What are the main contents of the Aihui Treaty (briefly)

(1) The territory of more than 600,000 square kilometers of the Great Qing Dynasty, north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains, was placed under Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of Gyeonggi Province (now the Yahe River in Russia) on the other side of Aihui (hereinafter referred to as Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun) retained the permanent residence and jurisdiction of the Great Qing Dynasty;

(2) The Qing territory to the east of Wusuli River is divided into Qing Russia;

(3) Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, which used to belong to the Qing Dynasty, were only allowed to sail by Qing and Russian ships.

2. Background

It is the consistent plan of successive Russian governments after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu between China and Russia to embezzle the Heilongjiang region in Qing Dynasty and seize the seaport leading to the Pacific Ocean. After the Opium War, Russia set up the "Special Committee of Heilongjiang" to step up its aggression against Heilongjiang. 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Newels coy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and set up an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia, a large number of Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang, occupying the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches.

3. After that

1857, 18 On February 29th, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. Upon learning of this situation, the Russian government held a meeting of the "Special Committee" on10.5, 1858. The meeting adopted Muraviev's opinion on continuing to "emigrate" to Heilongjiang and conducting diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muraviev was ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If the Qing government wanted to solve the "Heilongjiang problem", Muraviev, escorted by two gunboats, met with Yi Shan, the general of Qing Heilongjiang. Muraviev said that he came here to "help China defend Britain" and "defend its own territory", and "for the benefit of both sides, Qing and Russia must demarcate along the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers". Yishan pointed out that the border between the two countries has been "agreed and observed according to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu" and has never changed for hundreds of years. Today, if you do what you agreed, it will be difficult to accommodate you. "This negotiation is very controversial. Before the meeting, Muraviev handed the "Draft Treaty" drafted by Russia to Yi Shan and gave him an answer the next day. The essence of this draft is to tear up the "Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty" of Qing Russia and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River. In the second negotiation, Ai Shentai, a representative of the Qing government, flatly rejected the unreasonable demands made by Russia and returned the "Draft Treaty" to Birov, a representative of Russia. Due to the unreasonable troubles of the Russian side, the negotiations ended without results. Muraviev, who was impatient, personally put forward the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum, forced Yishan to sign it, and threatened: "We can't negotiate with the people of China by peaceful means! "That night, Russian warships fired. The Sino-Russian Love-Confusion Treaty is the first unequal treaty between Russia and China, which Russia forced the Qing government to sign.