Treaty of Aihun, what new method did the invaders use to invade our country?

It has been a consistent plan of successive Russian governments since the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between China and Russia to annex the Heilongjiang region of the Qing Dynasty and seize the outlet to the Pacific Ocean. After the Opium War, Russia established the "Special Committee on Heilongjiang Issues" to intensify its invasion of Heilongjiang. From 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Nevelskoy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and establish an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of East Siberia Governor Muravyov, a large number of Russian invading troops broke into Heilongjiang and implemented military occupation of the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and both banks of the lower reaches.

On December 29, 1857, the British and French forces captured Guangzhou. The Russian government learned of this situation and convened a "Special Committee" meeting on January 5, 1858 to plot. The meeting adopted Muravyov's opinion on continuing to "immigrate" to Heilongjiang and holding diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government backed by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muravyov had been ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If the Qing government wanted to resolve the "Heilongjiang issue," Muravyov was escorted by two gunboats to the city of Aihui to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty. Heilongjiang General Yishan met and negotiated. Muravyov said that he came here to "help China and defend against the British" and to "defend his own territory." "For the benefit of both parties, the Qing Dynasty and Russia must delimit the borders along the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers." Yishan pointed out that the boundary between the two countries has been "agreed and implemented in accordance with the Treaty of Nerchinsk, and has not been changed for hundreds of years. If we follow what you and others have proposed, it will be difficult to accommodate it." The negotiations were very contentious. Before the meeting ended, Muravyov handed over the "draft treaty" drawn up by Russia to Yishan and gave him a deadline to reply the next day.

The essence of this draft is to tear up the "Treaty of Nerchinsk" between the Qing Dynasty and Russia and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of the Ussuri River. During the second negotiation, Qing government representative Ai Shentai categorically rejected Russia's unreasonable demands and returned the "draft treaty" to Russian representative Perovsky. Due to Russia's unreasonable troubles, the negotiations were fruitless. Muravyov was impatient and took action in person again. He proposed the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum, forced Yishan to sign, and threatened: "We cannot negotiate peacefully with the Chinese!" That night, Russian warships fired shots. Fire off. The "Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty" was the first unequal treaty between Qing and Russia that the Russian Empire forced the Qing government to sign.