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How are various dialects formed?

(1) Living social groups: villages and garrisons, such as Nanping, Fujian. Because it used to be a military base, it speaks northern dialects.

(2) Regional and geographical conditions:

Rivers, mountains, customs and the Yangtze River are important dialect boundaries.

Shanxi: It is located in the northern dialect area, but it is different from the northern dialect. Historically, Shanxi was isolated from the outside world, with mountains and passes. In modern times, Yan Xishan carried out a closed policy (railway regulation).

(3) Administrative divisions: Although dialects are not divided by provincial boundaries, administrative divisions play an important role in the formation of dialects. Where a place belongs, the population naturally flows there. For example, several counties in northern Guangxi spoke Xiang dialect because it belonged to Hunan before the Tang Dynasty. For example, the dialects of several counties in southern Shanxi are similar to Shaanxi dialect, because they all belonged to Shaanxi before the Tang Dynasty.

(4) Population migration:

Yang Xiong Dialect records a dialect on the south bank of the Yangtze River, which is the predecessor of the ancient Wu dialect. Now the dialects in the south are all brought by the migration from the north to the south. Ancient times were barbarians, not Han inhabited areas.

(5) Interaction between dialects:

Southern dialects are influenced by northern dialects at the same time.

Loanwords are first taken from southern dialect areas, such as Pidgin dialect.

China evolution diagram

Shang Dynasty → Western Zhou Dynasty → Eastern Zhou Dynasty → Han Dynasty → Western Jin Dynasty → Tang Dynasty → Southern Song Dynasty → Modern Times.

? Yan language-→ Hebei language

┌→ Bashu language → Shu language →

│ ?

├→ Jiaozhou language →┼→ Cantonese → Cantonese → Cantonese.

│ ? ?

┌→ Qin language → Qin Jin language → Guanzhong language → North language → North language → North language → North language.

│ │ ? ?

│ │ ? ├→ Gan dialect → Gan dialect

┌→ Chyi Yu —┤ │ ├→┤

│ │ └→ Kanto → Zhongyuan → Hakka → Hakka.

│ │ │

Zhouqi Dialect → Qi Dialect → Min Dialect → Min Dialect.

│ ?

├→ Jin language-→ Jin language? ┌→ Wu dialect-Wu dialect

│ ┌→ Wu Yu → Wu Yu → ┴→ Wu Yu →

└→ Chu language → Chu language → Hui language → Hui language.

│

└→ Chu language → Chu language → Chu language → Xiang language → Xiang language.

The following are my notes on dialects in modern Chinese class:

Section 3 Modern Chinese Dialects

3.0. Mandarin and dialects

Theoretically speaking, once Putonghua is formed, it should be popularized rapidly, and the popularization of Putonghua in dialect areas will also promote economic and cultural exchanges. But promoting Putonghua does not mean banning dialects. Dialect also has its positive role in certain circumstances.

3. 1. Basis of dialect division

(1) Theoretically, dialect is an internal variant of language, and what all ethnic groups say in history is what they are. But in modern times, there will be exceptions. For example, the languages of northern Europe are very similar, but they belong to different nationalities; German and Dutch are very close, but they belong to different nationalities. Switzerland.

Dialects in China don't understand each other, but they belong to the same language, because they have a unified writing system and the same historical origin (phonetic system).

In fact, dialects are not divided according to intelligibility.

(2) the classification of dialects:

A "regional dialect" divided by region according to "children's eyeliner": not by province, but by dialect characteristics.

B "Social Variant" and "Social Dialect" are suitable for specific social groups, such as slang, children's language ("Bathing"), "female national voice" (suitable for young women in their twenties), online language, campus language, etc.

C "stylistic variants" and "stylistic dialects", such as: political style, dialogue style (novel) and advertising style.

(3) Dialect differences:

The biggest difference between dialects is pronunciation, followed by words, and grammar is the smallest.

(4) Sub-dialects:

There are also sub-dialects within the dialect, such as Shanxi dialect, which is reserved for entering tone, because Shanxi's geographical environment is closed, and there are several branches of Min dialect, which are very different from each other.

3.2. Distribution of Main Dialects in China

Seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Yue Dialect.

An area where dialects are used becomes a dialect area.

(1) An overview of seven dialects:

A. Northern dialects:

Also known as "Mandarin dialect", it is widely distributed, accounting for 3/4 of the national population and regions.

Distribution area:

Han nationality residential areas north of the Yangtze River, areas along the Yangtze River south, above Zhenjiang and below Jiujiang, parts of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hubei, and a small part of Hunan. Northeast to Harbin, southeast to Nanjing, southwest to Kunming, northwest to Jiuquan.

Include four sub-dialects:

Dialects in North China and Northeast China: Beijing, Tianjin, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Northeast China, parts of Inner Mongolia, Xuzhou and Bengbu.

Northwest Dialect: Han people live in parts of the northwest provinces-Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.

Southwest dialect: Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, most parts of Hubei, a small area in the northwest corner of Guangxi and Hunan.

Southeast dialect: also known as "Jianghuai Mandarin" and "Xiajiang Mandarin", the areas north of the Yangtze River and south of the Huaihe River in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, and the areas along the Yangtze River west of Zhenjiang and east of Jiujiang (such as Nanjing and Zhenjiang).

Northern dialect is the basic dialect of Putonghua.

The representative dialect of northern dialect: Beijing dialect.

B. Wu dialect (Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect):

The user population is less than 10%, ranking second.

Distribution: south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, east of Zhenjiang (excluding Zhenjiang), most of Zhejiang, Shanghai, northeastern Jiangxi and a small part of southern Fujian.

Representative dialect: Shanghai dialect or Suzhou dialect.

Representative areas: Taihu Lake Basin and Zhejiang Mountain Area (Taizhou, Jinghua, Wenzhou, Lishui).

C. Hunan dialect:

The users account for about 5% of the Han population.

Distribution: South-central Hunan, several counties in northern Guangxi.

Hunan dialect is surrounded by Gan dialect, Southwest dialect and Hakka dialect, with great internal differences, and some places are closer to Gan dialect and Southwest dialect.

Representative dialect: Changsha dialect.

D. Gan dialect:

The users account for about 2% of the Han population.

Distribution: Most parts of Jiangxi, a small part of southeastern Hubei.

Historically, people in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin have moved south several times on a large scale in order to avoid war. Jiangxi is the only way to move south, which has a great influence on the formation of Gan dialect, and the long-term acceptance of surrounding dialects is not very prominent.

Representative dialect: Nanchang dialect.

E. Hakka:

The users account for about 4% of the Han population.

Distribution: The border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces (northeastern Guangdong, western and northern Fujian, southwestern Jiangxi), and small areas of Sichuan, Hunan and Taiwan Province provinces.

The former residents of the northern Central Plains fled and settled at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, isolated from the Central Plains. There are many Hakkas who emigrate overseas.

Representative dialect: Meixian dialect in Guangdong.

F. Min dialect:

The user population accounts for about 4% of the Han nationality.

Distribution: Fujian Province, Chaoshan area of Guangdong Province, most parts of Hainan Province and parts of southern Zhejiang Province.

Among dialects, the internal differences are the biggest and the language phenomena are the most complicated.

Sub-dialect:

Minnan dialect: represented by Xiamen dialect, it includes southern Fujian, southern Zhejiang, most parts of Hainan, Chaoshan in Guangdong and Taiwan Province Province.

Mindong dialect: Fuzhou dialect is the representative, including the lower reaches of Minjiang River and mountainous areas.

Northern Fujian dialect: represented by Jian 'ou dialect, it is distributed in the mountainous area of northern Fujian.

Overseas Chinese scattered in Nanyang Islands also use Min dialect as their mother tongue.

G. Cantonese:

The population accounts for about 5% of the Han nationality.

Distributed in central and southwestern Guangdong, southeastern Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao.

Representative dialect: Guangzhou dialect.

Cantonese is the mother tongue of overseas Chinese.

There were no Han people living in Fujian and Guangdong in ancient times. Chinese was brought by the Han people who went south, combined with the ancient dialects, and was far away from and isolated from the north, thus retaining many characteristics of ancient Chinese, which is close to ancient Chinese in pronunciation and vocabulary, with many monosyllabic words, such as "Jing" and "Jing", and retaining the stop sound (Wu dialect is not full of stops).

(2) Note:

A phenomenon of "dialect island": different dialects are distributed in a dialect area.

Nanping, Fujian Province speaks northern Mandarin, which is different from the surrounding Min dialect because the northern army was stationed here to drive away the people during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Hainan "military dialect".

Hangzhou is located in the Wu dialect area, but speaks Mandarin. Hangzhou was the capital in the Southern Song Dynasty and was greatly influenced by the northern dialect.

There is a Hakka dialect area in Huayang County, Sichuan Province, which was formed by the migration and settlement of Hakka people to the west and north.

B. foreign dialects:

Overseas Chinese communities: Nanyang, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore (remnant of Min language), Philippines, where Min language is spoken.

C. Although the seven dialects are named after regions, they are not strictly divided according to regions.

D. The biggest difference between southern dialect and northern dialect is Min dialect and Cantonese, followed by Hakka dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect and Gan dialect.

E. The charges of retaining the characteristics of ancient Chinese include Min dialect and Cantonese, followed by Hakka dialect, Wu dialect, Hunan dialect and Gan dialect. The farther southeast, the older it is, and the more it is at the bottom of Chinese; The closer to the southeast, the greater the difference between the northern dialect and the southern dialect, and the more it is in the outer layer of Chinese.

3.3. Expression of differences between Chinese dialects

Dialects are not divided by understanding; But if you don't understand it, it must not be a dialect.

3.3. 1. Phonetic difference: maximum.

3.3. 1. 1.

(1) There are no fully voiced initials in the northern dialect, but there are many fully voiced initials in the southern dialect:

The words "accompany", "double", "basin", "silly", "field" and "electricity" in Shanghai dialect.

(2) Zhi, Chi, Shi, Zi, Ci, Si, Ji and Qi are difficult to distinguish in dialects, and some are difficult to distinguish.

(3) n and L do not distinguish between China, Niu Lao and Lao Liu.

(4) f and H are indistinguishable.

(5) Zero initial: In Shandong dialect, people are pronounced as yin and soft as you.

3.3. 1.2. Differences in vowels

(1) as the rhyme ending, nasal sounds n and ng are indistinguishable.

(2) The tone of southern dialect is obvious.

(3) Cantonese and Min languages end with consonants (stops), b, d and g.

3.3. 1.3. Tone difference: the biggest difference.

Cantonese has nine or ten tones.

Tianjin in Tianjin dialect is 1 1.

3.3.2. Lexical differences

(1) Synonyms use different words, "meaning intercommunication":

Matches → spontaneous combustion, matches → corn → bonzi and pearl rice (Shanghai)

Children → Little People (Suzhou), Little People (Changsha) and Little Road Boys (Cantonese)

"Pot" → "wok" (Wu dialect), "Ding" → "Wear" → "Zhe" (Shanghai dialect)

(2) Semantic expansion:

"Mosquito": Hunan dialect also includes flies.

"Fat": In Beijing dialect, it means "fatter than fat"; There is no "fat" in Cantonese, only "fat".

"Tea": There is also boiled water in Shanghai dialect.

(3) Narrow the meaning:

"Noodles": In Wu dialect, it only refers to noodles, not flour.

"Pickled vegetables": Shanghai dialect only refers to potherb, and others are called "pickles"

(4) Meaning transfer:

"Run": somewhere in Zhejiang means jump.

"Dad": Suzhou dialect means grandpa.

"Steamed bread": There is meat in Shanghai dialect.

3.3.3. Grammatical differences: the differences are very small.

(1) Function words: le, zhe and guo in Mandarin.

(2) Quantifiers:

"One person" → Hakka: "One person"

"A knife" → Cantonese: "A knife"

"A grain of rice" → Cantonese and Min dialect: as long as it is round, such as "a ball" and "a watermelon"

(3) Grammatical structure:

Beijing dialect: "I can't beat him" → Wu dialect: "I can't beat him"

Beijing dialect: "I'm taller than him" → Cantonese: "I'm taller than him "→ Mandarin:" Wave after wave "(evidence of southern dialect invading Mandarin)

(4) General interrogative sentences:

Beijing dialect: "V?" Or "v.no.v.?" → Dialect also has "adv.+v.?" He Fei said, "Can you believe it?" .

(5) auxiliary words:

Mandarin: "Eat", "Quiet" and "Clean" → Some dialects are clearly distinguished, such as Cantonese.

As evidence, these differences also show that other dialects are Chinese.

3.4. The main reasons for the formation of Chinese dialects

Ancient times (main reasons): many natural conditions, transportation, geography and economy.

Modernity: communication.