Geography notes of senior one.

This is a revised class note that I compiled for the second volume of compulsory two in senior one. Even if it doesn't work for you now, keep it first.

I have to look for mandatory again. . I forgot where I put it.

Geography Compulsory 2 Classroom Notes Arrangement (Review Edition)

Chapter I Population Change

1, (1) Natural population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

(2) The reason for the obvious acceleration of population growth after the industrial revolution: the development of productive forces, especially the fastest growth in the past century.

(3) At present, the population growth in developed countries is slow, and Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries have also experienced population decline. After World War II, the population of developing countries increased rapidly due to political independence, national economic development and medical and health progress, which led to a decline in population mortality. After 1970s, many developing countries took measures to control population, and the world population growth slowed down.

(4) The patterns of population growth in different stages range from primitive (high and low) to traditional (high and low) and then to modern (low and low). At present, the developed regions represented by Europe and North America have entered the modern type, most developing countries belong to the traditional type, and the world population growth model is in the transitional stage from the traditional type to the modern type. But our country has entered the modern type. (Refer to P6 textbook drawing 1.6)

2.( 1) International population migration:1Before the 9th century, the general characteristics of migration were mainly groups and a large number of immigrants; The new characteristics after World War II are that the population flows from developing countries to developed countries, the number of settled immigrants decreases, and the short-term floating population increases.

(2) China's population migration: From the founding of New China to the mid-1980s, domestic population migration was mainly planned and organized. The main direction is from the east to the northwest, northeast and inland.

After the mid-1980s, population mobility was mainly people's spontaneous migration in pursuit of a better life. The main direction is to transfer from poor areas to developed areas, and there has been a "migrant worker tide".

(3) The ancient population migration was mainly caused by war, natural disasters and other factors.

3. The factors affecting the environmental population capacity are resources, the level of scientific and technological development, and the level of life and cultural consumption of the population. (They are directly proportional to the environmental population capacity, directly proportional to it and inversely proportional to it. )

The environmental population capacity is the maximum, and the reasonable population capacity is the reasonable value.

4, the influence of population migration on immigration and emigration [understanding and memory]

For places where the population moves out, the good effect is to reduce the population density and relieve the pressure of the population on the environment.

Negative effects include the loss of talents and labor.

For the place where people move in: the good influence is the inflow of talents, providing cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development.

The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increasing pressure of population on the environment.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

1, (1) Chengdu and Hefei cluster in China, Lanzhou and Luoyang cluster in strips, and Chongqing cluster.

(2) The general functional areas in a city include residential areas, commercial areas and industrial areas.

(3) The most widely used functional area is residential area, which generally accounts for 40% ~ 60% of urban space.

Most senior residential areas are built on the periphery of the city, where the environment is beautiful and there are supporting public facilities.

(4) Business districts are mostly distributed in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines or at street corners, mainly in the form of points or lines. Some big cities and megacities have also formed a central business district, which is both a business activity center and a service center.

(5) There are a lot of transportation requirements in industrial production, so we should seek areas close to convenient transportation.

(6) The forms of urban regional structure are concentric circle mode, sector mode and multi-core mode.

(7) In the competitive market environment, the utilization of every inch of land by that kind of activity mainly depends on the rent level that various activities are willing to pay, and the factors that affect the rent mainly include the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. (Refer to Figure 2.8 of P23 textbook)

2. The development of a city to a certain scale or level is closely related to its geographical location.

Cities at different levels provide different services: for example, small cities provide fewer types, lower levels and smaller scope of services.

The higher the level, the fewer the cities and the farther the distance. (Refer to Figure 2 of textbook P28.13)

3.( 1) Due to the unbalanced development of productive forces, the pull and thrust of urbanization development are generated.

An important indicator to measure the level of urbanization is the proportion of urban population.

As a global phenomenon, urbanization mainly occurred after the industrial revolution.

(2) The curve of urbanization level with time in each country is slightly flat "S" shape (see P33 Figure 2.20).

Primary stage (below 25% ~ 30%): low level of urbanization and slow development.

Acceleration stage: rapid urbanization, serious urban environmental problems, suburban urbanization.

Later period (more than 60% ~ 70%): the level of urbanization is high, the proportion of urban population grows slowly, and some areas still have the phenomenon of anti-urbanization.

Most developed countries have entered the late mature stage, while most developing countries are in the early and middle stages.

Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, and too fast urbanization will reduce the quality of urban environment and even cause environmental pollution.

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

The essence of agricultural location selection in 1 and (1) is the rational use of agricultural land. Except the Mediterranean climate zone, the distribution of rice production in monsoon region shows the influence of climate on agricultural location. The three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou, Taihe County, Jiangxi Province illustrates the influence of topography and soil on agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, the changes of "paddy field-sugarcane field-fish pond-flowers" in China's coastal areas have reflected the influence of markets and policies on agricultural location.

(2) The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.

(3) Australia's mixed agriculture: it is distributed in the southeast and southwest of the country, and the southeast is called Murray-Darling Basin. This country is the main supplier of wheat market in the world, the main producer of livestock products in the world, and the largest producer and exporter of wool in the world.

2.( 1) monsoon paddy field agriculture: Rice is the main crop, which belongs to labor-intensive agriculture, mainly distributed in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Location conditions: the monsoon region has the same rain and heat, flat terrain, abundant labor force, less arable land per capita, large grain demand and high rice yield per unit area. Features: Small agricultural scale, high output, low commodity rate, low level of mechanization and technology, and many water conservancy projects. (Refer to Figure 3 of textbook P47 3. 10/0)

(2) Commodity grain agriculture: it is a market-oriented agricultural regional type. Crops are mainly wheat and corn. Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and other countries, these countries are generally family-run. This kind of agriculture is also found in the northeast and northwest, and farms are generally state-owned

The United States is the largest commodity grain producer in the world, mainly distributed in the Central Plains. (Refer to Figure 3 of textbook P50.14)

Location conditions: superior natural conditions (flat and open terrain, fertile soil, mild climate and abundant precipitation); Convenient transportation; Broad market; The land is vast and sparsely populated; High degree of mechanization; Advanced agricultural science and technology.

Features: large production scale; High level of mechanization and science and technology; The commodity rate is high.

3.( 1) Pastoral animal husbandry: it is a market-oriented agricultural regional type. Mainly distributed in the arid and semi-arid climate areas of the United States, Argentina (mainly raising cattle) and Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (mainly raising sheep). It has the characteristics of large production scale and high degree of specialization.

The pasture of Argentine pampas grassland is used for animal husbandry. (Refer to the textbook p 5 1 Figure 3. 15)

Location conditions: mild climate and lush vegetation; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; Near the harbor.

Other efforts include: improving transportation, planting feed, opening up water sources, dividing rotational grazing areas and cultivating improved cattle.

(2) Dairy industry: with the development of the city, the regional type of commercialized and intensive agriculture oriented to the urban market. The production target is mainly dairy cows, and the products are mainly milk and its products. Dairy farmers should be located in the Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other places.

Features: high degree of mechanization, high commodity rate, distributed around big cities.

The formation factors of dairy industry in western Europe are as follows: ① Natural factors: having a vast plain and a cool temperate maritime climate is conducive to the growth of juicy pastures. ② Socio-economic factors: Europeans take dairy products as their staple food, and the demand is large.

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

1, (1) The following industries will fill in the serial numbers in the corresponding oriented industries according to the different leading factors:

A. Furniture manufacturing B. Brewing C. Sugar industry D. Cannery E. Nonferrous metallurgy

F. Electronic assembly plant G. Aircraft manufacturing H. Integrated circuit industry I. General clothing industry

Raw material oriented C, D, market oriented A, B, power oriented E, cheap labor oriented F, I, technology oriented G, H.

(2) The dominant factor of Angang's site selection is proximity to the origin of raw fuel, while Baosteel considers proximity to the consumer market and convenient transportation. (See Figure 4.3 of textbook P59)

This change shows that due to the development of technology and transportation, some raw material-oriented industries have reduced their dependence on raw materials and power. Three major changes in location selection of iron and steel industry: coal-iron ore-coastal.

(3) Location selection of heavily polluting industries.

Industries that pollute the atmosphere: located in the downwind direction of prevailing winds all the year round, avoiding the opposite direction of winter and summer monsoon.

Polluted water source industry: located in the lower reaches of the river, and the sewage outlet is far from the water source and the upper reaches of the river.

Solid waste pollutes industry: away from farmland and residential areas.

2.( 1) The advantage of industrial agglomeration is to strengthen communication and cooperation among enterprises, reduce production costs and realize economies of scale. Industrial zones formed by large-scale industries often develop into industrial cities, such as Yanji, Anshan and Shiyan, the famous oil cities in China.

Spontaneous industrial zones are often related in the production process, while planned industrial zones can be related in the production process or space.

(2) The purpose of industrial decentralization is to give full play to the regional advantages of different places.

3.( 1) Traditional industrial zones, such as Ruhr-gebiet, the industrial zone in the middle of Britain, the industrial zone in the northeast of the United States and the industrial zone in the south-central of Liaoning, are generally based on rich coal and iron resources, with traditional industries such as coal, steel, machinery, chemicals and textiles as the main body and large industrial enterprises as the core.

(2) Ruhr area (see figure 4.9 of textbook P65)

Location conditions: rich in high-quality coal resources, close to iron ore areas, convenient land and water transportation, broad market and sufficient water resources.

Reasons for decline: the impact of new technological revolution, the decline of coal energy status, the relative surplus of steel in the world, and the increasingly serious problems caused by heavy chemical industry agglomeration.

Comprehensive improvement measures: adjust the industrial structure, adjust the industrial layout, develop the tertiary industry and optimize the environment.

(3) New industrial zones, mainly flexible small and medium-sized enterprises, appear in some rural areas without traditional industrial base in developed countries. For example, northeastern and central Italy, southern Germany, and the "Silicon Valley" in the United States.

(4) Italy's new industrial zone is a unique development model, and small and medium-sized enterprises gather in industrial zones dominated by light industry. Sassuoluo takes ceramic tile production as the backbone enterprise. (Refer to Figure 4 of textbook P69.18)

(5) Silicon Valley in the United States is dominated by microelectronics industry, which is the core of high-tech industry.

Several innovations in Silicon Valley: semiconductors in the 1970s, personal computers in the 1980s and the Internet in the 1990s.

The rapid development of Silicon Valley has a superior geographical location and a beautiful environment. The climate is pleasant (Mediterranean climate); Convenient transportation; Talent highlands are all over the world; Market stability (military orders); Innovative environment and innovative culture. (Refer to the textbook p 7 1 Figure 4. 19)

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

1 and (1) transportation modes are developing towards high speed, scale and specialization.

(2) Nanning and Kunming are the starting and ending cities of Nanning-Kunming Railway. The east is close to the aluminum mine, coal mine and oil development zone in Guangxi, and the middle is close to the coal mine and the famous karst landform scenic spot in southwest Guizhou. (Refer to the textbook P8 1 Figure 5.4)

Location conditions: (economically) integrate the southwest inland with South China, which is rich in resources but has no seaport, so as to combine resource advantages with location factors; (society) passing through areas with a large number of poor people in China, including more than a dozen ethnic minorities; (Nature and Science and Technology) The terrain along the line is undulating and the geology is complex, so we must rely on science and technology.

2.( 1) Traffic layout affects the spatial form of settlements. For example, Zhuzhou City develops along the railway, and Tsukuba Science City in Japan is long and narrow from north to south. The urban form of Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province changes with the development of waterway and land transportation. The blockage of the Grand Canal in China in the late Qing Dynasty, coupled with the development of other modes of transportation, made the development of the Canal City slow.

(2) Traffic layout affects commercial outlets.

Density of commercial outlets: The density of commercial outlets in mountainous areas is less than that in plain areas.

Location of commercial outlets: Many commercial outlets are built on the edge of urban ring roads or along expressways based on the principle of optimal traffic.

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

(1) Environmental problems:

Ecological destruction, resource shortage: the speed of human asking for resources from the environment exceeds its renewal speed.

Environmental pollution: the discharge of wastes into the environment by human beings exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment.

The occurrence of environment is related to the one-sided pursuit of economic growth, and the lesson of developed countries taking the road of "pollution first and then treatment" is painful.

(2) the performance of environmental problems:

Cities are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction.

The environmental problems in developed countries are mainly reflected in the environmental impact caused by excessive consumption of resources. Developing countries are under the dual pressure of development and population, and developed countries have also transferred some heavily polluted industries to developing countries, making the environmental problems in developing countries more severe.

2. Sustainable development:

Idea: meet the needs of contemporary people without endangering the development of future generations and meet their needs.

Connotation: ecological sustainable development (foundation), economic sustainable development (condition) and social sustainable development (purpose), which are interrelated and mutually restricted to form a system.

Principles: fairness principle, continuity principle and * * * same sex principle.

3.( 1) The reasons for the sustainable development of China are: large population base and rapid growth; Natural resources are relatively scarce and the utilization rate is low; The environmental problem is very serious.

Typical eco-environmental problems in China;

Loess Plateau: soil erosion, northwest: the main distribution area of desertification and acid rain. South China and North China are short of water resources.

(2) Circular economy is an important way to implement the sustainable development strategy in China. In the adjustment of industrial and agricultural economic structure, the basic ways to realize circular economy are clean production and ecological agriculture respectively.

The biggest difference between cleaner production and traditional economy is to evaluate the impact of products on the environment from the whole process. The traditional economy only attaches importance to terminal governance.

Cleaner production brings environmental benefits: it realizes the sustainable utilization of resources and reduces industrial pollution sources. Economic benefit: it can make great achievements in technological transformation and industrial structure adjustment.