From 1 100 million to 400 million, why did the population increase so violently in Qing Dynasty?

The Qing Dynasty was the period with the fastest population growth in the feudal history of China. Investigate its reason, the previous article has analyzed the history of the serenade, which can be summarized as follows:

1, territorial expansion, war reduction

During the Qing Dynasty, the last prosperous time in China's history appeared: "the prosperous time of Kanggan", that is, the prosperous time. This prosperous time has been controversial since it was put forward, and many people are still criticizing it today. But the biggest feature of this prosperous time is that the population is growing rapidly, and one of the reasons is that the frequency of wars in the mainland is greatly reduced! Except the early San Francisco Rebellion, which caused great damage to the mainland, there was no large-scale war on the mainland until the Anbaili Uprising in the late Qianlong period.

So where is the war? Mongolia Plateau, Northwest China, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other places, after wars, these areas gradually became the territory of the Qing Dynasty. Then, in addition to the northeast, the Qing dynasty immigrated to the frontier on a large scale, and there was a wave of "lakes and rivers filling Sichuan" and inland migration to Xinjiang, and a large number of people migrated, such as "westward" and "eastward"

In addition, the Qing dynasty continued to "change soil into water", and in addition to moving the boundary to ban the sea and filling the sea to make lakes, the cultivated land increased greatly.

2, ethnic separation, high-pressure rule

At the peak of centralization in the Qing Dynasty, the ruling power extended to the countryside for the first time, and the Baojia system was described as "eyes and ears are bright, and good and evil are everywhere". This deprives the people of the objective conditions for rising up, because whenever there is any trouble in their home, they will immediately attract a large number of officers and men.

In terms of ethnic policy, the Qing Dynasty strictly implemented ethnic separation. The Great Wall has become a national barrier, and Han people can't cross the Great Wall to farm at will. Mongolia implements a flag system that cannot flow at will. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, it adopted the measures of apartheid, separation of Manchu and Han, and separation of Manchu and Mongolia. This move is not conducive to ethnic integration, but objectively eliminates the conditions for the spread of epidemics and creates conditions for retaining the population.

3, technological progress, death decline.

Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the arrival of a large number of western missionaries has brought religion as well as western science and technology to our country, and medical conditions have made great progress.

During the period of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty, China invented the method of smallpox vaccination, which was widely popularized in Qing Dynasty, and the mortality rate of infectious diseases decreased obviously.

4. The ice age ended and the temperature rose.

1580- 1650 was the worst Little Ice Age in China. During the Little Ice Age, the temperature drop led to the deviation of rain belt, frequent floods and droughts, frequent plagues and social unrest. Extreme low temperature caused snowstorms in Guangdong and Guangxi, which greatly affected grain production. The serious consequences of the Little Ice Age indirectly led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the temperature began to rise slowly, and the land in the Central Plains began to recover gradually, and a large amount of land was reclaimed.

5, the policy is strong, and people and land are decoupled.

In ancient times, when land was linked to population, people had to pay more taxes. As a result, landlords actively lied and concealed, while farmers hid in the deep mountains and forests. As a result, the population is greatly reduced and the tax revenue is reduced, which seriously hurts the money and feelings of the rulers.

Since the leadership of the Qing Dynasty, poll tax has been incorporated into land tax. Although it is a trick to change medicine, it has also achieved great results. 17 12, Emperor Kangxi announced: "There will be no children in prosperous times". 1723, Yongzheng began to implement "passing Ding into mu". From then on, population is no longer the basis of taxation.

As a result, landlords began to seek truth from facts, farmers returned to the fields one after another, giving birth to children began to relax, and the population increased rapidly.

6. Agricultural system innovation and food improvement

An important reason for the population increase in the Ming Dynasty was the introduction of high-yield crops, such as corn, sweet potatoes and potatoes. Take corn as an example. 153 1 year, corn first appeared in Guangxi, and then began to be widely popularized. By the end of the Ming dynasty, it had been extended to the Huanghuai basin.

The Qing dynasty continued to develop, and by 17 18, corn planting had spread all over 20 provinces. Besides corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other crops have also entered China. The similarity of these crops is high yield and strong adaptability, especially in barren mountainous areas, which makes the available land increase again, greatly increases the grain output and greatly changes the diet structure.

During the Qing Dynasty, the farming system began to innovate, and double-cropping rice was popularized in Guangdong, Guangxi and South China, while the system of "three crops a year" was basically formed. The change of agricultural system makes land use more effective and ensures the increase of grain output.

7. The Yellow River has been harnessed and floods have been reduced.

The Yellow River flood has always been a big threat to the eastern grain-producing areas!

/kloc-in 0/644, the Yellow River changed its course again, and the Huaihe River was brought into the sea in the lower reaches, which greatly harmed traditional agricultural areas such as Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Henan. At the same time, grain transportation is blocked, threatening the lifeline of the country.

From 65438 to 0677, Emperor Kangxi began to harness the Yellow River with Jin Fu, and achieved good results. At the same time, Emperor Kangxi often went to the front line to express condolences to the people governing the river and listen to the situation of governing the river. Due to the new development of the Yellow River, the floods in the Yellow River have been reduced quickly, and the Huaihe River and Haihe River basins have also been treated, and the eastern plain area has once again become a paradise for farming.

During the Kanggan period, the Qing Dynasty also attached great importance to the management of the Yellow River, and the flood was finally controlled.

8. There is a silver lining behind the dark clouds when history goes backwards.

During the Qing Dynasty, China's social development slowed down, and the Qing Dynasty adopted many measures, which led to the retrogression of history.

Ideologically, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty distorted Confucianism and pursued the policy of obscurantism. As a result, people's quality has greatly declined, and farming has become the whole of life.

In terms of social customs, from the Ming dynasty, the "curfew system" revived and the Qing dynasty continued to carry it forward. The curfew system inhibits the prosperity of commerce, but the long night also provides conditions for the emergence of population.