Summarize the development of the Maritime Silk Road in Han Dynasty.

China has been famous for its silk since ancient times. The ancient Greeks called silk ser, which originated from the pronunciation of the word "silk", and "Seres" (the person who made silk) was later extended to the origin of silk-China. The ancient Greeks once called China Cyrus. After the opening of the Silk Road, China silk was exported to Daqin (that is, the Roman Empire), but it was resold by merchants in an ancient country in West Asia (occupying the present Iranian Plateau and the two river basins). The Romans hoped to find a sea passage to China. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Great Qin paid tribute. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), the State of Daqin paid tribute to Hua Ti. Its color is very handsome, it is six feet high, its tail surrounds its body, its horns are fleshy, its hooves are like lotus flowers, and it is good at walking with greater strength. The specific locations of Xuwen Port in Han Dynasty are Wangtao Port, Mofeng Port, Champo Port, Dashui Port, Tangsan Port, Sandun Port, Gangtou Port, Xindi Port and Liyu Port, with a large area and numerous docks. There is an old saying: "If you want to get rid of poverty, you must learn from it". It means to get rid of poverty and get rich. Just go to Xuwen. It can be seen how busy, prosperous and prosperous it was at that time. The Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty is a true portrayal of China ships sailing in the Indian Ocean through the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. That is, from Xuwen in Guangdong and Hepu in Guangxi to the South China Sea and then to India and Sri Lanka, with Sri Lanka as a transit point. China can buy pearls, colored glasses, strange stones and foreign objects from here. Silk from China can be transported to Rome, thus opening up the Maritime Silk Road. In the ninth year of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 166), "Denton, king of Daqin, sent an envoy to offer ivory, rhinoceros horn and tortoise shell outside the South emblem of Japan." This is the earliest record of direct friendly exchanges between China and European countries. This kind of friendly exchange broke through the transit of Sri Lanka and was directly carried out by connecting the east and west sea routes.

Historical significance

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended Qin Shihuang's policy of "going to peace and harmony" and engaged in foreign commercial exchanges on a large scale. However, according to the shipbuilding technology of the Han Dynasty, no large ship has been built that can withstand the ocean storms, and maritime traffic can only sail offshore. Xuwen county, the southernmost part of Chinese mainland, is the closest to Southeast Asia, so it is safe and reliable to sail around the seaside. Therefore, it became the earliest port for China's overseas business contacts in the Han Dynasty and an important port for the whole Han Dynasty. Modern people call it "the port of origin of the Maritime Silk Road". Sailboats in the Han Dynasty opened a route from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, which was the first ocean-going route in China's history and the earliest overseas trade in the world.

[Edit this paragraph] Documentary records

domestic

The first relatively complete record of the South China Sea and Indian Ocean routes in China's ancient literature can be found in Hanshu Geography: "Starting from Japan, Nanzhangsai (Bijing, now the mouth of Hue Mausoleum in Vietnam), Xuwen (now xuwen county, Guangdong) and Hepu (now Hepu County, Guangxi) are navigable in May, and Duyuanguo (Sumatra) is available; In April, the ship set sail again, and Lu Yi (now near Bago, Myanmar) had no country; Sailing for more than 20 days, leaving the country (now along the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar); It can be walked for more than ten days, and there is Fugan Dulubang (near Beimu in the middle reaches of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar today); From Fukandulu to February, there was Huang Zhiguo (near Madras, India today); Folklore is slightly similar to Zhu Ya. Its state is vast, with many accounts and many foreign bodies. They have existed since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There is an interpreter, Huang Men, who went to sea with the applicant. City pearls, city walls, strange stones and gold are mixed together. Wherever we go, the country depends on food, barbarians and ships, and they are transferred to it, which is also conducive to trading, killing people and being submerged in the storm. Otherwise, it will be paid back for several years. When the area around Dazhu was less than two inches, Emperor Ping was in the Yuan Dynasty, and Wang Mang was in charge. He wanted to show off, leaving a thick legacy to Huang, and ordered the envoy to give birth to a rhinoceros. From Huangzhichuan to Pizong in August (Baiqiang Estuary in Kela Isthmus, Malay Peninsula); The ship can sail in February and reach the border between Rinan (now central Vietnam) and Xianglin (now southern Guangxi and southern Weichuan). To the south of Huangzhi, there is a journey country (now Sri Lanka), and Chinese-English translation has since returned.

transmarine

According to the Natural History written by Pliny (AD 23-79), a knowledgeable scientist in ancient Rome, in the era of Caesar in Rome, four people, including Sri Lankan Raccis, went to Rome by sea. According to Raccis, his father has been to China himself. It is also said that both China and Rome have direct links with Sri Lanka. Pliny also said that Roman nobles "threw themselves into rivers and seas to catch pearls". Roman nobles not only took the jewels for themselves, but also used them to "go to Ju Lushi (China) for cloth (silk)". "According to the lowest calculation, the currency of China (referring to Rome) flows into India, Ju Lushi and Arabia every year, no less than 1 100 million times." Only by going back and forth many times can a large amount of silk be transported to Rome in exchange for the trade volume of "strange stones and foreign bodies" and 100 million companies.

[Edit this paragraph] Site status

study sth on site

According to the information provided by Zhanjiang Library, Xuwen is located at the southernmost tip of Chinese mainland, which was the closest place to Hainan and Southeast Asia at that time. In recent years, a large number of Han dynasty sites have been excavated in this area, including Han bricks, tiles, long live tiles and private seals of the Han dynasty. Huafeng village also found more than 200 Han tombs and a large number of Han artifacts, which proved that this place was relatively prosperous at that time. Experts believe that Xuwen culture in Han Dynasty had a high level of production and its traffic status was very important. At that time, he was a maritime export to Southeast Asia, with rich historical and cultural resources and unique unearthed cultural relics. At present, the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Research and Development Group has included the xuwen county Maritime Silk Road in the South China Sea Silk Road in China, striving to declare the world cultural heritage to UNESCO. Xuwen county also seized this great opportunity, actively created favorable conditions, and put forward three development directions: tropical marine industrial belt, agricultural belt and coastal tourist city at the southernmost tip of Chinese mainland, so as to build it into a world-wide cultural scenic spot. Xuwen county, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, has a long and tortuous coastline, surrounded by blue waves in the east, west and south, and numerous sandbanks. It has been a good port in the South China Sea since ancient times. At the recently concluded seminar on the Maritime Silk Road and China Nangang, nearly 100 famous experts and scholars from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian, Hong Kong and other places visited Xuwen, Guangdong Province, and discussed the related issues of the Maritime Silk Road, and achieved great breakthrough results. Experts agree that Xuwen is one of the original ports of the Maritime Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty through archaeology, site cultural relics investigation and multidisciplinary argumentation. The production level of Xuwen culture in Han Dynasty was relatively high, and its traffic status was very important. At that time, Xuwen was a maritime export to Southeast Asia. A large number of archaeological excavations of Han Dynasty sites, including Han tombs, Han bricks, tiles, long live tiles, private seals of Han Dynasty, etc., proved that this place was relatively prosperous at that time.

development opportunity

At present, the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Research and Development Group has included the xuwen county Maritime Silk Road in the South China Sea Silk Road in China, striving to declare the world cultural heritage to UNESCO. Xuwen county also seized this great opportunity, actively created favorable conditions, and put forward three development directions: building a tropical marine industrial belt, building a tropical agricultural belt, and building the southernmost coastal tourist city in Chinese mainland, so as to build it into a world-class cultural scenic spot.

[Edit this paragraph] Folk culture

Folk culture festival

Xuwen Folk Culture and Art Festival is one of a series of activities to celebrate the 60th anniversary of UNESCO in China. Why is the celebration of UNESCO held in Xuwen? Xuwen is the starting port of the Maritime Silk Road in Han Dynasty. Xuwen is rich in local culture and original ecological culture, and its cultural resources and original ecological culture are well protected. More than 200 tombs of the Han Dynasty and living sites of the Han Dynasty have been discovered in Nanshan Port, where Xuwen's exit port is located. Han bricks and tiles can be seen everywhere in the fields, as well as the earliest preserved China beacon lamp holder, navigation gossip locator, Houguan shrine, Longquan ancient well and so on. A Canadian tourist said: "I am deeply impressed here. The people here are very enthusiastic and rich in culture. I have been here a few years ago, and now Xuwen has changed a lot, which is very different from previous years. " Xuwen folk culture includes red soil culture, marine culture, Central Plains culture, Pearl River culture, Fujian and Zhejiang culture, Xijiang culture and other cultures. The local folk culture and art festival shows its unique cultural charm to the world.

Cultural characteristics

The emergence of any kind of cultural phenomenon, if placed in the perspective of anthropology, is not difficult to find that cultural phenomenon is actually the embodiment of a nation's life experience and psychological experience. In the Han Dynasty, the Guyue people living in xuwen county were faced with enormous survival pressure: miasma, wild animals, thunder and lightning, violent winds and waves, lingering fear left by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's Ping Nan Yue, migration of migrants from the Central Plains, and information of overseas nationalities. This unstable living environment determines the multiple factors of the ancient Vietnamese culture. (1) openness. Openness is manifested in the fact that the ancient Vietnamese not only absorbed the cultures of overseas nationalities, but also formed exchanges with many cultures in the Central Plains. (2) resistance. Cultural resistance is mainly manifested in the cultural conflict of lifestyle. While the ancient Vietnamese openly accepted the overseas culture and the Central Plains culture, at the level of their lifestyle, the local culture clashed with these cultures, which is cultural resistance. (3) compatibility. After some mutual resistance, incompatible cultures gradually enter a relatively stable space-time, which is interrelated, infiltrated, supplemented and germinated, thus forming structural tension within cultures, which is the compatibility between cultures.