Knowledge points of college students' history

First, China's ancient political system

I. enfeoffment system

Objective: To consolidate state power.

Contents: ① The objects of enfeoffment-royal family, heroes, and former nobles; (2) the obligation of the enfeoffment-obey Zhou Wang's orders, guard the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and make pilgrimage. (3) the rights of the landowners-hereditary posts, setting up officials, establishing armed forces and collecting taxes.

Function: ① Strengthen the local jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor. (2) expanding the ruling area and developing remote areas; (3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal States had considerable independence, which buried the hidden danger of separatism.

Second, the patriarchal clan system

Definition: Patriarchal clan system is a social system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates rule according to the distance of paternal blood relationship.

Features: eldest son inheritance system

The relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system are two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both external and internal.

Influence: Patriarchal clan system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

The characteristics of China's early political system: patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong tribal color.

Third, the unification of Qin:

In 22 1 year BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed six countries, and Ying Zheng, the king of Qin Dynasty, established the first unified centralized feudal autocratic country in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty.

Fourth, the formation of the centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty's absolutism.

Content:

(1) Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The political, economic and military power of the whole country is in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor.

(2) Set up a central official system with three officials and nine officials: prime minister-assisting the emperor to handle national political affairs; An ancient scholar-supervisory official; Qiu-in charge of national military affairs.

(3) The local county system is implemented: the county magistrate is a county magistrate, and the county magistrate is called a county magistrate or a county magistrate, all of which are directly appointed and removed by the emperor.

Influence: It consolidated national unity, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation.

Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people will easily lead to tyranny and intensify class contradictions.

V. Measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty:

(1) Promulgate the Qin Law and unify the laws; Unified currency and weights and measures; (3) unified writing; (4) building equator and lingqu; ⑤ Building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Organize immigration.

The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.

Sixth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization.

BACKGROUND: In the early Han Dynasty, the county and country were in parallel, and the kingdom problem appeared.

Measures: Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the "Seven-country Rebellion"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a promotion decree.

Function: solved the problem of kingdom, strengthened centralization, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unity.

From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, there was a separatist situation in the buffer regions.

Seven, the strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Measures: ① militarily: drink a glass of wine to relieve the military power, and relieve the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government.

Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid.

Eight, Tang implemented three provinces and six departments.

The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of three provinces and six departments.

Nine, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system.

Background: Territorial expansion is unprecedented.

Overview: The central government has set up a major book province in China; There are ten provinces and Xuanzhengyuan area.

Significance: strengthening jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

X. Changes in the system of selecting and using officials

Dynasty system

Supervision system in Han dynasty

Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Imperial Examination System in Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties

XI。 Strengthening the autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy.

In the Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi established the military headquarters (handed down from ancient times)-the absolute monarchy reached its peak.

First of all, the politics of ancient China.

Second, the political system of ancient Greece and Rome

I. The Political System of Greece

The reasons for the emergence of democratic politics in ancient Greece are: ① the unique geographical environment and the national conditions of small countries and few people; (2) the development of overseas trade and industry and commerce.

The basic characteristics of the city-state are: small country with few people and independence.

The establishment of Athenian democracy: Solon's reform-laying the foundation of Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes's reform-establishing Athenian democracy; Perikles's reform--pushing democracy in athens to its peak.

The characteristics of Athenian democracy: people's sovereignty, taking turns to govern.

Evaluation of Athenian democracy;

Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democratic politics makes the society relatively just and is conducive to social stability. (2) contributed to the political, economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. ③ It provided some reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by European and American bourgeoisie.

Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and immigrants have no political rights, and only a few people can really enjoy democracy, which is essentially the democracy of the slave-owner class. (2) Too much democracy can easily lead to anarchism.

Second, Roman law.

1, the origin and development of Roman law:

In the early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law.

Civil law: Roman law, which is limited to Roman citizens and used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens, is called civil law.

Law of nations: In the process of Rome's external expansion, it gradually formed a law that is generally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule, that is, the law of nations.

In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman law system.

2. Evaluation of Roman law

Positive aspects: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. (2) Roman law is the first relatively complete code in European history, which has greatly influenced the legislation and judicial system of capitalist countries in modern Europe and America; It is a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to oppose feudalism.

Limitations: maintaining slavery.

Third, the establishment and development of modern western capitalist political system.

I. The British Revolution

Background: Roots: The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty hindered the development of British capitalist economy.

Process: 1640 Revolution broke out in Britain. During this period, King Charles I was executed and the Republic was founded. But the restoration of the Stuart dynasty. 1688 the glorious revolution marked the completion of the British revolution.

Second, the British constitutional monarchy:

Features: ① Keeping the king, in fact, the status of "unification without cure" exists as a symbol of the country. (2) The highest power of the state lies in the parliament, and the representative system is implemented. Parliament is the highest legislative body of the country, and the cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to Parliament.

1689 The promulgation of the Bill of Rights marks the formal establishment. /kloc-the responsibility system cabinet was gradually formed in the 0/8th century.

Third, the establishment of the American government:

1776, 13 British North American colonies became independent and the United States was born. At the beginning of independence, the United States was actually a loose alliance of 13 States (that is, confederation). 1789 The federal government was established and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, the United States formed a pattern in which the Democratic Party and the * * Party took turns to govern.

IV. US Constitution 1787:

1787, a constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia and the federal constitution was adopted.

Evaluation: ① It is the first relatively complete bourgeois constitution in the world. (2) Strengthen state power, implement the principle of separation of powers, and embody the spirit of bourgeois democracy. Limitations: admit black slavery, Indians have no citizenship, and women's status is low.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) is the hard road to peace in France;

1789 French revolution and the establishment of the first Republic; 1870 The establishment of the Third Republic.

The intransitive verb Constitution of the Third Republic of France:

At the beginning of 1875, the National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third Republic of France.

Significance: The * * * and political power (parliamentary system and state) were formally established in law, marking the final establishment of France * * * and political power.

VII. Unification of Germany:

Under the leadership of Bismarck, Prussia completed the unification of Germany through three dynastic wars. 187 1 year, a unified german empire was established.

Eight, Germany's dual constitutional monarchy:

Features: The emperor is not an empty position, but has real power. The emperor and the prime minister hold the power of the country. Parliament has no supervision over the government.

Fourthly, the anti-aggression democratic trend of thought in modern China.

One or two Opium Wars

Opium and the destruction of opium in Humen: In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain sent opium to China. Lin Zexu led the anti-smoking campaign, and in June 1839, opium was destroyed in Humen.

The root cause of the outbreak of the Opium War: the need of British capitalist development, the need to expand overseas markets and plunder a large number of raw materials.

The starting and ending years of the two Opium Wars: 1840- 1842, 1856- 1860.

Date and content of signing the first unequal treaty "treaty of nanking" in China's modern history: 1842. "treaty of nanking" content: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation 2 1 ten thousand yuan; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; Agreed tariff.

The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1860 British and French troops looted and burned Yuanmingyuan.

The Tianjin Treaty of 1858 stipulates that foreign ministers will be stationed in Beijing and 10 ports will be opened, so that foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely in the ports of the Yangtze River.

1860 the Beijing treaty stipulates that Tianjin will open a commercial port and Kowloon will be divided.

Tsarist Russia occupied more than 654.38+500,000 square kilometers of territory in northern China.

British occupation of China territory in Hongkong (treaties and maps)

After: 1842 "Sino-British treaty of nanking" occupied Hong Kong Island; 1860 The Sino-British Beijing Treaty occupied part of Kowloon Division; 1898 forcibly renting out the New Territories.

Second, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan launched the jintian uprising, and the political power was initially established in Yong 'an. 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made its capital in Tianjing, and formally established a political power against the Qing court. Through the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its military heyday in 1856.

The civil strife in Tianjing occurred in 1856. 1864, Zeng Guofan commanded the Xiang army to capture Tianjing, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement failed.

Hong Rengan wrote "Senior Minister New Chapter": It was the advanced China people who first put forward the idea of developing capitalism in China.

Content and Evaluation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolutionary Program "China Land System"

Contents: ① Abolish the feudal landlord's land ownership, and distribute the land equally according to the population and age, regardless of gender, according to the principles of "all the land in the world is cultivated by the people" and "uneven everywhere". (2) Regarding the distribution of products, according to the principle of "everyone in the world is not private, and everything belongs to the owner", every household has enough rations, and the rest belongs to the holy library.

Goal: To build an ideal society with "farming, food, clothing, money, injustice and hunger".

Evaluation: ① It is the founding program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. (2) It reflects the farmers' strong desire for land and is the ideological crystallization of farmers' anti-feudal struggle for thousands of years. (3) However, the absolute egalitarianism it embodies is seriously divorced from reality and cannot be realized at all.

Third, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out in 1894, and the main battles were the battle of Pyongyang, the battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang's sacrifice), the battle of Liaodong, and the battle of Weihai (beiyang fleet was completely annihilated).

1895 the main content and harm of treaty of shimonoseki between China and Japan;

(1) Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan. (2) Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 220 million silver. ③ Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. (4) Japan is allowed to set up factories at trading ports, and the distribution of products in the mainland of China is exempt from domestic tax.

Stimulated by treaty of shimonoseki, the great powers scrambled to carve up their "sphere of influence" in China, which set off a frenzy of carving up China. The degree of semi-colonialism in China has greatly deepened.

Fourth, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

1900 Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

The Xin Chou Treaty was signed in 190 1 year. One of the contents is to compensate 450 million taels of silver.

In a word, the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" made the Qing government a tool of imperialist rule, which marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Xinhai Revolution

China League was established (time, place, nature, program): 1905 Tokyo. It is the first national bourgeois revolutionary party. Its platform is "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights", which was later expounded by Sun Yat-sen as the three principles of "nationality", "civil rights" and "people's livelihood".

19 1 1 year1October 10 Wuchang Uprising

19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded, with Nanjing as its capital and Sun Yat-sen as interim president.

The time and nature of the promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China;

19 12 Spring is the first bourgeois democratic constitution in the history of China. (analyze the democratic spirit it embodies: sovereignty lies with the people; Establish the basic rights of citizens; Separation of powers; Establish a responsible cabinet, establish a parliamentary and political system)

19 12 February 12 Qing dynasty ended.

1912 In March, Yuan Shikai took office as interim president in Beijing-a symbol of the failure of the 1911 Revolution.

Achievements of the Revolution of 1911: ① It was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution. (2) overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, established the bourgeoisie and the state, and made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. (3) objectively attacked the imperialist forces of aggression. ④ It has created conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism.

The rise of the new democratic revolution with intransitive verbs

Time, slogan, center and main force of the May 4th Movement: 19 19, May 4th Movement; "Fighting for state power outside, punishing traitors inside", "Abolishing Article 21" and "refusing to sign a peace treaty"; The center of the first stage is in Beijing, mainly students, and the center of the second stage is in Shanghai, mainly workers.

The historical significance of the May 4th Movement: ① It is a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary movement (nature). ② Young students are pioneers; The working class is the main force; The historical significance of the May 4th Movement: ① It is a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary movement (nature). ② Young students are pioneers; The working class is the main force; Advanced intellectuals began to publicize Marxism among workers and played a guiding role. (3) It became the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

The difference between the old democratic revolution and the new democratic revolution;

(1) Different leadership classes (bourgeois-proletarian leadership); The guiding ideology is different: (Three People's Principles-Marxism-Leninism); The development prospects are different: (establishing a bourgeois republic and taking the capitalist road-taking the socialist road after the victory of the new-democratic revolution).