Development history of Qin state

The name of Qin comes from the place name. The leader of the Qin people in the Western Zhou Dynasty was named Qin by Zhou because of his contribution to raising horses for the Zhou royal family, and Qin became their official clan name. In the period, the dog army invaded Haojing, and was officially named as a vassal state because of its meritorious service in defending the Zhou royal family, and "Qin" became the national title. After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, Qin remained the title of the country.

history

Archaeology of origin

The study of Bamboo Slips in Tsinghua shows that Qin was not from Xirong. The mainstream thought in academic circles holds that the Qin people came from the east to the west, and they were a branch of the Huaxia nationality who moved westward in the war at the end of Shang Dynasty. An inscription was unearthed from Tomb No.1 of Qin Gong, which recorded that the Qin royal family was behind the Yellow Emperor. According to archaeological discoveries and historical records, the Qin people and the Rong people fought a long and bitter tug-of-war, and the two tribes were incompatible in nationality and culture. [ 1]

Archaeologists have found that the cultural relics unearthed from Qin and Rong tribal sites have different styles. Qin culture mainly comes from Zhou culture, and Rong culture comes from Siwa culture. The researchers also found that the residence of Qin people and Rong people was staggered and confronted. Qin people mainly live in the open Sichuan Plateau and gentle platform on both sides of the upper reaches of the Western Han River, while Rong people mostly live in the valley areas of the lower reaches or tributaries of the Western Han River. Two cities were also found in the Western Han Valley, which was one of the earliest places where Qin people lived. From the ruins and cultural relics, we can see the cruelty of the struggle between the two tribes The two tribes usually live in their own living areas, guarding against each other and fighting with each other. Experts also found the tomb of an early Qin nobleman, whose head was smashed by an arrow of the Rong people, which showed the tragic struggle at that time.

Western Goushan (Lixian) Dabaozishan Tomb

According to Shan Hai Jing, Qin and Zhou are descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Qin people take Huaxia as their own responsibility and Yan Di and Huangdi as their ancestors. For example, in 422 BC, Qin Linggong built a temple in Wuyang (now Wushan, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to worship the Yellow Emperor; Build a temple to worship Emperor Yan. Qin people believe in the gods in the myth system of the Central Plains, such as the Queen Mother of Kunlun and Nu Wa, and have always worshipped the Four Emperors (Huangdi, Yan Di, Fuxi and Shao Hao).

Records of the Historian, the Book of Zen, states: "When I was a Hou, I lived in Xihuang, and I took myself as the god of (one of the five emperors in the legend of the Han nationality) [1], and I became the West Temple and the White Emperor of the Temple (the White Emperor is one of the five gods). As early as the Zhou Dynasty, according to "Zhou Li", people sacrificed six rites to the gods of the five parties. These five gods are Di Qing Taihao Fuxi in the East, Yan Di in the South, Huangdi in the Central, Shao Hao in the West and Zhuan Xu in Hei Di in the North. There are three calves, three bulls and three goats. " Said: "Won, the surname of Emperor Shao Shi is also." Zuo Zhuan made it very clear that the place where Lu was chosen was also called "the virtual place". After Qin Zhuanggong was killed by Rong Di, his son Shi Fu said, "Rong killed my father Zhong, but I dare not go into the city unless I do."

Moreover, the excavation of Qin Jinggong's tomb also proves that the Qin people belong to the Chinese nation. One of them inscribed "Levin has a spirit and is cared for by all sides", and the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu Di and Levin, are consistent with the records in Historical Records. Later, Shang Yang's political reform in Qin attracted a large number of people from six Shandong countries to the sparsely populated Qin State. What's more, most of the Qin dynasty was originally the territory of Zhou people, and many Zhou people lived on it. Qin's land was later occupied by Xirong, and Qin naturally had many descendants of Zhou people. For example, Qin Wengong defeated Rongren to "overcharge Zhou people" and later occupied the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In other words, Zhou talents are indigenous to Qin's hometown, while Rong people are foreigners. In ancient times, when the traffic was extremely inconvenient, it was not easy for Xirong people to move to Qin, so there was no evidence to prove that they were the main ethnic group of Qin. Therefore, it is extremely wrong to say honor, and Qin people and Rong people never regard each other as their own kind.

Early ancestors

Qin's ancestors can be traced back to Zhuan Xu. Fei Da is very talented and works with Dayu to control water. After the success of water control, Shun Di rewarded Dayu with a jet laurel, but Dayu said that water control was not his alone, because water control could only be successful with great assistance. Hearing this, he gave a black flag ribbon and married a beautiful woman named Yao. From then on, Fei Da and Shun Di stayed together to domesticate and train birds and animals for Shun Di. Most animals and birds were tamed. Shun Di appreciated this great contribution, so he gave his surname won, which is the origin of the surname won. Because Fei Da is good at training animals and birds, people also call him Bai Kun. Da Feisheng has two sons, named Da Lian and Ruomu. Some of Ruomu's descendants are in Yidi and some are in the Central Plains. If Mu has a grandson named, he is living in the times. Chang Fei couldn't stand Xia Jie's violence, so he left the Xia Dynasty and went to Shang Tang, where he drove away Shang Tang and helped Shang Tang destroy Xia Li Shang, becoming a hero of Shang Dynasty. Boyi's eldest son, Xuan Sun Zhong of Dalian, drove for Emperor Wudi, who married his daughter to him. Because of this, the tribe named Yuan became a nobleman of Shang Dynasty, assisting several generations of Shang Dynasty. Until Fei Lian and E came.

Dalian has two great grandchildren, Meng Qian and Zhong Yan. Zhong Yan was very appreciated for driving Taiwu, the king of Shang Dynasty. His wife is a daughter, and since then, China Tobacco has shown more. Zhong Yan's great-grandson named Zhong Yi lived in the place where Xirong people lived and guarded the Western Regions for the Shang Dynasty. Zhong Yi gave birth to Fei Lian, and Fei Lian gave birth to two sons: Elei and Jisheng. Fei Lian and E Lai were in charge of Shang Zhouwang, and Zhou Wuwang attacked and killed E Lai.

Shortly after the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang died and became king. As a young king, national politics was handed over to Zhou Gongdan. At this time, the remnants of Shang Dynasty, headed by Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, joined forces with the three brothers of King Wu to launch a three-prison rebellion, and Yuan Department was also involved. Duke Zhou always conquered the males and obtained their surnames in seventeen countries.

Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties have always pursued the practice of "Xia Yi military and civilian". Qin was the front line of the Zhou Dynasty against Xirong. Zhou Pingwang once promised Qin Xianggong: "If there is no way to invade our ambiguous and rich land, Qin Neng will have its own land as long as it attacks." [2] With the oath, knighthood. Qin culture mainly comes from Ji culture.

Zhou zhi fu Chen

Zhao Fu drives.

Ji Sheng, the younger brother of Hubei, is the ancestor of Zhao, and Qin and Zhao are the same clan, and they come down in one continuous line. Ji Sheng has a son named Meng Zeng, who is very popular with Zhou Chengwang. Meng Zeng had a son named Hengfu, who gave birth to Zhao Fu. Zhao Fu was good at driving a carriage, not only to drive a carriage, but also to pacify the rebellion of Xu and Zhi, and was named Zhao Cheng (now Hongdong, Shanxi). Zhao Fu became Zhao in this way.

During the Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Wuji's nephew lived in Goushan. Secondly, Fei Zi was in office for fifty years. Put it between Shu and Wei to take care of horses, and horses and livestock are interested. Zhao Fu's grandnephew and concubine (the grandson of Boyi XVI) was named "King of Qin" by Zhou Wangxiao in Qin land (now Tianshui, Gansu Province) and continued to offer sacrifices, later called "Qin Feizi". Later, the Qin people raised horses for the Zhou royal family and fought Xirong in the frontier. Qin Yuan belongs to the southeast of Gansu and thrives in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. At that time, Qin was only a vassal of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Qin Feizi

After Qin Feizi's death, his great-grandson Qin Zhong succeeded to the throne for three years. Zhou Liwang was helpless, and some governors betrayed him. Xirong rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty and destroyed the dog mound and the whole family of Daluo. Zhou Xuanwang acceded to the throne, Qin Zhong was named a doctor and ordered to cut Xirong. In 822 BC, Qin Zhong became a doctor for 23 years and died at the hands of Xirong. Qin Zhong has five sons, and the eldest son, Prince Qin Zhuanggong, acceded to the throne.

Zhou Xuanwang summoned five brothers of Zhuang Gong, gave them 7,000 soldiers and ordered them to crusade against Xirong. Zhuanggong defeated Xirong and recovered the dog hill. Zhou Xuanwang returned the land to Qin Zhong's descendants, including their ancestor Rhoda's fief Dog Mountain. They all owned it, and appointed them as doctors of Xiqiao. So Qin had two fiefs, one in Qin (Tianshui) and the other in Goushan (Xianyang Xingping).

Qin Zhuanggong lived in their hometown of Xigou Mountain (Tianshui) and gave birth to three sons. The eldest son calls the master. Father Shi said, "Xirong killed my grandfather Qin Zhong, and I will never go home until I kill Rong Wang." So he led his troops to attack Xirong and gave the throne to his younger brother Qin Xianggong. Qin Xianggong became a prince. Zhuang Gong died in forty-four years, and the Prince (Xiang Gong) succeeded to the throne.

In 777 BC (AD 777), Xiang married his sister Miao Mi to Xirong as his wife. In 776 BC, Xirong surrounded the dog mound, and his father rebelled and was finally captured by Xirong. After more than a year, Xirong was released to his father.

Ranked in Wang Zizhong

After a hundred years' dismal management, the state of Qin was exposed and stabbed, and the Qin people gradually adapted to the harsh environment in western Shu, and their strength was increasing day by day. In the spring of 77 1 BC, because Prince Ji Yi was fond of praise for a long time, he abandoned it and made Ji, the son of praise, his heir. Zhou Youwang lured the princes to Beijing with bonfires for many times, in order to praise and smile. He was called "the bonfire plays the princes" in history, so the princes betrayed him. Xirong's dog, Rong, and Shen Hou attacked the Zhou Dynasty together, killed the King You at the foot of Mount Li, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. The dog army occupied Haojing, and Wang Ziyi mortar was called the vassal diligent king. Wei Wugong, Jin and * * * led the troops to save the Western Zhou Dynasty, fought a tough battle and made great achievements. Therefore, Prince Ijiu is the son of heaven, defending the country.

Qin State in the Spring and Autumn Period

In 769 BC, in order to avoid dogs' harassment, Zhou Pingwang moved its capital eastward to Luoyi. Qin Xianggong led the army to escort Zhou Pingwang to Xindu. Zhou Pingwang made A Xiang a vassal and sealed his land west of Qishan, which was the beginning of Qin Dynasty. Then he said, "The Rong people have invaded our rich land of Qishan, regardless of morality. If Qin can drive away the Rong people, these lands will belong to Qin. " [3] Wang Ping and Qin Xianggong made an oath. At this time, Xiang Gong A Qin was a vassal state (Earl State), and exchanged envoys and invitations with other vassal states. He also sacrificed three naked ponies, three bulls and three rams with black mane to the Emperor of Heaven in Xiqiao. In 766 BC, Qin Xianggong crusaded against Xirong, died in Qishan, and his son Qin Wengong was founded.

In 765 BC, Qin Wengong lived in Xiqiao Palace. In 763 BC, Duke Wen hunted in the East with 700 soldiers. In 762 BC, it was a meeting of the dying state of Wei. Yue: "I was captured here in the Book of Changes in the pre-Qin period and later became a vassal. It's Buju, which accounts for Yue Ji, that is, Ying Yi. Thirteen years is the first time in history, and there are many people. In sixteen years, Wen Gong led troops to attack Rong, and Rong failed. So Wen Gong accepted the Zhou owned by others, divided the land and the east.

After Qin Wengong, with the efforts of several generations of monarchs, he sought his own development space, won the battle with Xirong one after another, and all the places with rich differences were taken under him. She Rong was defeated by Lu 'an and Hebei, and Peng Xirong was recruited to Huashan, and the land of Du and Zheng was recovered. The territory has been advanced to the eastern end of Guanzhong.

In 677 BC, Qin moved the capital to Yong. At this point, after nearly a hundred years of efforts in the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Qin people have occupied most of the territory of the Guanzhong Plain, achieved their rise and become a new western power. Since 677 BC, Qin has been the capital of Yong (now Baoji Fengxiang) for nearly 300 years.

Dominate Xirong

During the reign of Gong Xuan in the Qin Dynasty, there was a border conflict between Qin Jun and Jin, which had just been unified and was in a state of rapid expansion. Neither Qin nor Qin Chenggong lived long, but the younger brother was good.

Duke Mu of Qin

In the era, Qin participated in the Central Plains hegemony and became a second-class power after Jin, Chu and Qi. Qin Mugong is ambitious. Mu Gong married Jin. In order to make neighboring countries close to Qin State, he successively established Jinhe to stabilize the chaotic situation in Jin State. He wants to set up to control Kim. In the end, with the help of Qin's power, the throne was consolidated, the Jin State was strengthened, and the Central Plains was dominated, which laid a bad legacy for Qin's future failure. Later, he tried to intervene in the Central Plains while he was dead, but he was stopped by Jin. Qin Jun was wiped out in the battle of Naoto Kan, and Qin Mugong's plan to get his hands on the Central Plains went bankrupt. At this time, the State of Jin was at the peak of being a virtuous monarch and minister and a rich country, Qiang Bing. Qin Mugong resolutely adjusted its ethnic policy and set its strategic target on the nomadic tribes in Xirong. After the war in Wang Guan, he pointed the finger at Xirong. Recruit talents everywhere, "take the west from Rong and the east from white to ten thousand." [3] With the help of counselor Yu Yu, the Western Expedition "benefited the country for twelve years, opened up Wan Li, and then dominated Xirong!" [3] Lu Hunrong is a powerful tribe in the Rong nationality. Qin Mugong can't swallow this hard bone, so he wants to get rid of them, but where can he arrange Lu Hunrong? At this time, Qin and Jin clashed, and Jin was captured, so he made up his mind to kick Lu Hunrong to the people of Jin. [4]

Jin is a famous traitor in history. He's your son, Kim.