Alferov's Speech at Zhongguancun Forum in June, 2008: 5438+065438+ 10.

What we are discussing today is the development and research of innovative technologies. First of all, in my personal opinion, in the 20th century, there were two most important innovation projects, which were very successful. Besides, these projects have a great impact on our future. In the eyes of many people, it may be negative, but anyway, I still want to propose these two important innovation projects, which were very successful and realized in the 20th century. One is the Manhattan Project, and the other is the Soviet Union's nuclear technology program. Why do you say that? Because these two projects have achieved very successful results in a short time, we still don't know what new technologies should be developed, but I think these two projects are very successful and have a very important point. The governments of both countries attach great importance to these two projects. For example, it is very obvious in the Manhattan project, because the fascists in Germany may also be developing such technology at that time. As far as the former Soviet Union is concerned, it is also because the country is facing great danger that such a project was launched. But in my opinion, the people who started this project at that time, whether the United States or the former Soviet Union, were very active in it, including scientists who made great contributions in these two fields. Therefore, the success of these two projects depends largely on the participation of those excellent teams of scientists. Take the United States as an example. Most scientists immigrated to the United States from Europe, and a large part of them also studied in the United States. Most of the people in the Soviet Union studied and trained in the former Soviet Union and participated in nuclear technology projects in the former Soviet Union. They all played very important roles. One of them made a very outstanding contribution.

This man received education in the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 20th century and made great contributions in the field of physics. Later, he became the leader of the Russian Institute of Technology. As we all know, the development of physics is a very important technical field at the beginning. At that time, this college was founded in 19 19, which is a college specializing in physics. Integration into engineering education is a very important basic subject education, and we have a good understanding of some engineering problems. Later, the college continued to develop and trained many excellent engineering and technical talents. Many important physics researchers come from this university.

After the war, they also carried out more and more educational projects to promote the development of physics and technology. It is these innovative projects that have so many outstanding people participating, which is an obvious trend. At the same time, so did the situation in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. At that time, Bell and IBM continued to play an important role in transferring technology to the industry, making the whole development very successful. At the beginning, it also came from research and development in basic fields. So in America, they do basic research. Researchers from companies like Bell and IBM often have close ties with American universities and institutions, and go back to school to continue their research and study, so as to further promote the development of technology through further study.

Now I want to talk about a research and development center, which was recently established in Russia and has a physics research center in St. Petersburg. It was established nine years ago, but it began to develop a long time ago. We know that the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded two or three hundred years ago. At that time, when the Academy of Sciences was founded, many foreign scientists participated. At that time, many laboratories, universities and high schools were established. Students in this university could not enter this university until they graduated from high school, so the whole training system was a continuous process. At that time, when the Academy of Sciences was established, Siberian University and its affiliated middle schools were also established.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when we faced a very difficult period, especially in the fields of education and science and technology, this university was also established with the support of the government. At that time, President Putin helped this institution to provide a very good training environment for people. In addition, the structure of this institution includes research institutions, the Ministry of Information and Publication, the Ministry of Scientific Cooperation and the Ministry of Science and Education. We knew 20 years ago that students should have enough knowledge.

The development of high technology is very important to the development of a country. No matter in Asia or other countries, universities have established many new technologies. The development of these technologies requires excellent and high-quality talents with high academic qualifications, such as doctoral level. But they have to do research, and most of the research is done in universities or industrial laboratories. Now they need doctors' level, and many companies also need doctors' level personnel in production. So, this is a problem. Nowadays, doctoral studies, especially these interdisciplinary studies, have become very important. Therefore, we must deepen the education of doctors.

Usually we attach great importance to the education of doctors, including their skills and their language, but many people don't know how to do research. Now we must pay more attention to special education and have special interdisciplinary education, because they will play a very important role in future practice. From this perspective, the establishment of specialized universities is very important for the development of professional projects. In our opinion, we must start from a small scale and then promote it. They often use the polytechnic university or technical department established 20 years ago. You can see physical technology, space and nanotechnology. You can see the overall structure. They must obtain a master's degree before they can carry out doctoral education and become academicians. This will play an important role in their future career development.

In addition, it is very important in our system that nuclear technology is very important in basic physics education. We have set up a special center for junior students, including students aged 10 and 1 1, to visit them and take special exams when they reach a certain age. We began to train these professionals from an early age, and then specially trained these convened talents. At present, grade one * * has a score of 3 to 1 1, and many great students are very happy in this education center. As you can see, this is our physics education center. They not only study physics technology here, but also many high school students play there. Their academic performance in Britain is also very good. No matter American universities or University of Illinois, there are many students from Russian schools and some students from the former Soviet Union, and some small research villages have been established for mutual visits and exchanges between schools. This method has aroused great concern.

They have all kinds of research centers, and have already had the content of physics education in the learning process of 1 1 grade, which is a special activity. Now in Russia, these science education began at an early age. Cultivate children's scientific and technological literacy when they are very young, and they can carry out scientific activities when they grow up. In the future, they can also lead their own careers when they grow up.

This is a brief description of our ongoing academic activities. We see physics teaching here. Not only do we participate in the future application in education, but these institutions are very important. We can see that there are some machines in our research center. This is the roof of the research center, which is covered with solar panels. It is very efficient and can provide electricity for the research center. In extreme cases, we can get electricity from solar cells.

This is the situation in the nuclear physics laboratory. Now we have a lot of physics teaching, including particle physics, space research and solid-state electronics, solid-state physics and energy conversion physics. Here we can see that this is the hall of our research and education center. In this hall, we can see a pillar in the middle. There are many students here. The research and education center receives many tourists every year, including our President Putin, who also visited and asked about the center. I still remember when he visited, we told Putin that you could be a good German teacher. Another Swedish leader also visited our center and we had a discussion with them. It was German Chancellor gerhard schroder and Putin who visited our center together. We can see that any innovative project needs some project managers to manage it if it wants to succeed. They must understand these technologies, and the personnel must have a strong scientific and technological background, especially the future generation of scientists. Our activities are very important, and all generations of scientists can cooperate, whether they are primary school students, college students or scientists. Remember 40 years ago, 1968, we had many outstanding scientists. At that time, there was an exhibition showing the achievements of outstanding scientists, and the previous generation and the next generation of presidents of the Russian National Academy of Sciences participated in the exhibition. At that time, they said that everything is an evolutionary process from birth to death. For human beings, their characteristics are getting older and talking more and more. They must eat the food they need so that they can have energy. So is our research center. They have published too many papers, exceeding the necessary level, and they also use these new equipment, which has exceeded the necessary level. How can we make our institutions and research companies have ideas? Is to make the new generation meet our standards and remember what the teacher taught them. I also feel that we must cooperate with young people and let a new generation of people and new technologies promote the development of science.

Thank you!