What are the characteristics of the three dynasties of Han, Tang and Song in their foreign exchanges?

A. Han Dynasty

(1) Main historical facts: ① After Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions, commercial relations with West Asia and Europe began to develop, and the "Silk Road" was opened. ② In 97 years, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying as envoy to Daqin, and Gan Ying arrived in the Persian Gulf in western Asia. In 166 AD, King Andun of the Qin Dynasty sent envoys to China to give Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty ivory and other gifts. ③ During the Western Han Dynasty, more than 30 small countries in Japan had contacts with the Han Dynasty; at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Japanese Japanese slave king sent envoys to the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Guangwu presented the "Han Japanese slave king" with a gold seal; many Chinese immigrated to Japan and other countries; China The copper-casting and iron-making techniques were introduced to Japan. ④The copper casting and lacquer making techniques of the Han Dynasty were spread to North Korea. ⑤ Buddhism originated in ancient India and spread to the Central Plains of my country. ⑥Chinese papermaking technology spread to Korea, Japan, India, Arabia, North Africa and Europe.

(2) Characteristics: ① In terms of scope: close contacts with North Korea and Japan, and direct contacts with West Asia and Europe. ② In terms of the form of exchanges: there are not only envoy exchanges, but also economic and cultural exchanges. ③Chinese culture was in a leading position in the world at that time.

(3) Reasons: ① Zhang Qian’s connection with the Western Regions opened up a new era of transportation between China and the West. The opening of the “Silk Road” strengthened China’s connections with Central Asia, Rome and Europe. ②The prosperity and civilization of Qin and Han Dynasties had great appeal to Asian countries. B Tang Dynasty

(1) Main historical facts: ① The Tang Dynasty and Silla maintained friendly relations: many Korean musicians went to Chang'an, and Tang music included Korean music; many Koreans went to Chang'an to study; Silla Craftsmen absorbed handicraft techniques from the Tang Dynasty; trade flourished. ② Japan sent "envoys to the Tang Dynasty" 13 times; Japanese students came to study in the Tang Dynasty; Abe Nakamaro came to China to study and had deep friendships with Li Bai, Wang Wei and others; Chinese monk Jianzhen traveled east to Japan to spread Tang culture; Tang culture's influence on Japan It has a profound impact on politics, economy, culture and life. ③The Tang Dynasty had close ties with India; Tianzhu sent envoys to India many times; Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Tianzhu to learn how to boil sugar; Xuanzang traveled westward and went to Tianzhu to study Buddhist scriptures. ④The Tang Dynasty had close relations with countries in Central and West Asia, such as Persia and Dashi.

(2) Features: ① The scope of the Tang Dynasty’s foreign exchanges became wider and unprecedented. ②The exchanges with Asian countries are the closest. The Tang Dynasty was the center of Asian culture. ③The Tang Dynasty’s foreign exchanges promoted the progress of world civilization. Foreign exchanges take the form of envoy exchanges, overseas students, technical exchanges, religious exchanges, art exchanges, etc.

(3) Reasons: ① The Tang Dynasty’s powerful regime and stable political environment. ②The economy and culture are in a leading position in the world. ③The external communications of the Tang Dynasty were more developed than in the past. ④The Tang Dynasty’s foreign policy was relatively open. ⑤ Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was an international city and the center of economic and cultural exchanges among Asian countries.

C. Song and Yuan Dynasties

(1) Main historical facts: ① In the Southern Song Dynasty, overseas trade reached Japan and Korea in the east and some African countries in the west. ②In the Yuan Dynasty, there was an endless stream of caravans and envoys from Asia, Eastern Europe, and the coast of Africa. ③The Italian Marco Polo came to China during the reign of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty and lived in China for more than ten years.

(2) Characteristics; ① Overseas trade was the main content of foreign relations during this period. ②Expand the scope of foreign exchanges to African countries.

(1) Reasons: ① The invention of the compass and the improvement of shipbuilding technology provided conditions for overseas trade and exchanges. ② During this period, science, technology and culture were still in a leading position in the world.

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