destroyed the business, he first established the principle of "all things are done in the world, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the minister of the king", and then enfeoffed the princes with land, with a view to strengthening the unified relationship between the emperor and the princes, making the emperor's position stable and strengthening his rule. More importantly, Zhou Ben is a small country leaning towards the west. After decades of operation, the powerful and highly educated Yin State was eliminated, but the influence of Yin people could not be completely eliminated. With the production technology and underdeveloped transportation of the Zhou Dynasty at that time, it was very difficult to rule the vast territory of Yin. Coupled with the potential of the original aristocracy to rule the economy and the difficulty in forming a unified system with the small countries that have been attached to Yin, the method of appeasement monitoring was adopted. For the Yin people and small countries who joined, they were named princes, while those who did not joined were forced. In order to manage more strictly, both the imperial clan and the hero should be established as princes and monitored nearby, such as the setting of the three prisons. According to Mr. Qian Mu's analysis, "feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a kind of armed immigration and military occupation. "The Western Zhou Dynasty was originally a farming tribe. Since it is only in the abundant Weihe River basin, how to effectively extend its influence to the old land of Yin and the East after obtaining Yin is an important issue. Therefore, Zhou sent his close relatives to the east in batches, selected traffic and military priorities, and contained each other, completing a huge transportation network including the Yellow River, Huaishui and the north bank of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the feudalism in the Zhou Dynasty was a scale of founding the country that was in harmony with the military politics at that time and could be continuously expanded outward. Zhou Xing feudalism was to enfeoffment the imperial clan of Zhou surname into a screen vassal. Because there were so many governors at that time, everyone should pay attention to Tianjin, which was bound to be a disaster for the Lord. So the imperial clan and heroes were enfeoffed, so that they could live together among the old princes and become a mutual restraint, in order to capture the royal family and reward the heroes. For example, it is called Yan, and Taigong looks forward to Qi. At the beginning of Zhou Jian, there were actually many tribes (before Wu Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the so-called governors were the original state of each tribe, and the rule of * * * was maintained). In view of the large number of vassals who joined the merchants at that time, if the autocratic policy was implemented, it might not be supported by the state. Therefore, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, other old tribes, such as Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu, were also enfeoffed under the slogan of "Rise and fall of the country, follow the peerless world" to strengthen the rule of kingship and achieve the effect of buying people's hearts. Generally speaking, it can be seen that the biggest purpose of feudalism is to establish a top-down relationship between China and local governments through land redistribution, so as to seek the long-term stability of the whole regime. Ding, after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the early Zhou Dynasty, feudalism was divided into two parts: first, the first part was divided into two parts: the king of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the capital of Yin fell, and the Shang Dynasty perished, but objectively speaking, the territory of the Shang Dynasty was much larger than that of Zhou Dynasty (the Shang Dynasty occupied almost the whole east of the Yellow River), and the huge territory of the Shang Dynasty could not be digested on Monday, and the land of the old princes of the Shang Dynasty was not entirely owned by Zhou people. In this case, we can only take expedient measures, adopt a policy of appeasement to businessmen, seal our son in Yin, worship our ancestors, and put him to death. At the same time, the younger brother is in the north and south of the Yellow River, the uncle is in charge of fresh, the uncle is in Cai, and the uncle is in Huo to monitor and prevent rebellion, which is called the three prisons. " "Historical Records" Yin Benji said: "Make his brother Xian, Cai Shu is the capital, and his father (Wu Geng) governs Yin. According to ancient customs, dynasties can be replaced from generation to generation, and ancestor sacrifices cannot be extinct. Therefore, King Wu used his new national strength to enfeoffment the former emperors with virtue in order to win the hearts of the people. For example, Shennong was named after Jiao, Huangdi named after Zhu, Emperor Yao named after Ji, Emperor Shun named after Chen, and Dayu named after Qi. On the other hand, in order to expand his power, King Wu sealed some royalty, relatives and heroes. For example, the protagonist calls Yan a North Screen fan, and Lu Shang is in Lu, which is a East Screen fan. The enfeoffment countries are mostly concentrated in the area near the south bank of the Yellow River (the north bank of the Yellow River, the center of merchant power, only Huo). As for the East, it is still the scope of the old Shang Dynasty, and Zhou people can only look back on it. Of course, this situation is full of danger. As a result, when King Wu died, rebellion was born again, and finally the second feudalism was carried out under the planning of Duke Zhou. Second, the second feudal country, Wang Yinke, died two years later, and the heir became a young king. Zhou Gongdan, the younger brother of King Wu, is the Regent, and his uncle Cai is dissatisfied. He spread rumors that the Duke of Zhou was not conducive to becoming a king, and encouraged Wu Geng to unite with the vassal states and the aliens in the lower reaches of Huaihe River to rebel against Zhou Shi. It took Duke Zhou three years to quell the chaos. Duke Zhou readjusted the feudal order in the East. The main reason for the failure of the first enfeoffment system was the profound background and deep-rooted social and economic strength of the Shang nationality in its original place of residence. Duke Zhou adopted the policy of divide and rule and armed migration (the strategy for business was to divide the aristocratic forces that were United in business, and then move them away from their original places, so that they lost their original support; As for the Zhou people's intervention in the commercial land, Zhou forces invaded the commercial land and adopted the armed immigration law to enfeoffment the princes again. The enfeoffment includes the following steps: in view of the fact that the East is beyond reach, but the ancestral temple is in the west, the Duke of Zhou thought it was his ancestor, and built the East Capital in Luoyi, also known as "Chengzhou", as the center to control the East, and moved a large number of "stubborn people" to Luoyi, making them leave their original places and do nothing. Hebei base area ruled by Yin people was ruled by Zhou people only after Yin land and its adherents were given the titles of Kang Shu, the brother of Wei and Yin people. At that time, there were two main allies who helped the Shang rebellion: Yanhe (both in Shandong). Duke Zhou built Lu in Yan State, sealed his eldest son here, and ruled the "merchants elected by the people" and the "six Yin families" by force. The hometown of Guo Pu was built in Qi State, and the greatest hero Lu (Lu Ji) was named here. The influence of Zhou people began to grow stronger and stronger, reaching the east coast. In addition, he was named Wang Di and Tang Shu in Jin Dynasty. This is the person who communicated with Zhou directly from the north bank of the Yellow River to Yin Ruins. In order to show that Zhou people had no intention of destroying Yin, they also adopted the policy of appeasement. Wei was a sage of the Yin royal family in the Song Dynasty, and then a number of new Ji surnames appeared, such as Cai, Teng, Jiang and so on. In a word, these two feudal vassal States can be divided into three categories: one is the old vassal state, including descendants of the early Shang Dynasty, such as Song and Ji. The second kind is the children of Zhou people, whose surname is Ji, such as Lu, Wei, Jin and Xing. Third, heroes or in-laws, such as Qi and Xu. According to the statistics of King Hecheng, * * * sealed more than 70 countries, including more than 50 countries named Ji, and the feudal cause was completed. In the first feudal period of Zhou Dynasty, due to its limited power, its influence could only be extended to the south of Luoyi, with Gao Feng as the center, and the influence of Yin people in Shang Dynasty could not be completely eliminated. Therefore, the enfeoffment countries include Qihe, most of which are concentrated near Luoyang on the south bank of the Yellow River, and only Zero on the north bank of the Yellow River, which is the place where the Yin people's power is concentrated. In addition, Qin Jing, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, was located in the west, so it was difficult for the central ruling power to reach the east. But there is no doubt that this seal laid the foundation for Zhou's outward expansion. By the second feudalism of the Duke of Zhou, the ruling power of Zhou people was greatly strengthened and extended to every place. For example, the establishment of Qilu and Qilu enabled people to surpass Yin and reach the seaside in the East. Feudal countries are scattered all over the country, on the one hand, they contain each other, on the other hand, they engage in infiltration and expansion, and expand their territory.

Reference:. qid=7006 103 102765。 Other = 1

In the past, it was generally believed that feudalism was created by Zhou Wuwang. However, Liu Zongyuan refuted this in the article "On Feudalism" in the Tang Dynasty, arguing that "feudalism is not a saint, but it is also a trend." Feudalism ",simply put, is that the king enfeoffed the vassal's land to the vassal and founded the country in feudal areas." This is a way of defeating tribal rule and defeated land and population in ancient times. It can be seen that the so-called feudalism has been formed since the tribal war. However, the feudal system officially originated in the Zhou Dynasty, and modern scholars have different opinions, but most of them advocate that it began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In view of the numerous governors at that time, Zhou Shi was bound to suffer from * * *, which was for the sake of the country's prosperity and destruction. In the name of peerless, feudal rulers used colonial methods to enfeoffment Zhou He's heroes to various places, and established the country by using the original clans and tribes in various places.

From top to bottom, Zhou officially became the master of the world, and the feudal scale was officially completed.

First, the origin of the feudal system In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan thought in "On Feudalism": "Feudalism is not a saint, nor is it a trend." Feudalism ",simply put, is that the king enfeoffed the vassal's land to the vassal and founded the country in feudal areas." This is a way of defeating tribal rule and defeated land and population in ancient times. It can be seen that the so-called feudalism has been formed since the tribal war. However, the feudal system officially originated in the Zhou Dynasty, and modern scholars have different opinions, but most of them advocate that it began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In view of the numerous governors at that time, Zhou Shi was bound to suffer from * * *, which was for the sake of the country's prosperity and destruction. In the name of peerless, feudal rulers used colonial methods to enfeoffment Zhou He's heroes to various places, and established the country by using the original clans and tribes in various places.

From top to bottom, Zhou officially became the master of the world, and the feudal scale was officially completed. Second, the content of feudalism basically has two conditions: first, the multi-level division of land and power. The other is that there is a subordinate relationship between the superior and the subordinate. That is, the rulers in the world ceded part of the land and people to princes, and then subletted the land to lower levels, and each level of subletting had to fulfill certain obligations to higher levels. As far as his fiefs are concerned, he is an economic and political hereditary and has the highest power in his fiefs. Therefore, the whole society is divided into several levels, and the ruling class has four levels: emperor, vassal, great doctor and scholar. The following are common people and slaves. Under the feudal system, there were certain political rules between emperors and vassals: according to Mencius, the vassal state ranked fifth, and there were certain fiefs according to titles, and vassals were everywhere; "This place is seventy miles; Children and men are fifty miles each, and less than fifty miles, they are called princes. From time to time, the son of heaven patrolled the four places to patrol the princes, who worshipped the son of heaven and paid tribute to them. When the royal family has to go out, the princes have the obligation to obey the levy; If the royal family has foreign invasion, the princes will send troops and be diligent. (However, some people think that the titles of Gong, Hou and Bo in inscriptions on bronze inscriptions have no hierarchical meaning; Some people think that the land mileage of countries is too neat, too idealistic and unreliable. According to Zhou Guan, the military system under the feudal system is the six armies of the emperor, the three armies of the princes, the two armies of two countries and the one army of a small country. One Army12,500 (this establishment was also questioned by later generations). In addition, the son of heaven has the right to interfere in the employment and administration of vassal States. There are three officials in the big country, all appointed by the son of heaven; The second country has three ministers, one of whom was appointed by the son of heaven. As can be seen from the content of the feudal system, its purpose is to control the vassals, and the emperor is the supreme king of the country, not the Lord. Everything of the vassal is given by the emperor, and all the ministers are the emperor's. C, the reason of Zhou feudalism is that the influence of Yin people can't be completely eliminated after cutting. Therefore, on the one hand, we should keep the Yin family, on the other hand, we should gradually invade the east and seal the vassal state to expand our power and shield the royal family. To sum up, the rise of feudal system is not only the natural trend of social organization, but also the work of Zhou people to adapt to the actual needs of the political situation at that time. The reasons are summarized as follows: Zhou was one of the princes of Shang dynasty, and his career was destroyed by the corruption of Shang royal family, which had an intangible impact on his later emperor status. Therefore, after the king of Wu destroyed the business, he first established the principle of "all things are done in the world, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the minister of the king", and then enfeoffed the princes with land, with a view to strengthening the unified relationship between the emperor and the princes, making the emperor's position stable and strengthening his rule. More importantly, Zhou Ben is a small country leaning towards the west. After decades of operation, the powerful and highly educated Yin State was eliminated, but the influence of Yin people could not be completely eliminated. With the production technology and underdeveloped transportation of the Zhou Dynasty at that time, it was very difficult to rule the vast territory of Yin. Coupled with the potential of the original aristocracy to rule the economy and the difficulty in forming a unified system with the small countries that have been attached to Yin, the method of appeasement monitoring was adopted. For the Yin people and small countries who joined, they were named princes, while those who did not joined were forced. In order to manage more strictly, both the imperial clan and the hero should be established as princes and monitored nearby, such as the setting of the three prisons. According to Mr. Qian Mu's analysis, "feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a kind of armed immigration and military occupation. "The Western Zhou Dynasty was originally a farming tribe. Since it is only in the abundant Weihe River basin, how to effectively extend its influence to the old land of Yin and the East after obtaining Yin is an important issue. Therefore, Zhou sent his close relatives to the east in batches, selected traffic and military priorities, and contained each other, completing a huge transportation network including the Yellow River, Huaishui and the north bank of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the feudalism in the Zhou Dynasty was a scale of founding the country that was in harmony with the military politics at that time and could be continuously expanded outward. Zhou Xing feudalism was to enfeoffment the imperial clan of Zhou surname into a screen vassal. Because there were so many governors at that time, everyone should pay attention to Tianjin, which was bound to be a disaster for the Lord. So the imperial clan and heroes were enfeoffed, so that they could live together among the old princes and become a mutual restraint, in order to capture the royal family and reward the heroes. For example, it is called Yan, and Taigong looks forward to Qi. At the beginning of Zhou Jian, there were actually many tribes (before Wu Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the so-called governors were the original state of each tribe, and the rule of * * * was maintained). In view of the large number of vassals who joined the merchants at that time, if the autocratic policy was implemented, it might not be supported by the state. Therefore, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, other old tribes, such as Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu, were also enfeoffed under the slogan of "Rise and fall of the country, follow the peerless world" to strengthen the rule of kingship and achieve the effect of buying people's hearts. Generally speaking, it can be seen that the biggest purpose of feudalism is to establish a top-down relationship between China and local governments through land redistribution, so as to seek the long-term stability of the whole regime. Ding, after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the early Zhou Dynasty, feudalism was divided into two parts: first, the first part was divided into two parts: the king of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the capital of Yin fell, and the Shang Dynasty perished, but objectively speaking, the territory of the Shang Dynasty was much larger than that of Zhou Dynasty (the Shang Dynasty occupied almost the whole east of the Yellow River), and the huge territory of the Shang Dynasty could not be digested on Monday, and the land of the old princes of the Shang Dynasty was not entirely owned by Zhou people. In this case, we can only take expedient measures, adopt a policy of appeasement to businessmen, seal our son in Yin, and worship our ancestors for medical treatment. At the same time, the younger brother is in the north and south of the Yellow River, the uncle is in charge of fresh, the uncle is in Cai, and the uncle is in Huo to monitor and prevent rebellion, which is called the three prisons. " "Historical Records" Yin Benji said: "Make his brother Xian, Cai Shu is the capital, and his father (Wu Geng) governs Yin. According to ancient customs, dynasties can be replaced from generation to generation, and ancestor sacrifices cannot be extinct. Therefore, King Wu used his new national strength to enfeoffment the former emperors with virtue in order to win the hearts of the people. For example, Shennong was named after Jiao, Huangdi named after Zhu, Emperor Yao named after Ji, Emperor Shun named after Chen, and Dayu named after Qi. On the other hand, in order to expand his power, King Wu sealed some royalty, relatives and heroes. For example, the protagonist calls Yan a North Screen fan, and Lu Shang is in Lu, which is a East Screen fan. The enfeoffment countries are mostly concentrated in the area near the south bank of the Yellow River (the north bank of the Yellow River, the center of merchant power, only Huo). As for the east, it was still the sphere of influence of the old Shang Dynasty, and Zhou people could only dream of it. Of course, this situation is full of danger. As a result, when King Wu died, rebellion was born again, and finally the second feudalism was carried out under the planning of Duke Zhou. Second, the second feudal country, Wang Yinke, died two years later, and the heir became a young king. Zhou Gongdan, the younger brother of King Wu, is the Regent, and his uncle Cai is dissatisfied. He spread rumors that the Duke of Zhou was not conducive to becoming a king, and encouraged Wu Geng to unite with the vassal states and the aliens in the lower reaches of Huaihe River to rebel against Zhou Shi. It took Duke Zhou three years to quell the chaos. Duke Zhou readjusted the feudal order in the East. The main reason for the failure of the first enfeoffment system was the profound background and deep-rooted social and economic strength of the Shang nationality in its original place of residence. Duke Zhou adopted the policy of divide and rule and armed migration (the strategy for business was to divide the aristocratic forces that were United in business, and then move them away from their original places, so that they lost their original support; As for the Zhou people's intervention in the commercial land, Zhou forces invaded the commercial land and adopted the armed immigration law to enfeoffment the princes again. The enfeoffment includes the following steps: in view of the fact that the East is beyond reach, but the ancestral temple is in the west, the Duke of Zhou thought it was his ancestor, and built the East Capital in Luoyi, also known as "Chengzhou", as the center to control the East, and moved a large number of "stubborn people" to Luoyi, making them leave their original places and do nothing. Hebei base area ruled by Yin people was ruled by Zhou people only after Yin land and its adherents were given the titles of Kang Shu, the brother of Wei and Yin people. At that time, there were two main allies who helped the Shang rebellion: Yanhe (both in Shandong). Duke Zhou built Lu in Yan State, sealed his eldest son here, and ruled the "merchants elected by the people" and the "six Yin families" by force. The hometown of Guo Pu was built in Qi State, and the greatest hero Lu (Lu Ji) was named here. The influence of Zhou people began to grow stronger and stronger, reaching the east coast. In addition, he was named Wang Di and Tang Shu in Jin Dynasty. This is the person who communicated with Zhou directly from the north bank of the Yellow River to Yin Ruins. In order to show that Zhou people had no intention of destroying Yin, they also adopted the policy of appeasement. Wei was a sage of the Yin royal family in the Song Dynasty, and then a number of new Ji surnames appeared, such as Cai, Teng, Jiang and so on. In a word, these two feudal vassal States can be divided into three categories: one is the old vassal state, including descendants of the early Shang Dynasty, such as Song and Ji. The second kind is the children of Zhou people, whose surname is Ji, such as Lu, Wei, Jin and Xing. Third, heroes or in-laws, such as Qi and Xu. According to the statistics of King Hecheng, * * * sealed more than 70 countries, including more than 50 countries named Ji, and the feudal cause was completed. In the first feudal period of Zhou Dynasty, due to its limited power, its influence could only be extended to the south of Luoyi, with Gao Feng as the center, and the influence of Yin people in Shang Dynasty could not be completely eliminated. Therefore, the enfeoffment countries include Qihe, most of which are concentrated near Luoyang on the south bank of the Yellow River, and only Zero on the north bank of the Yellow River, which is the place where the Yin people's power is concentrated. In addition, Qin Jing, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, was located in the west, so it was difficult for the central ruling power to reach the east. But there is no doubt that this seal laid the foundation for Zhou's outward expansion. By the second feudalism of the Duke of Zhou, the ruling power of Zhou people was greatly strengthened and extended to every place. For example, the establishment of Qilu and Qilu enabled people to surpass Yin and reach the seaside in the East. Feudal countries are scattered all over the country, on the one hand, they contain each other, on the other hand, they engage in infiltration and expansion, and expand their territory. I wish I could help you.

Feudalism * * *, referred to as feudalism or feudalism, is a social system. The narrow feudal system refers to the enfeoffment system, while the broad feudal system refers to the feudal society. "Feudalism" is to establish a "land of founding a country"

That is, the Emperor put the land outside Ji Wang under his direct jurisdiction.

Information packet in weather forecast.

And give them titles.

Let them establish a vassal state

Defend the central government. Both the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty practiced feudalism.

But it backfired ... feudal society, which means the social state of feudal system, is a common academic term used by Marxist historians. The origin of the word feudalism is based on legal arguments. Marxist historians believe that it mainly emphasizes the division of land ownership. At present, feudal society and capitalist society are generally compared.