Historical evolution of Qin people

Qin people are a branch of Huaxia nationality (another name of Han nationality) who moved westward after the fifth emperor of the Yellow Emperor, Sun Boyi (Fei Da). Boyi was named the Won surname by Shun Di for his contribution to Dayu's water control, and his tribe was the Won surname tribe. At the end of Xia Dynasty, Chang Fei, the second son of Boyi and the great-grandson of Ruomu, abandoned Xia Shang, worked for Shang Tang, and helped Shang Tang destroy Xia Shang, becoming a hero of Shang Dynasty. The tribe named Won became a noble in Shang Dynasty, and assisted Shang Dynasty from generation to generation. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang destroyed Zhou Dynasty, and Loy, who got the clan name, worked with his father Fei Lian (Loy and Fei Lian were both important officials of Shang Dynasty), and Loy was killed. E Lai's younger brother Ji Sheng is the ancestor of Zhao, and Qin He is the same ancestor. In Zhou Wangxiao, Zhao Fu's nephew and concubine (the fifth grandson from Hubei) was enfeoffed by Zhou Wangxiao as a vassal of the Zhou Dynasty in Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu). Later, the Qin people raised horses for the Zhou royal family and fought Xirong at the border. Qin Yuan belongs to the southeast of Gansu and thrives in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. In 770 BC, he made great contributions to the escort and king, and was made a vassal, and the Qin Dynasty was founded.

Since 677 BC, the State of Qin has established its capital in Yongjian for nearly 300 years. Yongcheng has a palace area, a residential area, a burial area for scholars and China people, and a cemetery for Qin Gong. Qin's original territory was in Lixian County, Gansu Province (called Xiqiao in Zhou Dynasty). The Dabaozi ancient tomb area in Lixian County was confirmed by archaeology as the tomb of the ancient king of Qin. Later, it helped the Zhou people defeat the invading dogs and troops and protected the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Tianzi ceded Qishan area to the Qin people, and the State of Qin was established, and he became a vassal with the vassal countries in the world. As the capital of Zhou Dynasty moved eastward to Luoyang, Qin people gradually moved eastward to Guanzhong area, which belonged to the marginal part of China at that time. Until the early Warring States period, Qin was still a weak country. At the same time, because the king of Qin did not belong to the direct governors of the Zhou Dynasty, he was excluded by the governors from all over the world. Qin was not invited by the governors' alliance of various countries, and Qin was never taken seriously by other countries. After the efforts of six generations of kings, Shang Yang moved to Mulixin and gradually became rich and strong. It was a relatively humble country in the Spring and Autumn Period. In terms of science and technology, culture and so on, Qin was also relatively backward in the early Warring States period. This situation was not changed until the Shang Yang Reform 36 1 year ago.

In the 13th year (356 BC) and 19th year (350 BC) of Zhou Xianwang, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out the most thorough political reform. Shang Yang's political reform encouraged population proliferation, emphasized agriculture and restrained business, abolished the system of "being an expensive official", rewarded military service, compiled household registration and implemented the law of "tongzhi". At that time, the state of Qin was vast in territory and abundant in resources, with a large population. Therefore, Shang Yang suggested that Qin Xiaogong should adopt preferential policies for foreign immigrants to attract Sanjin people to reclaim wasteland in Qin. Shang Yang's political reform made Qin the most powerful country after the mid-Warring States period. Although Shang Yang was later killed by a car crack, the new law was not abolished.

In the first 325 years, Qin Huiwen was king. Before 3 16, Qin destroyed Shu, and since then Qin has officially become a big country. Qin Shihuang ascended the throne in 237 and began his conquest of the six countries. From the destruction of Korea by Qin State 230 years ago to the unification of China by Qin State 22 1 years ago.

Although Qin is a unified empire, its influence is very great. In the Han Dynasty, all ethnic groups in the north and northwest also called the Han people "Qin people", and the pronunciation of "China" came from "Qin". At that time, all ethnic groups in the frontier often referred to the county people of the Han Dynasty as "Han people". Until the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Han people under the central government called themselves "Chinese" and "Jin people", but all ethnic groups in the border areas still called them "Han people". Obviously, at this time, the title of "Han Chinese" has a relatively clear national meaning. However, in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the concept of "Han people" was accepted by Han people. At the same time, as a Han nationality who used to call themselves "China people" under the rule of the central government, it has always been enjoyed by all ethnic groups living in Han areas, including the Han nationality. This is the result of the inward migration of all ethnic groups in the frontier since the Eastern Han Dynasty and the further integration of all ethnic groups in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The immigrants represented by the "Five Lakes" successively established political power. It is reported that the Yellow River valley centered on two capitals has accepted advanced China culture. In this way, "China" and "China" with a sense of cultural superiority and based on regional concepts are no longer suitable for the exclusive use of Han people living in the mainland.

After "China" or "China people" are enjoyed by all ethnic groups living in the mainland, non-Han people, as the ruling ethnic group, use "Han" or "Han people" to address Han people in order to distinguish other ethnic groups from Han people, that is to say, the word "Han people" is only the appellation of Han people. In this way, "Han people" or "Han people" has become a formal national concept. In the Tang Dynasty, ethnic minorities appeared as "Fan" and were collectively called "Fan Han" with the Han nationality. After the Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, there was still the name of "Fan Han", which was also used in the Song Dynasty.

In short, the Han people called themselves Huaxia in the pre-Qin period, and the appellation of "Han people" gradually appeared from the Han Dynasty. However, the original title of "Huaxia" has not disappeared, but has been used together with the title of "Han" to this day. Before the 20th century, the most commonly used appellation was "Huaxia people". For example, in the Han Dynasty, many people regarded themselves as "China people", while in the Ming Dynasty, they regarded themselves as two ethnic groups, the Han nationality and the Huaxia nationality. These two words are synonyms. In a word, Han nationality and Huaxia nationality as a whole are the most common names since the Han Dynasty. The word "China people" came into being when ancient Han Chinese immigrated overseas and claimed to be from China. The term "China people" originally refers to the Han nationality, but with the spread of Chinese civilization to all parts of the country, the concept of "China people" has gradually expanded from Huaxia people to the surrounding ethnic minorities influenced by Chinese civilization. It has become synonymous with all China people, including "China people" and "overseas Chinese".