Who knows the content of "The Battle of Feishui"

The corrupt politics at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty triggered great social unrest, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D. and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, there are many disputes between ethnic minority regimes. The pre-Qin Dynasty established by Di Ren destroyed, Dai and other separatist countries, and unified the Yellow River basin. Later in 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and its influence extended to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was full of ambition and wanted to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south with the trend of "autumn leaves being swept away by the strong wind".

In August 383, Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry, more than 30,000 guards and 900,000 troops from Chang 'an to the south. At the same time, Fu Jian ordered Zitong prefect Pei Yuanlve to lead 70,000 navy men down the river from Bashu to Jiankang. Nearly a million marches "travel thousands of miles back and forth, moving in opposite directions." East and West Wan Li, land and water go hand in hand. Fu Jian proudly declared, "With my million-strong army, even throwing a whip into the Yangtze River is enough to cut it off. "

The Eastern Jin Dynasty faced a critical moment of life and death under the pressure of a strong enemy, and the hawks headed by Prime Minister Xie An were determined to stand up and resist. On the recommendation of Xie An, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty appointed Xie Shi, Xie An's younger brother, as the conquering viceroy, and Xie Xuan, Xie An's nephew, as the pioneer, led 80,000 "Beifu soldiers" with strong fighting capacity to meet Qin Jun's main force along the west of Huaihe River, and Hu Bin was sent to lead the water army to reinforce Shouyang (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province). Also named Hengchong as Jiangzhou Secretariat, he led the 654.38+ Wanjin Army to control the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and prevented the Qin and Bashu armies from going down the river.

10 18 In June, Fu Jian's brother Fu Rong led the Qin vanguard troops to capture Shouyang and captured Xu Yuanxi, the commander-in-chief of the 8 Jin Army. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). On the way, Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been breached by Fu Rong, so he retreated to Shi Xia (now southwest of Fengtai, Anhui) and waited to meet the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Shi Xia. Fu Rong led Liang Cheng to attack Luo Jian (east of Huainan, Anhui Province) with fifty thousand troops, blocking the Huaihe River traffic and Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Shi Xia, and the food and grass were exhausted, making it difficult to support. He wrote a letter for emergency use, but the money for delivering the letter was caught by Chi, and the letter fell into Fu Rong's hands. Fu Rong immediately reported to Fu Jian that 8 Jin J serenade was short of food and grass, and suggested that he arise quickly to prevent 8 Jin J from escaping. Fu Jian was rewarded and left the army in Xiangcheng, leading 8,000 cavalry to Shouyang.

As soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander-in-chief of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to 8 Jin Army Camp to surrender. When Zhu Xu arrived at Jinying, he did not surrender, but provided Qin Jun with information. He said, "Although Qin Jun has a population of one million, it is still marching. If we concentrate our forces, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's incomplete arrival to launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired and then waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defense to attack and take the initiative to attack.

165438+ 10 In June, Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi, a valiant general, to attack Luo Jian with 5000 soldiers, which started the battle of Feishui. Qin Cheng led 50,000 troops to line up against the enemy by the river. Liu Laozhi divided his troops and made a detour to Qin Jun to cut off his retreat; Led the troops to storm waterinfo and attack Qin array. Qin Jun panicked, barely resisted for a while, and then collapsed. The commander Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died in battle, and the officers and men rushed to the Huaihe River to save their lives, killing more than 1.5 million people. Luo Jian's victory greatly boosted the morale of 8 jin j.. Xie Shi went hand in hand with land, arrived at the east bank of Feishui (now Nanhe Feihe River in Shouxian County, Anhui Province), camped on the side of Bagong Mountain, and faced Qin Jun in Shouyang across the river. Fu Jian stood on the Shouyang rostrum, and saw at a glance that the Jin army on the other side was well-groomed, and a good soldier would be strong. Even the vegetation on Bagong Mountain looks like people, mistaking it for A Jin soldiers. He was frightened and said to Fu Rong, "This is a powerful enemy! How can you say that they are weak enemies? "

Due to the pressure on the west bank of Feishui, 8 Jin Army could not cross the river, so they had to confront each other across the river. Xie Xuan sent messengers to meet Fu Rong, and he dared him to say, "The general led his troops into Jin, but he crushed the river bank. Is this a decisive battle? If you step back a little and make room for our army to cross the water, how about a showdown between the two sides! " Qin Jun's generals all expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought that we could play along and let the troops retreat a little. When the Jin army crosses the river halfway, the cavalry will kill it again, so as to win. Fu Rong also agreed to Fu Jian's plan, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and instructed Qin Jun to retreat. However, the morale of Qin Jun soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than 8,000 cavalry to Qin Jun, and Zhu Xu shouted after the battle of Qin Jun: "Qin Jun was defeated! Qin Bing was defeated! " Chixin believed it, turned and ran away. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong rode to stop it in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of 8 Jin Army. The loss of main qi became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused panic in the follow-up troops, and it also ran away in a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun routed troops didn't dare to stay along the way. He listened with trepidation and thought it was the pursuit of the Jin army. 8 jin j 56-point thrashing, arrived at Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin soldiers and horses marched step by step, covering mountains and irrigating rivers. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow and fled back to Lao Yang alone.

The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he put aside the good news with a straight face and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report coming from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." Hearing this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth.

At the battle of water, more than 700,000 * * were completely annihilated, scattered in former Qin Jun, and only the 30,000 troops of Xianbei Mu Rongchui Department were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, the temporary unification of the north has also collapsed, and it has once again split into more local ethnic regimes. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries respectively. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South, creating conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. The battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, which has been recorded in military history and has had a long-term impact on the war view and decisive battle thought of later strategists.

In the winter of 383 AD, Fu Jian, the "former Qin" emperor of Tibetan descent, attacked Jin on a large scale. Shortly after he unified the north, the residents near Chang 'an were still extravagant. Xianbei Qiang Jie Fu Ji Dian ". Although the Jin Dynasty leans to the left of the Yangtze River, it can still maintain the defense line in the west, now Hanshui area in northwest Hubei and Sichuan in the west. Even in the recent battlefield, we can attack near Jiang Yishouyang. Judging from various indications, Fu Jian did not have the determination to fight to the death with the Jin people on the Eastern Front, but commanded many miscellaneous armies, which could not be controlled and could only be maintained by military action. At the same time, they are too confident about their numerical advantage. The so-called "beyond the reach of the whip, enough to cut off the flow." He always hoped that with the soldiers of Liangzhou, Shuhan and Yuji, he would call himself an army of 80,000 to 70,000, and he was not afraid that the Jin people would not surrender. Therefore, before he started his official career, he declared that Emperor Sima Changming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty would be his next minister, left servant (equivalent to deputy prime minister and minister of military and political affairs), and civil and military minister Xie An or Huan Chong of the Jin Dynasty would also be future officials and attendants. They all built their official residences in Chang 'an in advance.

If the existing data are credible, then this person has received a traditional education in China and is a bit bookish. Before fighting the Jin people, he also asked Zhu Xu, the once captured minister of the State of Jin, to be a special envoy to visit the Jin army. But later, Zhu Xu told each other the truth of the Qin Dynasty, and set a policy of quick victory for them, and took action against Fu Jian on the battlefield.

Xie An, commander-in-chief of the Jin Dynasty, was officially named as "the general who led the official department and added envoys". He also has a bookworm temper. When he was young, he didn't want to be an official. He's just hanging out with celebrities. He's very prestigious. He didn't officially become an official until he was forty. I'm still fooling around and talking to Kan Kan. When people persuaded him, he asked, "When Qin was Shang Yang, he died the next year. Is it clear that words are guilty? "

On the eve of the Battle of Feishui, he was appointed as the military commander of fifteen states. Son Xie Yan, nephew Xie Xuan and Xie Shi are all important generals. In the face of Fu Jian's million-strong army, he has only 80,000 people to resist. However, his "town can live, plan long-term" and "outline". He gave separate instructions to his trusted generals, and the principle was that they should "do their jobs." Once the deployment is completed, I won't say much. I will call my relatives and friends to go to the mountains to show "fearless".

When the north was mixed with the compact Jin army in the south, Xie An's striker led the commander-in-chief of the North Army: "Do you want to fight this long-term plan?" "Why don't you quit the HQ and let the soldiers handle it, while the courtiers and the monarch wait and see?" This article only changed the numbers and appeared twice in the Book of Jin. It regards fighting as a competitive skill, with the style of Zuo Zhuan, which may be written by historians, but the demeanor of the two generals may also be truthfully recorded, because the generals who led the northern army are also famous for their literature, not only writing chapters and sentences, but also talking about metaphysics and Taoism.

He was taken in this time. As soon as Qin Jun retreated, Zhu Xu spread rumors after the battle, saying that the North Army was defeated by the South Army. At this time, the hastily assembled troops, far from home, are unfamiliar with each other and have no strong fighting spirit, and believe it. In this case, the collapse was out of control, and Fu Jian himself was in the middle stream, so 8 jin j won a great victory. The battle report has just arrived at the headquarters, and Xie An is playing Go with his friends. After reading it, he put the documents on several cases and played chess as usual. It's just that the joy in his chest can't be completely suppressed. After playing chess, he stepped into the room, his muscles were tense, and after a while they were too tight, he stepped on the bottom of the clogs on the threshold. As the saying goes, "I can't feel it if I have a broken tooth." That's why.

The battle of Feishui confirmed the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Later, Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties entered Chang 'an in 4 17 A.D. and could not stay long. Hou Jing rebelled repeatedly in the Northern Dynasties, was trapped in Jiankang in 548 AD, and was soon killed by his subordinates, which was far from the goal of reunifying the whole country.

It was not until 589 AD that Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote One World and One Family in the Region. So far, 206 years have passed since the Battle of Feishui.

For two hundred years, except Huainan and Xiangyang, Hubei, it has often become an area between the north and the south. This can also be said to be a cavalry tactic that northerners are good at, and it has been unable to play effectively. The strength of southerners is the water army, which can not only transport troops by boat, but also win the initiative in the battlefield. Moreover, soldiers don't have to March, and food and grass have the function of speed. It's just that this advantage cannot be extended to the north. At the time of the Battle of Feishui, the situation that the two sides were restricted by the terrain has been seen. For example, the Book of Jin said that Fu Jian had "270,000 riders", but it could not take the lead because it was separated by a river. Although 8 jin j has won an unprecedented victory, it can't expand the results, and it is still biased towards Jiangzuo. However, this long-term division has its more important roots.

Since the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to natural disasters and wars, the population of China has migrated from north to south and from west to east for a long time. Even the Wei-Jin War carried the emotional appeal of armed immigrants. For example, in 280, the Western Jin Dynasty mobilized 200,000 troops, and by the time Jianye collected the edition, there were only 2.63 million men and women, and its recruitment force in the south accounted for a large proportion of the local population. If there is a gap between North China and Central China, it is bound to be filled by ethnic minorities outside the "15 inch rainfall line". Their background is that they have suffered from drought, and the disaster will be more serious than that in North China. Although the information is incomplete, there are many examples in history: In 333 AD, Shi Hu moved from Chang 'an to Fangtou (near Xunxian County, Henan Province), where more than 100,000 households lived, and then moved tens of thousands of his staff to Qinghe Jiaotou (Zaoxian County, Hebei Province). Skilllong moved to western Liaoning, Beiping and Yuyang, and settled in Luo Yong, Yu Yan. On the eve of the Battle of Feishui, the population near Chang 'an was dominated by Xianbei Qiang Jie. As mentioned earlier, the Northern Expedition of the Southern Dynasties was in conflict with this semi-natural migration direction, and it was not easy to fully implement it. Before the Battle of Feishui, Huan Wen conquered Luoyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and entered Chang 'an in 369, but he was defeated by Fang Tou.

It is with this pressure of population mobility that paddy fields in the south can be widely developed. In the Book of Jin, "along the river and along the coast, there are three mountains and eight ridges. If people can't reach it, everyone will be affected" explains this general trend of opening up virgin land. Only by "fire tillage", burning wasteland first, then irrigation with water, and weeding with a lot of manpower, can extensive farming be gradually changed into precision farming.

The ethnic groups in the north are complex and the political stability is not easy. Most of the leaders of ethnic minorities during the "Five Chaos" period were Chinese, many of whom were Chinese. Because in the Han Dynasty, except in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "relatives hiding from each other" was always intermittent, and the surname of Xiongnu Liu Yuan was not groundless. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao took his family as his wife, Wu Wan. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, intermarriage has become more common. General Anbei, commander-in-chief of Wang Jun of Youzhou Army, takes his wife Xianbei Duan as his post and his wife as his post. After the general, Han Yi played "concubine" for Duan Yu. Liu Kun was a common person in the Jin Dynasty. Although he is not clear about his relationship with Duan Yu, he said that he married Kun and became brothers. In addition to her family, Jin Huidi also raises sheep. She is also an aristocratic woman. Later, Liu Yao was trapped in Luoyang and made her queen. "She is very popular and takes an active part in political affairs." She has three obsidian sons, and her eldest son Xi is the heir of Liu Yao. Ren Jie Skillon "made more than130,000 children under the age of 20 rich and divided them into three classes as the first place". This trend continues. Later, the royal family of Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty were all Han Chinese, and Tang Gaozu and other figures in the Sui Dynasty also had mixed-race backgrounds. Only the intermarriage of the upper class is not counted, ordinary people of the lower class also need to mix in this melting pot, and nomadic people have to give up their living habits and become farmers who have moved to other places. This degree of "assimilation" is considered to be implemented, so the transition period will be very long.

Merger played an important role in the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because conscription and tax payment are on the same day, "households" have become targets. "Mouth" takes the household as the transfer. If the peasants who lost their fields after the merger don't become refugees, they will become "slaves" of the rich, or even the whole family will become a trilogy, which local officials can't cope with. The clans of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also came from this. We open volumes 30 to 86 of the Book of Jin, which lists biographies of 542 people. In addition to the middle section played by Chief Xianbei, almost all the important figures in the Jin Dynasty were caught in the net. In their biographies, it is mentioned that their ancestors were prominent officials. We can conclude that they are 159 people, their children are 2 15 people in the DPRK, and the Sima clan is 65438 people. We call it only 62 people born in poverty, which shows that everyone's huge family is powerful, and their social situation will be very different from China's traditional ideal-the emperor will directly recruit and collect taxes from a large number of small farmers without interference from powerful people.

On that day, commercial wealth has not yet been developed, and the assets of businessmen can not be guaranteed. For example, Shi Chong, who made a fortune with dignitaries in the Western Jin Dynasty, had 800 domestic slaves because he was the secretariat of Jingzhou. The prosperity of agriculture is all due to real estate and labor, which means that the government's financial resources and military resources are exhausted. One of the most notable examples is Xie Xuan, who made contributions in the Battle of Feishui, and was passed down as his grandson Xie Lingyun and became a famous poet. Song Shu said that he was punished by the Song Emperor in 433 AD. "Because of the wealth of his father's ancestors, his career was very thick, and there were many domestic slaves. His disciples were hundreds of righteous and dug mountains and deep lakes." On the one hand, it means that in the traditional society, fiscal revenue is all supported by the methods of "ritual system" and "Li Kui style", and private property cannot be legally accumulated; On the other hand, it means that the administrative efficiency of bureaucracy is limited by merger. The small court of the government in exile was monopolized by big families and big rooms. Although the dynasty has changed, there is still no sign of revival.

In addition to the brewing of nomadic people in North China, there is a similar situation, and it is self-defense and uncontrolled. For example, around 350 AD, there were more than 300 fortified villages in Taiyuan, Shanxi, among which Hu and Jin had 10 million households. Around 400 years ago, there were more than 3,000 fortress walls in Guanzhong, and they pushed their masters and formed alliances with each other. According to Shu Wei, before the establishment of the "Three Longs" in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 486, "people were forbidden to flee by the net" and "fifty or thirty households were counted as one household". In this way, the subordinate institutions have not changed, and there is no possibility of reunification in China.

Therefore, the confrontation between Xie Xuan and Fu in 383 and Zhu Xu's intervention only confirmed the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but this battle was not the main reason for the division. Later development also proved that the reunification of China must treat the people with the same attitude, the boundaries of the Hu Hanmin ethnic group gradually narrowed, and the strength of a big family was suppressed before it could become a reality.