Zhu Xi-Introduction

Zhu Xi (X Ρ) (113-12) was a famous Neo-Confucianism, thinker, philosopher and poet in the Southern Song Dynasty in China. The character is dark, and then it is changed to Zhonghui, with the name of Huian. Ziyang, a native of Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi), is a Han nationality. His father, Zhu Song and Song Xuanhe, was a county commandant in Zhenghe, Fujian, and later lived in Fujian. Zhu Xi was born in Youxi, Fujian Province. He lost his father at the age of 14 and settled in Wulifu, Chong 'an (now Wuyishan City, Fujian Province) with his mother. At the age of 19 [in the 18th year of Shaoxing (1148)], he took the provincial examination and the tribute examination with Jianyang nationality. Be on the Jinshi list. Li Shi Gao Zong, Xiao Zong, Guang Zong and Ning Zong lived in the four dynasties, and once served as Zhi Nankang, mentioning the official affairs of Jiangxi criminal prison and compiling secret cabinets. Later, he was recommended by Zhao Ruyu to be promoted to be a waiter and lecturer in Huan Zhangge. In the third year of Qingyuan (1197), Han Tuozhou arrogated power to exclude Zhao Ruyu, and Zhu Xi was also dismissed from his post and went home. In the sixth year of Qingyuan, he died. In the second year of Jiading (129), he wrote a letter to show his kindness, wrote an obituary, sought a gift from a Chinese doctor, and specially presented a bachelor's degree from Baomo Pavilion. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing (1227), he gave a gift to the Taishi, pursued a letter to the Lord protector, and changed his emblem to the Lord protector.

Zhu Xi is a master of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He inherited the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the system of objective idealism. It is believed that reason is the essence of the world, "reason comes first, and qi comes later", and it is proposed that "justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed". Zhu Xi is knowledgeable and has studied Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. His lyrics are beautiful in language and handsome in style, and there is no disease of rich colors or allusions. It can be seen that the language of many works has been carefully considered and is more particular. However, the artistic conception of his ci is a little more rational than emotional, which is because he pays attention to the philosophical thought of Neo-Confucianism.

Life story

Zhu Xi went to Buddhism and Taoism in his early years. At the age of 31, Li Dong, a disciple of Cheng Yi's three schools, became a teacher and devoted himself to Confucianism, becoming an important figure in Confucianism after Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. In the second year of Chunxi (1175), Zhu Xi, Lv Zuqian and Lu Jiuyuan met at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, which was a famous meeting of the Ehu Lake, and the differences between Zhu and Lu became clearer. On the basis of "White Deer Sinology", Zhu Xi established the White Deer Cave Academy, formulated the "Learning Rules", lectured and taught students, and preached Taoism. In Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan Province), Yuelu Academy was restored, and the main purpose of lectures was to gain knowledge from poor management, oppose worship and practice, and respect. He inherited Cheng Cheng and developed independently, forming his own system, which was later called Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism. During Zhu Xi's tenure as a local official, he advocated resisting gold, caring for the people and saving taxes, cutting down on labor, limiting land merger and high-interest exploitation, and implemented some reform measures, and also participated in activities to suppress peasant uprisings. During his education, Zhu Xi dabbled in or wrote about Confucian classics, history, literature, Buddhism, Taoism and natural sciences, and his works were extensive and rich.

Zhu Xi was born in Youxi in the fourth year of Jianyan in Song Gaozong (113). Shortly after his death, his father was promoted to the position of secretary of the imperial court, but he was expelled from the imperial court because he opposed Qin Gui's peace. Zhu Song returned to his home in Jianyang, Fujian. Zhu Xi spent his childhood in Jianyang with his father.

It is said that Zhu Song once asked for fortune telling. The soothsayer said, "So is wealth and so is expensive. Having a child is Confucius." It is a fact that it is feared that future generations will be attached to it, and that Zhu Xi has become a great scholar. There is Nanjian Prefecture near Jianyang, which is the original spreading center of Taoism in the south. Zhu Song is very keen on Taoism and has close contacts with local Taoists. This environment has a profound impact on Zhu Xi's life. Jianyang is known as the hometown of "seven sages", such as Zhu Xi, Cai Yuanding, Liu Xian, Huang Gan, Xiong He, You Jiuyan and Ye Weiwei. Zhu Xi, a famous thinker, great philosopher and educator in China, settled in Kaoting to give lectures in his later years. Students from all over the world came to study, study Neo-Confucianism and write books. Together with Cai Yuanding, they created a remarkable "Kaoting School" in academic history, which made Kaoting known as "Queli in the south of Fujian" and Jianyang as "the hometown of Neo-Confucianism". Nowadays, every year around Tomb-Sweeping Day, overseas descendants of Zhu Xi, who are far away from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, come to pay their respects. The Neo-Confucianism he founded in the Southern Song Dynasty is still highly respected by the United States, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and other countries.

Zhu Xi was taught by his father and was brilliant. At the age of four, his father pointed to the sky and said, "This is the sky." Zhu Xi asked, "What's in the sky?" His father was frightened. He is diligent in thinking and learning. At the age of eight, he can read the Book of Filial Piety. He wrote an inscription in the book saying, "If you don't suffer like this, you won't be an adult." Zhu Xi's father died when he was ten years old, and his father's friends Liu Zi, Liu Mianzi and Hu Xian were all Taoists. At that time, some Taoists rejected Buddhism and some were obsessed with learning Buddhism. They all belonged to the latter. Therefore, Zhu Xi is not only keen on Taoism, but also interested in Buddhism. In the seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1147), Zhu Xi, who was eighteen, took part in rural tribute. It is said that he was admitted with the theory of Buddhism and Zen. Cai Zi, the examiner, also said to people: "I will take my next life, and all three strategies want to handle important matters for the court, and I will be very special in the future."

in the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1148), Zhu Xi was admitted to the Jinshi examination, and was sent to Tongan County in Ren Quan for three years, from which he began his career. On the way to his post, he met Li Dong, a disciple of Cheng Yi, a famous Taoist. In the 3th year of Shaoxing (116), 3-year-old Zhu Xi was determined to learn from Li Dong. To show his sincerity, he walked hundreds of miles from Chong 'an to Yanping. Li Dong admired the student very much and gave him the word Yuan Hui. From then on, Zhu Xi began to establish his own set of objective idealism thoughts-Neo-Confucianism.

Zhu Xi believes that there is a standard above surrealism and super-society, which is the standard of all people's behaviors, that is, "justice". Truth, goodness and beauty can only be achieved by discovering (being ignorant of things) and following natural principles. What destroys this truth, goodness and beauty is "human desire". Therefore, he put forward "being rational, destroying human desire". This is the core of Zhu Xi's objective idealism. In the third year of Chunxi (1176), Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan, a famous scholar at that time, met at Ehu Temple in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province to exchange ideas. However, Lu belongs to subjective idealism. He believes that truth, goodness and beauty are inherent in people's hearts, and advocates "inventing the original heart", that is, people are required to discover truth, goodness and beauty in their hearts and achieve self-improvement. This is different from Zhu's idea of objective idealism. Therefore, the two men argued so hard that they mocked each other and broke up in discord. This is the famous "Goose Lake Club" in China's ideological history. Since then, there have been two schools: "Neo-Confucianism" and "Mind Learning".

in the autumn of the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), the relationship between Song and Jin was tense, and the ruler of Jin, Yan Yanliang, divided his troops and marched four ways south, stepping on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Song Gaozong was going to escape from Hainan, but he gave up because Chen Kangbo, the right-hand man, tried to dissuade him. Soon Song Jun defeated the nomads from the army, and the news reached Yanping, where Zhu Xi was studying at that time. Zhu Xi was ecstatic about the victory of the nation, and wrote a poem of celebration to express his uncontrollable joy. At the same time, he wrote to the minister in charge of military affairs, pointing out that it is unwise to attack with victory and sit back and watch the Central Plains without making progress. Soon after Emperor Gaozong abdicated, Filial Piety was established. Under the pressure of the demands of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians, Zhang Jun, an anti-Japanese faction, was used to rehabilitate Yue Fei's unjust case and demote Qin Gui Party members. At this time, Zhu Xi played Filial Piety and made three suggestions:

(1) stressing the study of understanding things;

(2) depose and negotiate;

(3) appointing talents. In the throne, he clearly expressed his opposition and proposition.

This memorial made Zhu Xi lucky to be called. He rushed to Hangzhou, just as Song Jun lost, and the court sent someone to make peace. Zhu Xi still strongly opposed it, and even made a few speeches when Xiao Zong met him. Xiaozong felt Zhu Xi's loyalty and ordered him to serve as the first doctor. This position is not his strong point, which is a bit ironic. Zhu Xi took the opportunity to meet Zhang Jun and put forward the concrete idea of northern expedition to the Central Plains. However, Zhang Jun soon left for the field and died on the way. Zhu Xi made a special trip to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) to cry and lament the frustration of resisting gold. At this time, the forces of the Lord and the faction in the court were rampant, and the nomads crossed the Huai River. Zhu Xi was worried about this, but there was nothing he could do. In the first year of Longxing (1163), Zhu Xi returned to Chong 'an, Fujian Province. Before leaving, he wrote in a letter to his friends: "Those who are in trouble (blocking) the national recovery plan will also make peace; Those who are prepared for the routine of the bad border are also said to make peace; The idea of making peace, which appeals to the loyalty of our people, while rejecting the hope of the old country to the Soviet Union, sharply attacked those who made peace and surrendered.

After the peace talks in Longxing in p>1164, Song Jin became a nephew and uncle, and the relationship was temporarily eased, so Zhu Xi plunged into Neo-Confucianism. He built a "cold spring house" in his hometown, lived here for more than ten years, compiled a large number of Taoist books, and engaged in lecture activities, which was full of students. During this period, he repeatedly failed to respond to the imperial court.

in p>1178, Zhu Xi made a comeback and became the "Zhinan Kangjun". Although he re-entered the official position, he did not forget his academic status. In Lushan, the former site of Li Bo's seclusion in the Tang Dynasty, Bailudong Academy was established to give lectures, and a set of study rules was formulated. That is,

the "five-teaching goal" of "father and son are related, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, the age is orderly, and friends are trustworthy".

the "order of learning" of "being knowledgeable, interrogating, thinking carefully, distinguishing clearly and doing faithfully".

the "key to self-cultivation" is "to be faithful in words, to be respectful in deeds, to punish resentment, and to be good and correct".

the "essentials of doing things" of "the political power does not seek its own benefits, and it knows its way and does not count its merits".

"Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you, but do what you don't want".

This "Bailudong Academy" later became one of the four famous academies in China, and its "learning rules" became a model for all academies, which had a great influence on later generations.

in p>1181, Zhu Xi was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown. He built a "Wuyi Jing She" in Wuyishan, widely calling his disciples and spreading Neo-Confucianism. In order to help people learn Confucian classics, he carefully selected four books (Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius) from Confucian classics and printed them for distribution. This is a great event in the history of education. "The Four Books had a far-reaching influence, and later became textbooks for feudal education, making Confucianism the idea of fully controlling China's feudal society.

Yuelu Academy

In p>1193, Zhu Xi worked in Hunan, and despite the government affairs, he presided over the restoration of Yuelu Academy, another famous academy, one of the four major academies. Like Bailudong Academy, it became a place for Zhu Xi to give lectures and teach disciples and spread Neo-Confucianism. Academies prevailed in the Southern Song Dynasty and almost replaced official schools, which was directly related to Zhu Xi's advocacy.

Although Zhu Xi has not been an official for a long time in his life, he always tries to ease social contradictions and do good things for the lower classes more or less. He retired to Chong 'an period, when there was a famine and a peasant uprising in Chong 'an. In view of this, Zhu Xi advocated the establishment of a "social warehouse", which was based on the official millet. "If the borrower is willing to make a difference, if he is ... years old or unfortunately hungry, he will be half-starved, and if he is handsome, he will be exhausted." The purpose of setting up social warehouses is to prevent landlords and gentry from exploiting farmers with usury during the famine period, which is undoubtedly beneficial to the people. Since then, Zhu Xi has implemented it in many places. In 1178, Zhu Xi was appointed as the "Zhinan Kangjun" (now Xingzi area in Jiangxi Province). Shortly after taking office, there was a famine, and Zhu Xi asked for tax relief. At the same time, the government is requested to build the Changjiang stone dike, which can solve the problem of disrepair of the stone dike on the one hand, and hire hungry people to solve their food shortage on the other hand. The hungry people call it good. In 119, when Zhu Xi learned about Zhangzhou, Fujian, land annexation was prevalent, bureaucratic landlords relied on the situation to annex farmers' cultivated land, but the tax amount was not transferred to landlords everywhere, which led to "uneven land tax", more severe exploitation of landless farmers and intensified class contradictions. To this end, Zhu Xi put forward "Jing Jie", that is, to verify the land and pay taxes everywhere. This proposal is bound to reduce the burden on farmers and harm the interests of big landlords, so it is strongly opposed by the latter. The "Jing Jie" finally failed to be implemented, and Zhu Xi was furious and resigned to show his protest.

Kaoting Academy

Zhu Xi's lifelong ambition is to establish Neo-Confucianism and make it the ruling ideology. However, because Neo-Confucianism came out at the beginning, its influence was not deep. At the same time, Zhu Xi offended powerful officials because of his character honest and frank in officialdom, which led to a tragic ending in his later years.

In August, 1181, when there was a famine in eastern Zhejiang, Zhu Xi was recommended by Prime Minister Wang Huai as the official of Changping Tea and Salt in East Zhejiang. Passing through Hangzhou, I entered Qizha and stated the disadvantages. After arriving at his post, he visited incognito, investigated the malpractices and misdeeds of corrupt officials, and impeached a number of corrupt officials and large families. He attacked Wang Huai and others without favoritism. Therefore, Wang Huai instructed people to write a letter attacking Neo-Confucianism, denouncing it as "pseudo-learning", and Zhu Xi was dismissed and returned to his hometown.

in p>1187, Zhu Xi was appointed to Jiangnan West Road to raise some prison affairs, and was in charge of judicial, prison, supervision and farming affairs in Ganzhou (now Ganxian) and Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang). Soon after Wang Huai's departure, Neo-Confucianism gained momentum, and Zhu Xi's official career was even smoother. A few years later, he was recommended by Zhao Ruyu, the prime minister, and became a waiter and lecturer in Huan Zhangge, that is, the adviser and teacher of the emperor. Ning Zong, who had just ascended the throne, fully affirmed Neo-Confucianism and called Zhu a "Confucian Sect", which reflected the hope that the Southern Song Dynasty in Gouan Jiangnan tried to strengthen internal unity with Neo-Confucianism. Zhu Xi lectured on "The University" for Ning Zongjin, and he lectured every two days in the morning and evening. However, he took this opportunity to criticize the state affairs, and finally made Ning Zong dissatisfied. He was accused of interfering in the state affairs and was expelled from the court.

In the first year of Qingyuan (1195), Zhao Ruyu, Zhu Xi's supporter in the imperial court, was ostracized by Han Tuozhou, and Korea was in full swing. Han Yinzhu Xi once participated in Zhao Ruyu's attack on himself, so he launched a campaign to attack "Neo-Confucianism". In the second year of Qingyuan, Ye Qi wrote a letter, demanding that the books of Taoists be "destroyed", and that scholars should be selected in the imperial examination, and Zhu Yili, who was involved in the process, should not be selected. Because Zhu Xi's seduction of two nuns as his little wife was exposed (for fear of being planted), Shen Jizu, the supervisor, took the opportunity to accuse Zhu Xi of ten crimes, so please behead him. Cai Yuanding, Zhu Xi's favorite pupil, was arrested and sent to Daozhou. For a time, completely discredited was dismissed as a "pseudo-science", Zhu Xi as a "pseudo-teacher" and students as "pseudo-disciples". Ning Zong changed his old state and ordered that anyone who was recommended to be an official would not take "pseudo-scholars".

On the ninth day of March in the sixth year of Qingyuan (12), Zhu Xi finally died of grief at Jianyang's home at the age of 71. When he died, he was still revising the Chapter of University Sincerity, which shows how he was determined to establish his own Neo-Confucianism, but he didn't get it before his death.