Do you have any information about the urban planning of Paris, France?

An important guarantee for the protection of French urban and architectural heritage is the strong support of the state finance, and the government has reduced or exempted the use and renovation of old buildings through relevant policies. In management, the Ministry of Culture directly controls and implements the system of national architects, planners and chief architects of cultural relics. All these ensure that the protection work can still be followed up under strong market pressure.

Social housing construction: housing is the most basic and key content in a social construction at any time, whether it is urban expansion or old city revival. As a market economy country, since the industrial revolution, social housing construction has been an important way for France to solve the housing problem of the vast urban population. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, social housing appeared in France to solve the living conditions and environmental problems of workers at that time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the French government promulgated relevant laws and regulations, which established the legal status and responsibility of government intervention in social housing. In the 1920s and 1930s, low-rent housing and related financial institutions were established to build housing for low-income people. This organization has built some high-quality garden cities around Paris. However, limited by the economic conditions at that time, the total amount of construction was not large. After World War II, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, with the rapid development of the French economy, the number of housing construction reached 300,000-500,000 units per year (1page 32), and the social housing conditions also improved rapidly, basically solving the problem of housing shortage. Under the leadership of the government, France has built many new urban residential areas and new towns, mainly for low-and middle-income families. However, with the obsolescence of Keynesianism, the amount of social housing construction directly intervened by the national government has dropped sharply, and housing subsidies have been greatly reduced. By the early 1990s, the number of newly-built houses in France only accounted for1%of the stock (119 pages). Since the end of1970s, housing construction has turned to small-scale collective housing and private housing construction. By the 1990s, the shortage of low-income housing has become one of the important problems in French cities. Therefore, since the end of 1990s, the government has strengthened the protection of urban social housing land resources, and stipulated that the proportion of social housing should not be less than 20% of the total housing in new projects, so as to gradually form a balanced social housing structure within the regional scope of urban consortia and promote social integration (page 24). This law gives the government the priority to purchase land, ensuring that local governments can give priority to purchase land auctioned in the market at a lower price for social housing construction (page 88). Generally speaking, at present, the housing property right structure in France still maintains more than 50% of social housing, which is higher than that in many developed countries such as Britain and the United States.

The object of social housing in France is based on income level. Theoretically, 2/3 families meet the application conditions (129). However, since the 1980s, the changes in social and economic structure have made the social structure of social housing residents increasingly fragile and poverty has become increasingly prominent. As early as 1970s, the government noticed the seriousness of urban low-income groups and tried to solve the problem of social differentiation through a series of urban policies. Mainly through education, employment and other measures to improve the living and environmental problems of low-income community residents. With the change of urban social structure and the deepening of people's understanding of social housing problems built in the 1960s and 1970s, the government began to demolish and transform some cheap social housing built in this period, trying to improve social housing and its environment and promote social integration by changing the social composition of a single low-income community, improving the mixing degree of residential functions and shaping a more humanized urban space environment. This has also become an important feature of French housing development since 1980s (132). In Paris, even though there are some private development and renovation projects, the proportion of social housing has reached 1/3 (page 62). Recently, the French government plans to renovate 100000 social housing units within10 year, accounting for 1/4 of the total number of such housing units. The urban riots in France in 2005 also made French society more aware of the necessity of transforming low-income communities.

In order to ensure the construction of affordable housing, the French government has issued relevant policies to control the land price not to be too high. Moreover, for the development of residential plots, the government must make unified planning, build roads and other infrastructure, and then hand over small plots to developers for development. In terms of funds, in order to avoid the lag of infrastructure in residential development, the government conducts public investment in stages to attract private investment (page 75). The state has also increased investment in new housing and urban infrastructure through transfer payments, and provided housing subsidies to families living in social housing. In large urban agglomerations, policy expenditure on housing and real estate is an important part of government finance (page 83). In addition, the government also balances the uneven housing conditions of different income groups to some extent through the design of property tax inclined to social housing (page 86).

There is also a problem of high housing prices in France. This is because the elderly class is expanding, and a large number of retirees buy houses in order to reduce future housing expenses and obtain additional income through renting. This phenomenon has contributed to the rise of housing prices, making the majority of young people unable to afford housing, greatly increasing the expenditure on renting houses and increasing the economic burden. In addition, the negative population growth and family miniaturization have led to an increase in the number of families, an increase in professional women, a change in marriage concepts, and an increase in the proportion of the elderly. , all affect the demand and development trend of French housing.

Judging from the spatial distribution of housing, location and service facilities are still the main factors affecting the housing demand and spatial pattern of French cities (13 page). Due to the high land price in big cities, a large number of low-income immigrants and locals live in suburban social residential areas and low-income areas in the old city without service facilities (13 page), while the middle class is mainly concentrated in independent residential areas in American suburbs, and high-income people tend to live in the center of big cities with excellent environment and facilities. For example, in the left bank area of Paris, more and more rich people (including foreigners) buy real estate here, which makes the real estate price rise sharply, which is unbearable for ordinary people. However, these people really lived here for a short time (average 3 weeks/year), which led to the closure of bakeries, cheese shops and grocery stores that attracted these rich people in the block, which was called "Venice phenomenon". In addition, with the improvement of regional transportation facilities, urban housing is increasingly infiltrating into rural areas. High-income French and foreigners buy second homes in beautiful rural areas. The spatial segregation of social classes has become a major problem facing French society, and the riots that spread to low-income communities in several cities in France in 2005 fully exposed this crisis.

Since the oil crisis in 1970s, urban poverty has been an important social problem in the west. The intensification of urban polarization makes cities the main battlefield of social exclusion and separation. In order to alleviate this problem, many countries have introduced various corresponding policies. It can be said that urban planning has also moved from the previous space-oriented planning concept to the integration of society and space. Urban poverty in France is mainly concentrated in low-income residential areas built in 1950s and 1970s. These communities are far from the city center, and most residents can't afford cars because of their limited income, so it is extremely inconvenient to travel. The separation of work and residence makes it more difficult for residents to choose jobs. The lack of community service facilities, rough quality of buildings and environment, and lack of maintenance have seriously affected the daily life of residents. Families with better incomes are constantly moving out, the vacated houses are rented by new low-income immigrants, and the social structure of the community is increasingly marginalized, leading to social security problems, high unemployment rate and failure of education for young people and children (page 47). In order to cope with urban poverty, the French government has successively issued a series of public policies. But because the problem is deeply rooted in the social system, the effect is not obvious (page 46).

In recent years, the French government has set up the Urban Renewal Authority, which concentrates funds from all parties and carries out large-scale urban renewal projects through multi-participation, mainly targeting blocks with prominent social problems. The renovation project mainly through the demolition of some social housing, implantation of some high-grade residential, adjust the social composition of the community, increase its vitality. Improve the environment and service quality of houses and blocks through renovation (page 5 1).

Development of urban planning: After World War II, due to the historical constraints of urban planning education and professional development, the work of urban planning specialty was mainly undertaken by architects and engineers. A large number of urban housing construction provides a broad career stage for architects. With the development of new town construction practice, a multi-disciplinary professional team led by senior national civil servants has gradually formed, including public planning institutions and private planning firms. But it does not engage in specific design, and mainly provides preliminary research for government decision-making, including strategic planning and project management. This kind of planning reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s when the economy developed rapidly. It was not until the beginning of 1990 that the French Council of Urban Planners, similar to the American Planning Association, was established in France. However, in order to promote urban construction projects, many local governments often invite big-name architects to preside over planning and design, which makes the social role and status of planners vague.

With the development of European economic integration and globalization, the change of urban economic structure is accelerated and the cycle is shortened. The traditional planning method is simple, mechanical and too lengthy, and it is difficult to cope with the ever-changing and increasingly complex reality. Since the 1990s, in order to meet the needs of regional coordination of urban agglomerations and urban reconstruction projects, France has gradually formed a planning management model based on strategic planning and urban projects, instead of compiling the traditional master plan (17 and 23 pages).

Since World War II, France has been pushing the "management organization of Party A" (page 30) to implement the urban construction plan to cope with the long-term development and control the project quality. The organization is composed of the government and the planning department, and cooperates with the private sector on specific projects to ensure that the political support for construction projects can be relatively stable. The construction period of a project is generally 10 ~ 15, which provides sufficient time and space for land acquisition, project decision-making, public participation, design brewing and optimization, solution of engineering technical problems and real estate development, and ensures high engineering quality and social effects. With the change of economic and social structure, the role of the market is becoming more and more important. The municipal government needs to negotiate and cooperate with many powerful groups that control land. The government no longer adopts rigid planning means, but more flexibly turns to the control of strategic issues, and at the same time uses more realistic urban design means to interfere with the quality of the project. The Consultative Planning Area (ZAC), which has been implemented since the end of 1960s, has become an important model of urban transformation in France.

Since the 1970s, with the end of the construction of new cities and large-scale cities, the global urban competition has become increasingly fierce, and "urban projects" have also become an important way of urban development in developed countries. France's "urban project" model covers the whole process from urban strategy, social economy, land, heritage protection, ecology to built environment, and has also become an urban planning with French characteristics (3 1 page). Driven by the practice of "urban project", new urban planning concepts have emerged, mainly in the following aspects:

40 years of French urban planning (1) Heritage protection and urban renewal strategy of combining the old with the new: With the rapid expansion of the connotation and extension of heritage protection in time and space, the relationship between protection and urban social and economic development has become closer, and the organic combination of the two has become an inevitable trend. Strict protection and bold innovation have become two important aspects of urban rejuvenation and cultural inheritance. Paris has explored a successful path in this regard.

(2) Flexible and open small-grid urban structure: After the practice of post-modernism cities and buildings in World War II, the French re-realized that the traditional small-grid urban structure has many values and advantages. Since 1980s, many projects have tried to transform the traditional small grid blocks in France. In recent years, in order to ensure the accessibility of roads and encourage pedestrian traffic, in some projects, planners have divided large-scale reconstruction plots into small plots of 350m× 80m to ensure proper density, green environment and diversified architectural environment.

(3) Functional mixing: Like other cities in developed countries, French urban planning after World War II was influenced by modernism, striving for clear functional zoning of cities, attaching importance to the construction of expressways, and hoping to solve the relationship between living and work. At the same time, large-scale commercial areas and low-density houses in the suburbs have also developed independently, and a large number of lifeless urban suburbs have emerged. In the past two decades, the planning community has reflected on these issues. Today's France, whether it is the construction of new areas or the transformation of old cities, pays more attention to functional mixing. In the old city reconstruction, the revival of small grid road mode provides a material basis for the mixing of function and society.

(4) Restrict cars and build a pedestrian city: In Paris, the government controls the use of cars by gradually reducing the road surface of motor vehicles. It plans to reduce the traffic volume of cars and increase the traffic volume of pedestrians year by year, and at the same time vigorously develop public transportation and encourage non-motor vehicle traffic to realize the ideal of "pollution-free city". Roads, overpasses and other facilities built in the 1960s and 1970s are facing the fate of being rebuilt or even banned (14). The government has also reclaimed some road land for residential construction (page 90).

(5) Positive urban space: Another trend related to the construction of pedestrian urban environment is to improve the spatial environment design, clarify the domain attributes of public and private spaces, eliminate negative urban space corners (especially a large number of parking lots), and improve the safety and comfort of residential areas. This is actually the "defense space" of the United States. The extension of space) theory.

(6) Explore the types of multi-storey and high-density urban buildings: Different from British culture, European continental cities such as France have been continuing the tradition of low-rise and high-density urban buildings. Osman's transformation of Paris pushed this tradition to the extreme and formed an urban architectural culture with French characteristics. Urban renewal projects in France since 1980s are rethinking how to inherit this tradition, such as Buzamback's "Third City" and "Open Block".

(7) Development of landscape architecture: With the rise of landscape architecture in Europe in 1980s, the role of landscape designers in project design has been strengthened day by day, which is changing people's traditional ideas on urban environment, landscape and ecology. These landscape projects closely link daily living places, urban heritage, modern cultural awareness and ecological environment, such as Bessie Park and Citroen Park in Paris.

(8) The combination of planning and urban cultural activities: creating urban atmosphere and managing urban culture have always been the strengths of the French. In recent years, the French municipal government is keen to hold various urban cultural activities, which are often closely combined with urban planning. From simply planning publicity exhibitions to holding "Sleepless in Paris", "Cultural Heritage Day" and "Summer Beach on the Seine River", on the one hand, it attracts the general public to participate in urban activities and increases the vitality of the city; On the other hand, people's opinions can be widely listened to. For the government, the main purpose is to publicize urban policies through these activities. For example, the "Summer Beach on the Seine" in Paris is to use the summer vacation to close the highway on the right bank of the Seine, making it look like a seaside beach to attract tourists. After a pleasant "beach trip", Parisians naturally became more disgusted with busy highways and turned to support the municipal government's planning goal of reducing motor vehicle traffic.

China and France have different historical, cultural and institutional backgrounds, different stages of urban development, and the population and resource conditions faced by society are far from each other. The French experience can not be simply transplanted to China, but a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the process and reasons of the development of French cities will help us learn from the experience of others and explore our own path more realistically, instead of staying in the trendy concepts and forms.

Note: Michelle, editor-in-chief of this book? After many efforts, Professor Michel and others have collected a large number of pictures and materials about French urban planning, which we specially included in this book. The situation corresponding to the text is as follows. Attention, please.

This book has been published, you can look for it.

40 years of French urban planning?

Publisher:? Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2007 10

ISBN:？ 978-7-80230-5 1 1-3/D？ 13 1?

Settings? Price:? 38.00 yuan?

I hope I can help you. ?

I am looking for it for you. I saw it on my last business trip and didn't care. I'll call you back when I find it.