Coconut, silk, ginseng and Tang Sancai belong to which region of China?

Scientific name: coconut.

Alias: Yu Xu, Yuewangtou, Coconut gourd ladle, etc.

Family and Genus: Palmae, Coconut.

Morphological characteristics:

Evergreen tree The trunk is straight, 15-30m high, single crown and neat. The leaves are pinnately divided, 4-6 meters long, multi-lobed, leathery, linear-lanceolate, 65- 100 cm long, 3-4-6 meters wide, and the apex is gradually pointed; Petiole stout, more than 1 m long. The inflorescence of Buddha's flame is axillary, long 1.5-2m, multi-branched, with male flowers clustered in the upper part of branches and female flowers scattered in the lower part; Male calyx 3, scaly, 3-4 mm long, petals 3, leathery, oval, and 1- 1.5 cm long; Stamens 6; The female flower has several bracteoles at the base. Sepals leathery, round, about 2.5 cm wide. Petals are similar to sepals, but smaller. Nuts are obovate or nearly spherical, slightly triangular at the top, 15-25 cm long, endocarp bony, with 3 germination holes near the base, and seeds 1 grain; There are 1 sap-rich cavities in endosperm.

Ecological characteristics:

Coconut is a tropical light-loving crop, which grows well in high temperature, rainy, sunny and sea breeze. It is required that the annual average temperature is above 24-25℃, the temperature difference is small, and there is no frost all year round, so that coconuts can blossom and bear fruit normally, and the optimum growth temperature is 26-27℃. If the average temperature of a month in a year is 18℃, its output will drop obviously. If the average temperature is lower than 15℃, it will cause flower drop, fruit drop and yellow leaves. The water condition should be above annual rainfall 1500-2000mm, which is evenly distributed, but it can grow well in areas with abundant underground water sources or irrigation, with annual rainfall of 600-800mm；; Drought affects coconut yield for 2-3 years, and long-term water accumulation will also affect coconut growth and yield. Coconut is suitable for growing at low altitude, and Hainan Island in China can grow well below 150-200m. The suitable soils are alluvial land in Haidian and alluvial soil along the river bank, followed by sandy loam, gravelly soil and clay. The groundwater level is required to be 1.0-2.5m, and clay and swamp soil with poor drainage are not suitable for planting. As far as soil fertility is concerned, it is required to be rich in potassium fertilizer. Soil PH can be 5.2-8.3, but 7.0 is the most suitable. Coconut has strong wind resistance, and strong winds of 6-7 have only a slight impact on its growth and yield. A typhoon of magnitude 8-9 can blow off several leaves and tear up leaflets. Strong typhoons above 10- 12 do serious harm to coconuts. Conditions are right. Coconut begins to bear fruit in the same year after planting, and the peak period is 15- 18, with 40-80 coconuts per plant, 100 or more, and the economic life is over 80 years. The number of leaves that coconut trees grow each year varies with the age of the trees. Before the wet season, it increased with the increase of tree age, and decreased slightly after the wet season, but it remained unchanged. Roughly estimated, about 1 piece was picked at seedling stage, but no young trees 10- 13 were produced, but young trees 14- 15 were produced and mature trees 12- 13 were produced. With the aging of plants, the number of leaves produced each year is correspondingly reduced. Within a year, due to the change of seasons, the number of leaves painted every month also changes (table 150- 1). The number of buds extracted from young fruit trees is less than that from adult trees, the former is 10.6 on average, and the latter is 12. In a year, the number of buds germinated from May to June is the most, and11-65438+February is the least. The inflorescence is called flowering when it is exposed 3.5 months after the flower bud is pulled out. It blooms the most in July-September, and the pistil in the flower bud is the most, and it is the least from June 165438+ 10 to March of the following year. Coconut needs 12 months from fertilization to maturity.

Nutritional value:

The water content of coconut milk and coconut meat is protein, fructose, glucose, sucrose, fat, vitamin B 1, vitamin E, vitamin C, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Coconut meat is as white as jade, fragrant and crisp; Coconut juice is cold and sweet. Coconut meat and coconut juice are delicious fruits for all ages.

Feeding value:

Coconut as feed is mainly coconut cake left after coconut oil is pressed. Generally, each coconut can produce coconut 0. 18kg, press oil 0. 1 1kg, and obtain coconut oil cake 0.055kg. Feeding livestock with coconut oil cake needs to be gradually added to their diet, and livestock love it after they get used to it. The feeding dose of dairy cows is 1.5-2.0 kg per day. Feeding coconut oil cake can increase the milk fat content of dairy cows. It is best to add 25% to the pig's diet. In addition, coconut leaves and dried coconuts are also very popular with domestic animals, but they are generally not used as feed. Fresh coconut water can be used as an ingredient of artificial insemination to dilute the semen of livestock.

Geographical distribution:

Coconut is an ancient cultivated crop. There are different opinions about its origin, some say it is produced in South America, some say it is produced in tropical islands of Asia, but most people think it originated in the Malay Archipelago. Now it is widely distributed in tropical coastal and inland areas of Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. It is mainly distributed between 20 north and south latitudes, especially in equatorial coastal areas. Secondly, there is also a large area distribution in the north-south latitude range of 20-23.5. Coconut has been planted in China for more than 2000 years. At present, it is mainly distributed in all parts of Hainan, with a few in southern Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan, Dehong, Baoshan and Hekou.

Cultivation techniques:

Reproduction: Reproduction by seeds. Fully mature coconuts will germinate in more than two months as long as there are suitable temperature and humidity conditions. The method of preparing nursery and accelerating germination is widely used in Hainan. Select a semi-shaded, well-ventilated and well-drained environment, remove the roots of weeds, plow to a depth of 15-20cm, the width of the ditch is slightly wider than the width of the fruit, and bury the seeds one by one to two thirds at an angle of 45 with the bottom of the ditch. When the bud length is 10- 15 cm, move the bud to a nursery with moderate shade, and pay attention to watering, drainage, weeding and fertilization. Generally, it takes about a year, and the height is about 1 m, so it can be planted out of the nursery. Management: Planting is generally started in rainy season or rainy season, with high survival rate. The soil should be deeper and shallower to cover the top of the fruit. Attention should be paid to weeding, intertillage, soil cultivation and fertilization in the future. Features: Coconut looks like watermelon, with thin exocarp and dark brown-green; Mesocarp is a thick fibrous layer; Endocarp is horny. There is a big cavity in the fruit to store coconut milk. When ripe, coconut juice is stored in it, which is clear as water, sweet as honey, crystal clear and bright, and is a good product for cooling and quenching thirst.

Introduction to medicine

Cocos nucifera L., a plant of Cocoa in Palmae, is used as medicine with pulp juice and shell. When the fruit is ripe, put it away and take the gravy and the shell for use at any time.

Sexual taste, warm meridian.

Functions and instructions

Flesh juice: nourishing, promoting fluid production, diuresis and killing insects. Used for treating heart edema, dry mouth and polydipsia, and ginger worm.

Shell: expelling wind, promoting diuresis and relieving itching. External use for treating tinea corporis and tinea pedis.

Usage and dosage: appropriate amount of coconut milk or coconut meat; Put the coconut shell on the stove for external use, cover the bowl to collect steam, condense to obtain distillate oil, add 30% alcohol and mix well, and apply it to the affected area.

Remarks: Coconut grown for 9 months has been used as a substitute for intravenous infusion in emergency.

Coconut is a treasure in tropical areas, which contains a lot of fat and protein. Picking ripe coconuts from trees at will can provide a good meal. The biggest misunderstanding of coconut in Hong Kong is that it is moist. In fact, coconut meat is warm, which can replenish yang fire and strengthen the body. It is most suitable for people with weak body, weak limbs and easy fatigue, especially coconut glutinous rice stewed chicken, which has a particularly good effect, because coconut meat, glutinous rice and chicken are nourishing, and the nourishing effect is more obvious when stewed and processed.

However, it is still an old saying that people who are full of calories should not eat coconuts often. If you sleep at night for a long time, you like to eat delicious fried food, and you are prone to lose your temper and thirst. Remember not to eat more coconuts. In addition, the sea coconut, which has always been famous for its freshness, is actually the same as the temperate zone.

If you really love coconut fragrance, you can choose cool coconut water to cool off the heat, or add other ingredients to balance when making coconut dessert, such as Adenophora adenophora, lily, Dendrobium, etc., which can clear away heat and nourish yin; Adding winter melon seeds can purge lung fire; Adding cool tremella or clear yellow ear can neutralize the dryness of coconut.

People used to think that coconuts could repel insects, especially ginger worms. However, today, I believe that there is not much market for this natural insecticide. On the contrary, when you have a cold and cough, you might as well eat some coconut meat, which can relieve cough and eliminate phlegm and replenish fire. If you don't know what a cold and cough is, ignore the symptoms such as weakness, itchy throat and no phlegm, and happen to drink cabbage soup, your cold gets worse and you cough incessantly, coconut meat or coconut stewed chicken can effectively alleviate these symptoms.

Value Coconut has a high nutritional value. Chinese medicine believes that coconut meat is sweet and flat, and has the effects of invigorating spleen and stomach, killing insects and eliminating malnutrition; Coconut juice is sweet and warm, which has the effect of promoting body fluid and benefiting water. Modern medical research shows that coconut meat contains protein and carbohydrates; Coconut oil contains sugar, vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and so on. Coconut juice contains many nutrients, such as sugar, glucose, sucrose, protein, fat, vitamin B, vitamin C and trace elements and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. It can be seen that coconut is a good product for both medicine and food. When the spleen and stomach are tired, the appetite is poor, the limbs are weak, and the body is weak, the coconut meat is chopped, and a proper amount of chicken and glutinous rice are added, and the effect is better after steaming, because chicken, glutinous rice and coconut meat are nourishing, and the nourishing effect is more obvious when treated by stewing soup; Coconut and winter melon seeds can diarrhea lung fire; Adding cool snow meat or nourishing yellow ear can neutralize the warmth and dryness of coconut; When you have a cold and cough, you might as well eat coconut meat to relieve cough and resolve phlegm. People who are full of heat in the body should not eat coconuts; If you sleep at night for a long time, love to eat fried food, easily lose your temper and get thirsty, remember not to eat more coconuts.

Besides its fruit, coconut has many other functions: coconut shell can be used to burn activated carbon or process coconut carvings and musical instruments; Dried coconut can be processed into coconut oil; Coconut wood is hard and beautiful, and can be used as furniture or building materials. There are more than 360 kinds of coconut comprehensive utilization products, which are called "precious trees" and "Tree of Life" abroad.

Brief introduction of silk

Silk sā chó u English: [Silk cloth; Silk]

Textiles made of silk or synthetic fibers. The general term for silk or rayon fabrics.

Silk source

Silk is a kind of natural protein fiber woven from silkworm cocoons after spinning, and then carefully woven into textiles. When people raise silkworms and prepare for emergence, they put their cocoons into boiling water and spin silk in time. A cocoon can extract 800- 1200m silk. The famous glossy appearance of silk comes from the fiber structure similar to prism, which enables cloth to refract incident light from different angles and scatter light. In China, the word silk also refers to man-made textiles with the same luster as natural silk.

Silk is the fiber that silkworms spit on mulberry trees. Silk is a kind of ecological pollution-free natural fiber. It has irreplaceable unique properties and unparalleled vitality of other fibers and their processed products. After dyeing and weaving, all kinds of colorful silk fabrics are easier to sew and process into all kinds of high-end garments and indoor decorations, tourist souvenirs and many handicrafts. No wonder foreign consumers regard silk as a "source of beauty".

In addition, silk clothing made of real silk has a health care effect on human body. Since ancient times, silk has been known as the "Queen of Silk". In modern times, people have given it the reputation of "healthy fiber" and "health care fiber". Therefore, the health care function of silk fiber is incomparable and irreplaceable by any fiber. Silk fiber contains 18 kinds of essential amino acids, which are almost the same as those contained in human skin. Therefore, it is also called the "second skin" of human beings. Wearing silk clothes can not only prevent ultraviolet radiation, harmful gas invasion and harmful bacteria, but also enhance the vitality of skin cells on the body surface and promote the metabolism of skin cells. At the same time, it has a good adjuvant treatment effect on some skin diseases. In addition, because of its special hygroscopicity and permeability, it also has the function of regulating body temperature and moisture.

The origin of silk

Shengze is one of the largest silk producing areas in China. It is reported that the silk export volume of this town accounts for a quarter of that of China, and the quality is relatively good. Shengze is located in Wujiang city in the south of Suzhou, more than 60 kilometers away from Suzhou.

There are many silk markets in shengze town. According to local people, it is generally safe to buy silk clothes in Shengze Shunxin Middle Road. When buying silk clothing, you must ask whether it is silk, because some merchants will use the method of stealing the concept and replace silk with "silk". Ordinary consumers don't know that silk is silk, so they will buy clothes interwoven with silk and chemical fiber. Underwear made of this fabric is very uncomfortable to wear.

A brief history of silk development

The Holocene Great Warm Period (Atlantic Period) brought a warm climate to China, and silkworm breeding was widely carried out in the Yellow River basin. Legend has it that Lei Zu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, invented "raising silkworms to get silk", but when silk was invented in reality is still controversial. From 65438 to 0998, archaeologists in China discovered silk fragments dating back about 5,500 years in the archaeological research of Qingtai site in Xingyang, Henan. Another way of saying this is that textile tools have been found in Hemudu site, so it can be inferred that the use of silk will at least not be later than Liangzhu culture (Weiss, a preliminary study of the beginning of silk weaving technology in China). However, the most influential story in the world is the silk fabric discovered by scientists in China in 1958, which dates back to 3700 BC to 3 100 BC (Dawenkou cultural period).

The technology of silk fabrics has been monopolized by China for hundreds of years. Because its knitting technology was a complicated process at that time, it attracted people's attention because of its unique feel and luster. Therefore, before the industrial revolution, silk products became the main international trade materials in the world. At the earliest time, silk fabrics could only be used by emperors, but with the rapid development of silk industry, silk culture penetrated into China culture geographically and socially. It has become an indispensable high-grade commodity for China businessmen in foreign trade.

At first, China strictly controlled the technical circulation of silk weaving and sericulture, and prohibited it from flowing to foreign countries. However, with the help of immigrants from China, South Korea successfully achieved a breakthrough in sericulture technology in 200 BC. In addition, sericulture was successfully carried out in Hotan River Basin (500 years ago -300 years ago) and India (300 years ago). However, it was about 550 years after the Roman Empire got silkworm eggs and developed silkworm rearing technology. It is said that several monks who worked for the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire put silkworm eggs in hollow canes and took them out of China privately to Constantinople. Although this legend is not credible, the Byzantines did develop silk weaving technology and set up silkworm rooms and silk reeling machines in the palace courtyard to serve the emperor. At that time, most of Byzantine native silk was enjoyed by members of the royal family, and the remaining materials could also be sold to the market at high prices.

According to archaeological findings, experts speculate that in the middle of Neolithic Age five or six thousand years ago, China began to raise silkworms, collect silk and weave cloth. By the Shang Dynasty, silk production had begun to take shape, with high technical level and complicated loom and weaving technology. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and silk reeling. The ancestors of the Chinese nation not only invented silk, but also prospered and used it, which made silk shine in clothing, economy, art and culture, and then made silk clothing spread all over the world. Ancient Shu brocade, Suzhou Song brocade and Nanjing Yunjin, also known as the three famous brocade, are outstanding representatives of silk fabrics and still enjoy a high reputation in the world. Therefore, in a sense, silk represents the long and splendid culture of China.

With the great economic development in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, silk production reached its peak. Silk can be produced in almost all places, and the varieties of silk are also rich, which are mainly divided into three categories: silk, silk and brocade. The appearance of brocade is an important milestone in the history of China silk. It combines the excellent performance of silk with art. Silk is not only a noble material, but also a work of art, which greatly improves the cultural connotation and historical value of silk products and has far-reaching influence. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the silk industry not only developed greatly, but also the trade and export of silk reached unprecedented prosperity with the large-scale expansion of China in the Han Dynasty. The promotion of trade further developed the economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the border areas, and between China and its neighboring countries, thus forming the famous "Silk Road". This road starts from ancient Chang 'an, passes through Gansu and Xinjiang to the west, passes through Central Asia and West Asia, and finally reaches Europe. In BC 126, under the westward policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a great deal of China silk was transported westward through the Silk Road. After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty, great changes have taken place in China silk. On the one hand, it conforms to the traditional inheritance, on the other hand, it is compatible with the advantages of foreign technologies and models. The long-term war between the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties caused serious damage to the economy of the Yellow River basin. In the Sui Dynasty, the focus of sericulture and silk industry in China shifted to the Yangtze River valley.

The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of silk production, and the output, quality and variety reached an unprecedented level. Silk production organizations are divided into three types: palace handicraft, rural sideline and independent handicraft, and their scale is greatly expanded compared with the previous generation. At the same time, the foreign trade of silk has also developed greatly. Not only has the number of "Silk Roads" increased to three, but the frequency of trade is unprecedented. The production and trade of silk made great contributions to the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the progress of sericulture technology, China silk had a brief glory. Not only have the varieties of silk colors increased obviously, especially three new varieties with their own characteristics, such as Jin Song, silk and gold decorative cloth, but also a major breakthrough has been made in the summary and popularization of sericulture production technology.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the germination and development of capitalism, the production and trade of silk have also undergone great changes: the commercialization trend of silk production has become increasingly obvious, and silk overseas trade has developed rapidly. However, the feudal system hindered the development of productive forces. Under the double blow of exorbitant taxes and foreign dumping, China's silk industry fell into a very miserable situation.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the silk industry entered a new historical period. During the ten years from 1980 to 1990, the output of raw silk in China increased from 36,000 tons to 57,000 tons, an increase of 1.58 times. The output of silk products has increased by more than 2 times; The consumption of silk products has also increased from 400 million meters to 654.38+22 million meters, an increase of about 3 times; Raw silk exports account for more than 80% of the world raw silk trade, and silks and satins also account for about 50%. After years of efforts, China has won the leading position in the world silk market, and the silk industry has become a pillar industry for the country to earn foreign exchange. China silk has developed rapidly, and a relatively complete silk industry system has been established. Silk products are sold all over the world 100 countries and regions. Under the new situation of reform and opening-up, China's ancient silk is full of new youth and moving towards a brilliant future.

Silk and China National Culture

With the appearance of silk, sericulture and silk weaving gradually developed into a very important and creative handicraft category in ancient China. The prosperity of silk ushered in a new era of China's silk clothing civilization, which greatly influenced the ancient folk customs and habits of China. At the same time, the great influence of silk on Chinese characters in China can not be ignored.

In the history of mankind, the large-scale economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West triggered by the silk trade have an indelible impact on promoting the whole process of human civilization.

In China's voluminous classical poems, many poems are based on sericulture and silk. For example, the Book of Songs reflects the scene of women engaged in farming and mulberry: "The sun is shining in spring, and Amin is ploughing. The woman holds the basket, obeys it and loves the soft mulberry. ..... "A lot of descriptions about sericulture and silk can reveal the great influence of silk on the ancient poetry culture of China.

As the birthplace of sericulture and silk industry in the world, there are many myths and legends circulating in China. Such as the myth of silkworms and horses, religious figures in Luo Zu, fairy couples and so on. They all sum up people's understanding of silkworm and mulberry silk artistically with naive and beautiful fantasy and fresh and simple style, reflecting the love of ancient Chinese people for silkworm and mulberry silk.

Characteristics of silk

First, comfort. Silk is made of protein fiber, which has excellent biocompatibility with human body and smooth surface, and its friction stimulation coefficient to human body is the lowest among all fibers, only 7.4%. Therefore, when our delicate skin meets smooth and delicate silk, it protects every inch of our skin with its unique soft texture and according to the curve of the human body.

Second, it absorbs and releases water well. Silk protein fiber is rich in amino (-CHNH), amino (-NH2) and other hydrophilic groups, and because of its porosity, water molecules are easy to diffuse, so it can absorb or release water in the air and maintain a certain amount of water. At normal temperature, it can help the skin retain a certain amount of moisture and will not make the skin too dry; When worn in summer, it can quickly release sweat and heat discharged by the human body, making people feel extremely cool. It is precisely because of this characteristic that silk fabrics are more suitable for direct contact with human skin. Therefore, people regard silk clothing as one of the necessary clothing in summer.

Silk not only has good heat dissipation performance, but also has good warmth retention. Its thermal insulation performance is proud of its porous fiber structure. There are many tiny fibers in a silk fiber, and these tiny fibers are composed of even smaller fibers. So the seemingly solid silk is actually more than 38% hollow, and there is a lot of air in these gaps, which prevents the heat from emitting and makes the silk have good warmth retention.

Third, sound absorption, dust absorption and heat resistance. Silk fabric has high porosity, so it has good sound absorption and air absorption performance. Besides making clothes, it can also be used for interior decoration, such as silk carpets, tapestries, curtains, wall cloths and so on. Decorating a room with silk decorations can not only make the room spotless, but also keep the room quiet. Because silk has the properties of moisture absorption, moisture release, moisture retention, air inhalation and porosity, it can also adjust indoor temperature and humidity and absorb harmful gases, dust and microorganisms. In addition, silk fiber has little thermal denaturation and is relatively heat-resistant. When heated to 100℃, the brittleness is only about 5~8%, and the thermal variability of most synthetic fibers is 4~5 times greater than that of silk. The burning temperature of silk is 300~400℃, which is a flame retardant fiber, while the burning temperature of synthetic fiber is 200 ~ 2600℃, which is flammable and fusible. Therefore, using silk fiber as the raw material of interior decoration can not only play the role of sound absorption, dust absorption, heat preservation, but also play the role of flame retardant.

Fourth, prevent ultraviolet rays. Tryptophan and tyrosine in silk protein can absorb ultraviolet rays, so silk has good anti-ultraviolet function. Moreover, ultraviolet rays do great harm to human skin. Of course, after absorbing ultraviolet rays, silk itself will undergo chemical changes, which will make silk fabrics easily yellow under the irradiation of sunlight.