Fourteen population extinctions in the ancient history of China

Fourteen population extinctions in the ancient history of China

There have been several wars in the history of China, and the population has been killed from tens of millions to only three or four million, which is on the verge of extinction. Take the war as an example. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty recorded 6 1 wars. According to Chunqiu, there were 448 wars in 242 years in the Spring and Autumn Period. By the Warring States period, there were only 222 large-scale wars.

Mencius said that there was no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the past 200 years, which one has killed each other and what is justice? Almost every time the regime changes, nearly half of the population becomes extinct.

Qin people like war. They held their heads in their left hands and chased their opponents with their right hands holding prisoners.

Sima Qian recorded that Qin attacked Wei and killed 80,000 people, attacked the allied forces of five countries and killed 82,000 people, attacked Korea and killed 80,000 people, attacked Korea and killed 60,000 people, attacked Chu and killed 40,000 people, attacked Wei and killed 654.38+10,000 people, and attacked Korea and killed 40,000 people. In the first 262 years, Zhao Baiqi killed 420000 people.

In the thirty-sixth year of the Emperor, a meteorite fell, and someone wrote on the meteorite: "The land of the first emperor died." Qin Shihuang killed dozens of villages around meteorites.

There are thousands of concubines in Qin Shihuang's harem, all of whom are buried with no children or daughters. Before the underground palace was closed, more than 200,000 servants of the craftsmen who built the cemetery were all sealed in the tomb.

By Hu Hai II, taxes even increased to more than two-thirds of farmers' income.

Peasant War in the Late Qin Dynasty

From 195 BC to 205 BC in the early days of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, it lasted ten years.

During the Qin Dynasty, Epang Palace, Lishan Mausoleum, land rent, tribute, corvee, military service, etc. 700,000 slaves were captured, 300,000 Huns were prevented, 500,000 Wulingshan, and 2 million soldiers were active in the country. China has a population of about 20 million, that is,110 people are barren.

"Ding Nan lost a, ding Nv, she's up shit creek. She went through Taoism and faced the dead. " The harsh criminal law "blocks roads and makes this city a city behind bars". The people are angry and rebellious.

This war experienced a series of killings such as Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng, Six-country Restoration War and Chu-Han War. From the population of more than 20 million in the late Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, there were only two or three thousand households in the original big cities, which wiped out 70% of the original population. There are still two or three tenths of the population left in big cities. There is even a phenomenon that "since the son of heaven can't be king, princes or Qi people have no hidden cover".

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked Xiongnu.

The Sino-Hungarian War was a series of battles against Xiongnu in the early Western Han Dynasty. Both sides won and lost, which lasted 130 years. During this period, the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu was based on the family war policy.

Although the war reduced the national strength of both sides at the same time, it had a greater impact on Xiongnu with a small population and weak economic foundation.

During the period of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, with the economic recovery, Chao Cuo put forward the policy of "emigrating to consolidate the border" in view of the border issue. Since then, the number of border guards in the Western Han Dynasty has gradually increased.

At the same time, in order to meet the needs of fighting between Han and Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the gate army for the first time in the third year of Yuan Dynasty. The gate army was the guards of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and its position was thousand stone servants. In the first year of Tai Chu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Zhang Jianying Ride for the first time, which was second only to Qimen Army in scale. He also adopted the descendants of soldiers who died in battle, forming an orphan in Yulin. In Sanfu area, the northern army was greatly expanded, with the addition of captain Zhongji, captain of chariot riding, captain of infantry, captain of Yue riding, captain of long water riding, captain of Hu riding, captain of shooting sound and captain. Every eight captains have a rank of two thousand stones.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

The Three Kingdoms is a historical period connecting the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty. It is divided into three regimes: Cao Wei, Shu Han and Wu Dong. Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao were defeated by Sun and Liu Lianjun, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

In the following decades, Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei of Shu Han led troops to the northern expedition of Cao Wei many times, but they never changed the pattern of tripartite confrontation. The real power at the end of Wei Dynasty was gradually controlled by Sima Yi. In 23 years, Cao Wei and Si Mazhao launched the Wei Wei War to destroy Shu, and Shu Han perished. Two years later, Si Mazhao died, and his son Sima Yan abandoned Wei Yuan to stand on his own feet. The name of the founding country is "Jin", which is called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280 AD, Wudong was wiped out by the Western Jin Dynasty and China was unified, thus ending the Three Kingdoms period and entering the Jin Dynasty.

"There is a horse's head hanging in front and a woman on her back", "Bones are exposed in the wild, and thousands of people live in it, which is heartbreaking to read". In 208 AD, Battle of Red Cliffs Cao said that only 1% of the population survived the Three Kingdoms Rebellion at the end of Han Dynasty! Until AD 265, the total population of the three countries was only 7.67 million.

The rebellion of eight kings in the western Jin dynasty

Since AD 29 1 year, Wang Liang of Runan, Wang Wei of Chu, Wang Lun of Zhao, King Qi, King Changsha, King Hejian, Wang Yue of Donghai and Eight Kings of Wang Ying of Chengdu have successively fought for the throne, attacking each other and killing each other in Luoyang. The war lasted 16 years, hundreds of thousands of people died and many towns were burned down.

The Eight Kings Rebellion caused more serious damage to the underdeveloped economy in the early Western Jin Dynasty. At the same time, a rare locust plague and plague broke out in kanto region, which is recorded in the history books as "As for Yongjia, the chaos is very serious". East of Yongzhou, the people are hungry and cold, eager to sell themselves. You, him, and the big locusts, big grasses, big cows and horses in Bozhou. There is also a serious illness and famine. The Book of Jin describes that "the river is littered with corpses and bones everywhere".

Northern and Southern Dynasties scuffle

3 1 1 year, Liu Yao attacked Chang 'an, and the population of Guanzhong area was only 1-2%.

The territory of the post-Zhao empire was very small, but the emperor had five empresses and more than 10 thousand concubines. After his death, his son had sex with five queens day and night, and was killed by his father-in-law and killed the royal family.

Qin Shihuang collected 30 thousand beautiful women at one time. In 345 AD alone, more than 3,000 people were killed because they were unwilling to accept beautiful women. In order to accommodate beautiful women, Shi Hu built palaces in Yecheng, Chang 'an and Luoyang, with a manpower of 400,000.

Imposing exorbitant taxes and levies forced farmers who lacked food and clothing to sell their children. There was still not enough money to sell it, so I had to hang myself. One body after another hung on the trees on both sides of the road.

When the former Yan Empire entered Yecheng, tens of thousands of maids either starved to death or were cooked by soldiers.

Shi Hu's eldest son, Xuan Shi, was afraid that his younger brother Shi Tao would seize power with him, so he sent someone to stab Shi Tao to death first, and then plotted to kill his father in advance to take over. After the defeat, Shi Hu immediately got on the podium and tied Xuan Shi off the stage. First, he pulled out his hair, then pulled out his tongue, cut off his hands and feet, gouged out his eyes and burned alive in the woodpile. All his wives and children were beheaded. Xuan's youngest son is only five years old. He tugged at grandpa's belt and refused to relax. Even his clothes were torn and dragged out to kill him. Thousands of officials and servants in the womb were torn to pieces by cars.

After the death of Shi Hu, the son who ascended the throne for 33 days was killed by another son. After 83 days, he was killed by another son.

103 days later, Ran Min, a general of the Han nationality, killed the royal family and ordered: "Whoever kills a semi-final of the conference will be promoted to the third class." At the moment, Yecheng, the capital city alone, slaughtered 200,000 conference semifinals, causing numerous casualties.

Qi in the Northern Dynasties had a population of 20 million and only 9 million.

The number of households in China decreased from 8.9 million to 2.9 million, the population decreased from 46.02 million in 606 to12.35 million in 639, and the wastage rate was 73%.

An Shi Rebellion in 755-763 AD

In order to recapture the country, the emperor begged the Huns to Uighur and recover Luoyang, and promised to rob Luoyang for three days at will, leaving Luoyang in ruins.

After nine years of slaughter, the Yellow River valley was depressed and miserable, people were miserable, animals and ghosts cried.

China's population dropped sharply from 9 million to 2 million, three quarters of them died and the survivors were naked.

In 755, there were 52.92 million people. By 760, the population was 6.5438+0.699 million, and the wastage rate was 68%.

Chao Huang

There is a saying: Huang Chao killed 8 million people, and people are doomed. "

In Chang 'an, Huang Chao, men "kill people all over the street, and their nests are forbidden". When the official army returned to Chang 'an, the people of a city completely stood on the position of the official army. "Lying on fire, shuddering, and rivers of blood are called washing the city."

People in Huang Chao are all naked, thousands of miles away. Records: Huang Chao led the whole army to fight around Chen Zhou for nearly a year, and hundreds of people started work at the same time, becoming a human flesh workshop supplying rations, running around the clock.

A large number of living villagers and prisoners, men, women and children, were all brought into giant mash and instantly crushed into minced meat, which was called "Modaozhai".

They ate up all the people around them, so "the soldiers plundered Yu, Xu, Ru, Tang, Deng, Meng, Zheng, Bian, Cao, Xu and Yan, and the salt was poisoned by them."

In the last 80 years of the late Tang and Five Dynasties, hundreds of millions of lives were destroyed in the melee at home and abroad. There were 58 emperors and 42 died.

Since the Qin Dynasty, the founding kings of more than 30 dynasties were all from the lower class refugees, accounting for about half. Nine times out of ten, the founding kings of 50 dynasties were soldiers, hooligans and refugees, so it is natural to be ruthless.

There are 4.96 million households in Tang Wuzong, only 6.5438+200,000 households in Zhou Shizong, and only 2 million households in the early Song Dynasty. The loss rate is 76%.

Jin Yuan destroyed Song Dynasty.

122 has a population of 93.47 million, and 1274 has a population of 8.87 million. The loss rate is as high as 9 1%.

The Mongols killed about1100,000 people in Samarkand. Destroyed Xixia and slaughtered more than 800,000 people. Mongolia made several voyages to the Western Ocean and killed hundreds of cities, including hundreds of thousands of people in Baghdad, when there was resistance, leaving Central Asia in ruins.

Kublai Khan slaughtered 6,543,800 people in China, and 90% of the Han civilians in northern China suffered genocide.

Before the fall of Sichuan, it was estimated that there were1.3-20 million Mongolians. Less than 800 thousand people were slaughtered after the fall, which almost became a no-man's land.

Under the killing and rule of Mongols, China lost more than 70 million people. The Mongolian massacre in China was recorded as a world record in the 1985 edition of Old Tang Book.

Southerners under the rule of Han and Meng are untouchables. Kill the Mongols for life, kill the Hui people and kill the silver 820, kill the Han people and kill a donkey.

The first night of Hancun's new wife must be given to Mongols. People in China don't even know their last names. They can only be named after their family ranking or date of birth. They can't have weapons, so they can only use kitchen knives with several families.

Yuan dynasty melee

Wei Yuan's Guinness Book of World Records said: "All soldiers in the world are loyal to Party A, while the army of Huaiyou is cannibal, putting children first. Either let them sit between two tanks and force them to fire, or stir them on the iron frame. Or tie their hands and feet, pour boiling soup first, but brush off the bitter skin with a bamboo broom. Or put it in a bag, put it in a giant pot and cook it alive. Or a man cuts off his leg and a woman gouges out her chest, so cruel that she can't speak. " Human flesh' thinks of meat', and eating it makes people think of meat.

The "Huai Oil Army" is Zhu Yuanzhang's army and a cannibal.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was humble and cruel. When his life is difficult.

According to historical records, Hu, Li Shanchang and Aquamarine killed three times, with as many as 100,000 people. After thirty years in office, he killed two hundred thousand enemies and basically killed all the heroes. It can be described as cruel and violent to the extreme.

Zhu Yuanzhang gave Chang Yuchun a beautiful concubine, and Yuan Pei of Chang Yuchun was jealous and cut off her hand. Zhu Yuanzhang sent someone to kill Yuan Pei in Chang Yuchun. Her ribs were cut into small pieces and cooked, and Zhu Yuanzhang gave them to Chang Yuchun and his ministers.

The most famous torture in the Ming Dynasty was "stripping grass", in which the skin of a living person was peeled off and then the grass was stuffed in.

In fact, the Ming dynasty stipulated: "Those who are killed immediately are regarded as the dead, sitting still." Zhu Yuanzhang had "skinning booths" in all counties. Once officials are accused of corruption, they are skinned without trial and hung in a telephone booth as a warning. He punished the downfall of officials, such as the aerial printing case and the Guo Huan case, and tens of thousands of people died.

After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, 46 concubines and maids were buried. In the next 70 years, this barbaric system became popular among emperors and kings.

In 402, Judy seized the throne of his nephew, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. The ladies-in-waiting, female officials and eunuchs in Wen Jian Palace were killed several times; He killed 14000 people at one time. He will also kill all veterans loyal to him, such as Fang Xiaoru and others; Fang Xiaoru alone killed 873 people when the "Ten Families" were destroyed!

At the end of Yongle, he slaughtered maids and eunuchs. Nearly 3000 maids were killed in the massacre.

A scuffle in the late Ming dynasty

From Li Zicheng Uprising to San Francisco's suppression of anti-Qing movement, Wu Sangui fought for 54 years.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the population was 100 million. By the Qing Dynasty, there were only140,000 people left in the country, with a sharp drop of more than 80% and a loss of more than 80 million people.

In the first year of Chongzhen, Baguio famine in Shaanxi reached the point where people ate people. The horses of Dashun Army in Li Zicheng drank the blood of prisoners, but they were used to drinking blood and disdained drinking water. On the battlefield, the war horse ran away at the smell of blood, neighing, and his eyes were red like a lion.

The army laid Tongcheng, Anhui Province, and the people ate the pulp in the pot to meet the righteous teacher. A farmer stopped several Dashun soldiers at the city gate and told them what had happened to them. A small Dashun leader said, "Alas, since you are so bitter, why are you still alive?" Killing the old farmer is a joke.

1644 On the ninth day of the eighth lunar month, Zhang captured Chengdu and ordered the massacre for three days. After three days, the killing stopped and more than 100 people were still killed every day. According to the Record of Dropping out of Farming in South Village written by European missionaries Alice and An Siwen, it is not an exaggeration to kill one or two hundred people every day for one year and five months. When the Qing army came, he fled. Before the army fled Chengdu, it carried out a cruel "four-light policy" against Chengdu, killing all Shu people, from ordinary people to their families, and then to Hubei soldiers and Sichuan soldiers in his army. Finally, even the early Qin soldiers who followed him through life and death were killed. After being killed, they were made into cured meat to fill the army's rations. In this respect, they are unique in the history of the China Massacre.

According to the record of Shinto Entering Sichuan in, one night, one of Zhang's youngest sons passed by the imperial court and was told by Zhang to kill him. Next morning, I regretted it. Asked why his wives didn't save him last night, and ordered all the wives and the thugs who killed his youngest son to be killed.

In every place where people were killed, the number of people killed was recorded in detail, including several piles of heads, palms and ears. After Macheng was laid down, Zhang cut off a woman's foot and piled it into a mountain, and took one of his favorite concubines to visit. Yu Ji smiled and said, "It's beautiful, but it's just a fly in the ointment. It is best to have a pair of beautiful feet on it. " Zhang smiled and said, "Your feet are the most beautiful." So I cut off my concubine's feet and put them on the top of the mountain.

, Wenjiang County, due to Zhang

In order to conquer the Han nationality, Manchu has always pursued an established policy: slaughter. This is not the case with Mongols and Koreans. After Nuerhachi's Qing army occupied Liaodong, it first rebelled for fear that the local poor people could not survive, and arrested and killed all the poor people in Liaodong, calling it "killing the poor".

Two years later, the Qing army was afraid that the rich people in Liaodong would resist oppression and almost killed all the rich people in Liaodong, which was called "killing the rich". A * * * killed more than 3 million Liao people, and the Han people in Liaodong were basically exhausted.

Huang Tai broke Jinzhou in three days, killing women and children. Rob Jinan, the city has 130,000 corpses.

Yangzhou city was broken, Yangzhou went to hell, and more than 800,000 people died. More memorable than hell is the scene of people being strangled. Stone: As long as you meet Manchu soldiers, "no matter how many southerners lie down, their necks are cut, and no one dares to escape." A soldier of the Qing Dynasty met nearly 50 strong young people. The soldier shouted, "Man Zi is coming, Man Zi is coming." These people are too scared to move. The Qing soldiers took these people to the execution ground, and no one dared to resist or even run. After arriving at the execution ground, the Qing soldiers shouted: "Kneel down!" Fusang knelt down and let him kill him.

Jiangyin County alone killed 6.5438+0.7 million people, and only 50 people survived in the city. Jiading Santu killed more than 500,000 people.

1649 after the occupation of Xiangtan, Hunan, the massacre; In the same year, the anti-Qing movement in Datong was put down, all the soldiers and civilians in Datong were slaughtered, and all counties and Fenzhou were slaughtered regardless of good or bad. Guangzhou was destroyed on 1650. "The massacre was terrible and there were few residents. Tired of ashes, pedestrians look like snow two or three miles away. "

Zhang massacre Sichuan, the invasion of the Qing army, reduced the population of Sichuan from more than 6 million to 500,000, leaving only about 10%. Throughout China, "there is no village in the county, no home in the village, no perfect family and no perfect wife".

In addition, Manchu killed/kloc-0.00 million Miao people, killed millions of Hui people, and killed the quasi-Boer people in Mobei Mongolia to the last child!

After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, it was extremely cruel to the Zhu clan. Almost all of them were killed except Zhu Yihai, king of Lu, who fled to the Philippines to survive. The eldest son of Emperor Chongzhen was hanged by Dourgen, and the second son was buried among the people for decades, but his identity was inadvertently exposed. He was over seventy years old, and his two sons were still executed by Emperor Kangxi. Although Emperor Li Yong of the Ming Dynasty fled to Myanmar, he was taken back to Yunnan by the Qing Dynasty and his family was killed.

An Baili sectarian riots

In the nine-year-long battle, An Baili Rebels occupied or breached 204 counties, fought against a large number of troops recruited by the Qing government from 16 province, wiped out a large number of Qing troops, and killed more than 400 lieutenant generals including Zhen Xuan and more than 20 first-and second-class officials.

The population of 1786 is 39 1 1 billion. After the failure of the uprising, the population was 275.66 million, and 1. 1 100 million people died.

The Qing government spent 220 million military expenditure, equivalent to four years' fiscal revenue. The uprising greatly weakened the Qing dynasty, and its rule gradually declined.

Taiping rebellion

Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion. In the six years after the uprising, the insurgents only sacrificed more than 4000 people. However, in 1856, Hong Xiuquan used Wei Changhui to kill more than 6,000 people of Yang and his cronies, and killed 20,000 civil servants and officials in two months.

Later, Shi Dakai got used to coming to Tianjing, and Wei Changhui was executed in the Lunar New Year. His body was cut into many pieces, each two inches long, and hung on eye-catching fences everywhere, marked with the words "North rape meat, only allowed to see, not allowed to take", which was really awesome.

"The Change of Hongyang" caused hundreds of thousands of people to be killed.

1864, Zeng Guofan led the Xiang army into Tianjing, killing hundreds of thousands of enemies. More than 30,000 soldiers in Tianjing rarely surrendered, and all died in battle or committed suicide.

When the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was strong, there were at most 1 10,000 people in Nanjing. But after 10 years of shaving and killing, when Guangxu Deng