Gulou immigrants

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A song "Fengyang Song" knocked down ZHT, the middle capital of Zhu Yuanzhang.

In this way, the mighty Zhongdu City was knocked down by a song-when Zhu Yuanzhang realized that even the cruelest violence could not stop people from singing this "Fengyang Song", he had to sigh and withdraw the army under construction.

one

Speaking of Fengyang, the first thing that comes to mind is the famous Fengyang Flower Drum.

After hundreds of years of tossing, a Begging Song has changed beyond recognition. What remains is the well-known opening sentence: "Fengyang is a good place, say Fengyang and sing Fengyang." Since the emergence of Andi Zhu, there have been nine years of famine in ten years. "

Easy-to-understand lyrics can be understood by anyone. Such "reactionary" lyrics are obviously attacks! The spearhead is directed at Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Fengyang. And the phenomenon is very strange: beggars from Fengyang beg in groups, beating gongs and drums, singing and dancing along the way. Even in the harvest year, when winter comes, Fengyang people lock their doors and still go out to beg. What kind of folk custom is this-begging is a shameful thing, but in Fengyang, you can't see sadness, but you can see joy, humor and cynicism. This way seems a bit unreasonable.

Should there be a different story behind this strange folk custom? In addition to stories, there should also be a mass psychology, a process in which the collective unconscious grows quietly.

two

The original Fengyang Flower Drum was not a "begging song", but a folk song circulating in Fengyang area.

Relevant data show that in the Song Dynasty, there was a folk art form of flower drum on both sides of Huaihe River. Gu, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, once painted a picture of a flower drum after watching the Fengyang flower drum performance in Taicang, his hometown. This is the earliest recorded painting of Fengyang Flower Drum, which is collected in Boston Art Museum. In other words, in the Ming Dynasty, Fengyang Flower Drum was a mature art form.

When did Fengyang people start singing Fengyang songs and begging? According to records, at least in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Fengyang people began to travel around with flower drums. In other words, Fengyang people sang "Fengyang Song" to beg, at least before the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Regarding this scene, Zhao Yi, a Qing man, once wrote in "Yu Ji Kao": "Every winter in Jiangsu counties, Fengyang people will come, men and women, old and young, in groups, and scattered into villages to beg for food. It won't come back until February and March of the following spring. He sang:' I live in Luzhou and Fengyang, which used to be a good place. Since the birth of Zhu Yuanzhang, there have been nine famines in ten years. "I thought I was starved to death. I didn't expect that I came to beg."

Zhao Yi's words can explain at least two points: First, Fengyang Huagu had this lyric in the early Qing Dynasty; Secondly, Fengyang people beg not because of famine, but because of Phoenix custom, which is a social habit and tradition.

According to historical records, this song "Fengyang Song" was first seen in the selected song "Bai Qiu", which should be in the late Ming or early Qing Dynasty. To be sure, this "Fengyang Song" was produced in the Ming Dynasty, which appeared in the middle of the Ming Dynasty or even earlier. If you want an exact time, you might as well go back boldly. This well-known "Fengyang Song" is probably a work of Hongwu period.

In the new book of Fengyang, a local chronicle compiled in the late Ming Dynasty, there is an imperial edict issued by Zhu Yuanzhang on March 16th, the 16th year of Hongwu (1383): "Fengyang is really a grave in my village ... I started from Lin Hao and took Qufengyang House as my hometown: blessed are my parents, my old son was born in my land, and I never attended classes. I ask Yong Yong every day. Sacrifice pigs and eat pigs; He sacrificed the sheep and ate them. Respect this. "

This imperial edict is typical of Zhu Yuanzhang's phoenix style, half written and half white, rough and hearty, and unscrupulous. It is said that there is still a history about this imperial edict.

After Zhu Yuanzhang laid the country, his capital should be Tianfu, which is Jinling (Nanjing). Jinling is not far from Fengyang, and villagers often visit him in the imperial city. Zhu Yuanzhang has no other hobbies on weekdays, but he has a special liking for the flower drums in his hometown. When Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, his hometown specially organized and selected a flower drum team to congratulate him. After the motorcade arrived in Jinling, the ceremony of accession to the throne was over, and it was time for a big banquet. The Huagu team froze at once and didn't know whether to perform or not. Zhu Yuanzhang was very happy to see someone coming from his hometown. He said, "Sing first, then eat." As a result, gongs and drums were loud, drummers sang and danced, and they praised Zhu Yuanzhang's abilities to the utmost. So Zhu Yuanzhang issued an imperial decree: I am from Fengyang, and you are all my fellow villagers. In the future, you will be blessed to be parents, and those who are not blessed will guard the mausoleum for me. For the people in my hometown, I don't charge your taxes and fees, so you can live happily and get together for a drink every day. All you have to do is offer a sacrifice to the imperial tomb once a year. After the sacrifice, pigs and sheep can be shared. ...

Zhu Yuanzhang's words are quite blessed. Indeed, after "sharing weal and woe", it is also the turn to share weal and woe with the villagers.

Master Wu Hong made such a promise, and the flower drummers in Fengyang went home happily. So, the people of Fengyang really acted according to orders, eating, drinking and singing happily. Anyone who has the heart to farm the land is counting on being an official. At worst, they also have a job of guarding the cemetery, and the problem of food and clothing is solved. Sure enough, in the second year, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the capital to be built in Fengyang, and Lord Hong Wu kept his promise. All the people in Fengyang are looking forward to this place becoming the capital of the country. Once he became a national capital, Zhu Yuanzhang had to honor his promise.

It was really Zhu Yuanzhang's idea to build the capital. After Zhu Yuanzhang made Jinling his capital, he was not very practical. He felt that although Jinling was the capital of the emperor for many times, it was located in the south of the Yangtze River, which was not conducive to controlling the national political situation, especially to the north. Zhu Yuanzhang always wanted to put the capital in a place slightly north, such as Kaifeng and Yanjing (Beijing) by the Yellow River. After repeated comparisons, Zhu Yuanzhang thought that Kaifeng had been the imperial capital for many times, but it was a long-term war, surrounded by enemies, and there was no danger to defend, so he gave up the idea of building the capital here. Many ministers suggested that it is best to build the capital in Fengyang, the hometown of the emperor, which is close to Haoshui and between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. Traffic and communication are very convenient, and we can make good use of the advantages of Huaihe River and Yangtze River for defense. If Jinling is regarded as the southern capital and Fengyang as the central capital, and then a northern capital is chosen, then the northern, central and southern capitals will be available, which will play a very good role in stabilizing the situation.

Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the suggestions of ministers. Although he suffered too much humiliation and persecution in Fengyang as a child, Zhu Yuanzhang still had deep feelings for his hometown. After all, it's human nature to return home with clothes on. 16 years later, after stepping on countless bones and sitting in the dragon chair, Zhu Yuanzhang definitely hopes to build a super luxurious Fengyang mansion in his hometown and show it to his hometown folks. In Zhu Yuanzhang's plan, this jurisdiction includes 23 counties in Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and Hubei provinces 12, covering almost the entire Huaihe River basin.

The construction was decided after careful consideration, and the officials in charge of the construction were also carefully selected, and Li Shanchang, the left prime minister, was specifically responsible for it. Li Shanchang has always been Zhu Yuanzhang's most trusted person, with civil servants first and better work than Xiao He. Li Shanchang Hongwu came to Fengyang in the first month of four years and didn't leave until Hongwu was nine years old. A * * * stayed here for five years. Tang He, an official with the capital, was Zhu Yuanzhang's younger brother and confidant during the uprising. Tanghe has been here for one year since he came from Hongwu for five years. In addition to them, there are a large number of officials such as Shan Anren, Sun, etc.

Zhongdu has started construction. Fengyang became a big construction site, and a large number of people went to this small town near the Huaihe River. It is said that when the Zhongducheng was built, the whole project involved about 90,000 craftsmen, 0.40 million soldiers/kloc, 500,000 civilian workers, and nearly 200,000 immigrants. In addition, craftsmen in southern provinces, prefectures and counties were responsible for firing city bricks, and wood, stone and stone were collected and transported all over the country. In addition to Zhongdu City, Zhu Yuanzhang also built a mausoleum in Fengyang, with three main buildings: Imperial City, Brick City and Tucheng. The imperial tomb is also a magnificent project.

Small Fengyang, with millions of people at once, makes Fengyang feel pressure, prices are driven up, and sometimes there is no purchase at all. Not only that, the government also expropriated the land of the local people with very little money. Fengyang people refused to sell, so they forcibly requisitioned it. These lands were not only used for the construction of the central region, but also bought by princes and nobles. If the emperor wants to build his capital here, it is very likely that he will move to Fengyang, and those princes and ministers will naturally buy land here and become a phoenix. And the local people have been displaced.

In this case, we can see that the land has decreased, the population has increased, fewer people are farming, and more people are eating imperial grain. Year after year, the situation did not improve, and it became more and more serious-slowly, Fengyang's warehouse was empty, food was broken, and people began to starve. Hongwuwang's grain delivery team never arrived, and people waited anxiously, unable to get in touch with Hongwuwang. Slowly, some people were so hungry that they began to plan to go out of Fengyang to beg ... Finally, some people came out. As soon as a person started, there was a long queue behind him. Thus, in the emperor's hometown, countless teams spread out and spread everywhere.

Fengyang people began the history of begging. Besides bowls and sticks, they also pinned flower drums and drumsticks to their bodies.

three

Not all the people who go out from Fengyang to beg are locals, but those who are mixed in the middle, as well as those immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River.

Like all people who gained political power, Zhu Yuanzhang faced an important problem after he stepped onto the historical stage: how to treat an important social force composed of secular landlords, wealthy families, scholars and officials at all levels. This social force not only has strong private capital, but also has a strong right to speak. They are the backbone and grassroots of society. In the face of such forces, Zhu Yuanzhang's mood is very complicated. From the origin, Zhu Yuanzhang hated a large part of these rich and heartless people, and kept a high degree of vigilance against any forces that might form opponents, pose threats or potential threats to Zhujiajian. According to Zhu Yuanzhang's thought and character, he will definitely attack these people.

The "Shen Wansan Incident" is an example. Shen Wansan is a big family in the south of the Yangtze River at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, many city walls, yamen and streets were built with money donated by Shen Wansan. After Zhu Yuanzhang entered Nanjing, Shen Wansan wanted to "break the dike to eliminate the disaster" and offered to Zhu Yuanzhang to donate a large sum of money as the salary of Zhu Yuanzhang's army. Unexpectedly, Shen Wansan's flatterer caught the horseshoe this time, and Zhu Yuanzhang was furious: a common man, relying on his own stinking money, wants to buy off the royal army, which is too arrogant. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately ordered his men to kill Shen Wansan. How can you kill your family just because Ma Huanghou interceded that people gave money to comfort your army? Zhu Yuanzhang, who was afraid of the cold, was merciful, pardoned his death and exiled Shen Wansan to the border areas of Yunnan.

The "Shen Wansan Incident" exposed Zhu Yuanzhang's attitude towards the rich people in the world. During Zhu Yuanzhang's 3 1 year in power, there were at least six large-scale campaigns to purge court officials and wealthy families. In such a planned "purge", a total of 65438+ 10,000 to/kloc-0.5 million imperial officials and wealthy families were killed nationwide. In addition to repression and killing, Zhu Yuanzhang also planned to migrate and exile large families in Jiangnan and even all parts of the country in batches. Zhu Yuanzhang's move was inspired by Liu Bang. At that time, after the Han Dynasty made Chang 'an its capital, it forced all the families in the world to move out and fill in the Guanzhong area. This is the so-called "strong base and weak end" technology. The migration scale of Zhu Yuanzhang was much larger than that of Han Dynasty. The forced migration of immigrants of similar nature in the early Ming Dynasty continued until Yongle period, involving at least one million people. Zhu Yuanzhang first moved a large number of rich people from the south of the Yangtze River to Nanjing, and secondly, his hometown was Fengyang-1367. After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Zhang Shicheng Department, he immediately moved a large number of rich people from Suzhou to Fengyang. A few years later, in the seventh year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Jiangnan140,000 rich households to be forcibly moved to Fengyang. The number of people who migrated these two times reached as many as 200 thousand. When these people are forced to move, they can only take away gold and silver, and the land and houses should be handed over to the local government or fall into the hands of others. After arriving in Fengyang, they are not allowed to leave the migration site at will. It is conceivable that when more than 200 thousand strangers who have been "reformed through labor" come to Fengyang on the bank of Huaihe River, what kind of mood they should be! Phoenix rustling in the Huaihe River is cold and does not return home. The landlords whose land was confiscated can only stay in the emperor's hometown and be strictly supervised. They dare not set foot on their way home, let alone cross the Yangtze River. They stay in Lacrimosa all day, sighing and sighing. I don't know when it will end.

Finally, the first man began to pretend to be a beggar, successfully escaped the blockade and returned to his long-lost hometown. Of course, in his hometown in the south of the Yangtze River, he dared not stay long, his account was cancelled and his house was returned to others. He just took a heartbreaking look at his old house, took advantage of the night, visited his relatives, inquired about some things, and then sneaked back to Fengyang. After all, the taste of going home is warm, even if it is just a distant look. So, some people in Fengyang dressed as beggars went back to their hometown to visit relatives. Gradually, this way became a habit, and a quiet stream of people flowed back to Jiangnan water town from Fengyang like water. They are still banging on flower drums, singing and dancing, and singing in an unskilled Fengyang cavity; Jumping is also a clumsy dance step.

four

The real Fengyang people, as well as the outsiders who moved to Fengyang, began their own begging. Slowly, the two roads converge, regardless of each other. One day, I don't know who started it From someone's voice, a new poem of Fengyang Huagu began to roar: "Say Fengyang, sing Fengyang, Fengyang is a good place, it's been ten years and nine years since Zhu Yuanzhang appeared ..." After the first person finished singing, the second person immediately sang along, followed by the third and fourth people. ...

Large families sell land,

Small families sell their children,

Only my family has nothing to sell,

The sound of gongs and drums going hand in hand is everywhere.

……

Fengyang people don't care what emperor you are! They are familiar with Zhu Yuanzhang. In their eyes, Zhu Yuanzhang is just a pockmarked and ugly "little monk". What they recognize is who became the emperor and who brought them benefits-if there is neither benefit nor new slavery, even the emperor in his hometown is useless. At this time, of course, they will be dissatisfied, and they will think of "uncovering their own ugliness", which is the only place where they can vent their anger.

Not only "Fengyang Song", but people in my hometown seem to be anxious to stink up Zhu Yuanzhang. They used various means, for example, to laugh at Zhu Yuanzhang, who once became a monk, with the baldness and light of the young monk; Take argot guessing as a play and put Zhu Yuanzhang's name in a riddle; Draw a picture of bigfoot women sitting with watermelons on the Lantern Festival, so as to stink in Ma Huanghou, bigfoot ... When this is the only emotional outlet left by people, people are eager to use it. Zhu Yuanzhang's ridicule on this can be imagined. Legend has it that one day, during the midnight snack, Zhu Yuanzhang saw a woman with big feet sitting on a post lamp with a watermelon in her arms, and many onlookers "laughed in astonishment". Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and decided that the painting must have alluded to him and his wife Ma Huanghou. The next day, more than 300 people from that family and its nine clans were all killed. Zhu Yuanzhang, from humble origins, is particularly sensitive to such satire and ridicule. The last thing a fragile person is allowed is that people make fun of his dignity.

Strangely, this Fengyang Flower Drum Ci has been handed down. Although singing it involves great risks, even the risk of decapitation, people still sing it without fear. "Fengyang women sing Yangko to cross the Yellow River in the first month of every year", and by the time the singers came out of Fengyang in an endless stream, this song had spread all over the country. As we all know, Fengyang has become the poorest place in the world. This kind of song is headless and tailless, and the singer is also a dragon without a tail. When pain and truth can't be expressed, people often turn to a black humor expression. Such humor is a kind of relief, but also a kind of irony, and it is people's helpless self-mockery in pain. No song can make people sing so happily as this one. In this way, this song has been spread from Fengyang to the north and south of the river, inside and outside the Yellow River, and gradually became a household name. When the environment is relaxed, they sing unscrupulously; When the phoenix is tight, it will sing vaguely; When you are excited and happy, you will sing to your heart's content ... At the most horrible time, you will sing that silent song in your heart and express your resentment in the most intimate and laborious way.

It is conceivable that at first, people sang with tears in their eyes. In the song, there is resentment, injustice and sadness. Slowly, time filtered out everything, resentment became peaceful, sadness became humorous, people forgot the hatred in the song, smiled again, and smiled with the drums singing and dancing. At this time, no one thought of having a hard time with anyone. People like the humor in this song and the catchiness of this song. When people listen to such songs, they no longer feel sad, but feel beautiful and kind.

Therefore, after14th century, in the urban and rural areas of China, when the flood comes in summer or after the harvest in autumn, Fengyang Huagu girl who "plays drums in the long street to arouse the phoenix vagrants" can be seen everywhere. They wear blue cloth jackets, red or green trousers, sweat towels on their heads and drums around their waists. After occupying the venue, they played the thin sticks in their hands like magic tricks, and even beat the drums with three sticks and threw one of them into the air ... After a while, the sticks were taken back, then slowly beat the drums and began to sing. Accompanied by the famous "Fengyang Song", the flower drum art gradually evolved into a stunt and became a deep-rooted local folk custom.

five

The strike in the ancient city of Zhongdu in Fengyang should also be related to Fengyang Song.

From1September 369, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote to Lin Hao as Zhongdu, and from1April 375, Ding Si and Zhu Yuanzhang wrote to Zhongdu, for six years. In these six years, Zhu Yuanzhang used huge materials from all over the country, mobilized millions of craftsmen and spent incalculable money. At the time of success, Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly ordered to stop the construction of the capital, which was a great change at that time in terms of politics, economy and other aspects. What caused Zhu Yuanzhang to make such a great determination to stop construction has been controversial in the history circle. But what is certain is that what Zhu Yuanzhang saw and heard when he returned to Fengyang prompted Zhu Yuanzhang to make this decision.

What did Zhu Yuanzhang see when he returned to his hometown?

Since Hongwu established its capital in September, Zhu Yuanzhang has traveled from Nanjing to Fengyang twice. The first time was in February of Hongwu four years. This time I came to Fengyang, Zhu Yuanzhang stayed for nine days, mainly to inspect the construction of Zhongdu. That is, after this inspection, Zhu Yuanzhang made a decision to immigrate to Beijing and enrich the population in the central region. It was four years after Zhu Yuanzhang came to Fengyang for the second time, that is, in April of the eighth year of Hongwu. The history books recorded Zhu Yuanzhang's whereabouts in Fengyang in detail-Zhu Yuanzhang first came to Chuzhou, visited Langya Mountain, and drunkenly wrote "Feeling Old and Keeping Order". The article said: "I am in charge of the capital, passing through Chuyang, taking advantage of the spring scenery and stepping on the western suburbs. The details of the rivers and mountains, the ancient city, as always ... "I can see that Zhu Yuanzhang is in a good mood and can't see any traces of its capital. "This trip to Fengyang by Zhu Yuanzhang lasted for 26 days. During his stay in Fengyang, he mainly did two things: one was to seriously inspect the construction of Zhongdu, and the other was to offer sacrifices in the imperial tomb. Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang's time of sacrifice was very short, and most of the time was spent on "testing". Moreover, it is recorded in Fengyang New Book that when Zhu Yuanzhang was in Fengyang, he lived in the "Imperial City Xingfu Palace". Since we can move in, it can be inferred that Zhongdu was almost built at that time, leaving only some finishing work.

Things are going well as usual. Unexpectedly, on the day Zhu Yuanzhang returned to Jinling, he suddenly issued an imperial decree to stop building Fengyang's huge Zhongdu. Why did Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly order to stop the capital construction that was about to be completed? "A Record of Ming Taizu" only records in an understatement: "The imperial edict to stop the capital is like the system of the Zhou and Han Dynasties, and the construction of the two capitals is even based on labor." The most likely reason is that when Zhu Yuanzhang visited Zhongdu Construction, he saw the suffering of the people in his hometown because of large-scale construction. Zhu Yuanzhang could not face it and chose to stop work.

Perhaps, it was during this period in Fengyang that Zhu Yuanzhang strolled in the streets of Fengyang on an early morning or evening. Somewhere on the street corner, he heard a faint song. At first, what made Zhu Yuanzhang feel cordial was the tune of this song. Zhu Yuanzhang came forward to hear more clearly. Later, when he heard the lyrics clearly, his face changed greatly and his heart died. Zhu Yuanzhang couldn't accept the villagers in Fengyang. Why did he spit on him so mercilessly?

During Zhu Yuanzhang's stay in Fengyang, another incident happened, which disturbed Zhu Yuanzhang's mood and made him depressed. This matter is recorded in the history books. It is reported that a craftsman in Zhongdu actually murdered him by the method of "town by town". The so-called "pressing the town" method is actually to cast spells on the Phoenix water through some deliberate measures. For example, some wooden ghosts were made on the roof of the palace, and some symbols and spells were engraved on them. When people live in it, they will hear someone "hitting the palace ridge" and panic all day. What Zhu Yuanzhang did not expect was that such a thing would happen in his hometown. After the case was uncovered, Zhu Yuanzhang flew into a rage, immediately ordered the punishment of craftsmen, and threatened to kill all craftsmen. Reminiscent of Fengyang Song sung on the street, Zhu Yuanzhang's psychological defense line collapsed. If Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to be emperor himself, the people in his hometown would be rich, there would be wine and meat, one person would gain enlightenment, and the chickens and dogs would ascend to heaven, and they would be infinitely grateful to him. Unexpectedly, my hometown has become poorer, the villagers have been displaced, and the locals have lost hope for him ... people always have weaknesses, even the strongest and most cruel people. Zhu Yuanzhang's weakness is hometown complex and face dignity. When Zhu Yuanzhang was ashamed to face his hometown elders, he felt like Xiang Yu in those days, trapped in a "Chu Song". That kind of despair and sadness can be imagined-since people in his hometown don't like himself so much, why do they still stay in this place? Everything was so boring that Zhu Yuanzhang had to give up his wish to build Fengyang as the capital and choose to leave. He wants to leave this land where he was born and raised, and flee to a relatively strange place-maybe he will feel at ease in a foreign land.

In this way, the mighty Zhongdu City was knocked down by a song. When Zhu Yuanzhang realized that even the most cruel violence could not stop people from singing this song "Fengyang Song", he had to sigh and withdraw the army under construction. When a song can represent the trend of people's hearts, it will be like rain, then it will be saved into a sea, and then it will destroy and drown everything, including killing, violence and so on. The powerful Zhu Yuanzhang and his Zhu Jiachao had to be invincible in such a song.

Mingzhongdu Fengyang Gulou