Lingnan culture, the evolution of Lingnan culture in Qin and Han Dynasties, the evolution of Lingnan culture in Qin and Han Dynasties

Lingnan culture, the evolution of Lingnan culture in Qin and Han Dynasties, the evolution of Lingnan culture in Qin and Han Dynasties

(1) Qin Shihuang marched into Lingnan.

In 223 BC, Qin Shihuang destroyed Chu, leaving only Qi in the six countries, which was already exhausted and in jeopardy. Qin Shihuang decided to occupy Chu by an army, and the enemy gained the advantage of five mountains. He issued the order of "conquering the king of hundreds of mountains in the south" and appointed Wei Tuju to lead the army to Lingnan. "Huai Nan Zi Ren Xun" has a detailed description of Qin Jun's battle to enter Lingnan: Qin Shihuang sent Wei Tuju to lead 500,000 troops to attack Lingnan in five ways in order to get rhinoceros horn, ivory, jade, pearls and other treasures. Qin's well-equipped victory division, in the fierce battle, the soldiers did not understand the armor for three years and did not loosen the crossbow. In order to transport weapons and food in time, Shi Lu was sent to organize a large number of laborers to dig a canal with foot soldiers to communicate with Xiangjiang River and draw water. In this battle, although Qin Jun killed the monarch Song, the Vietnamese did not surrender. They sneaked into the deep forests, got along with animals, elected a group of brave warriors as leaders, adopted night attack tactics, and finally defeated Qin Jun, killed Wei Tuju, and caused hundreds of thousands of corpses and blood in Qin Jun. Qin Jun's first attack on Lingnan ended in failure, and the people of South Vietnam fully demonstrated their indomitable spirit.

Qin Shihuang sent Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo as generals, commanding 50,000 navy ships and re-entering Lingnan. Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo learned the lesson of Wei Tuju's failure, and adopted the strategy of "soothe both sides". On the one hand, the soldiers entered Lingnan in three ways, from Dayuling, Qitianling and Mengzhuling, but with the navy as the main force, they went down the river from Mianshui to Panyu (now Guangzhou), the hinterland of Lingnan. On the other hand, they adopted a step-by-step method of warfare, built a city to guard against danger every time they occupied a place, implemented a strategy of appeasement to the Vietnamese people, did not kill people easily, and asked foot soldiers to help the people of South Vietnam return to normal production and life as soon as possible, and finally achieved a relatively smooth military victory in reunifying Lingnan.

In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang set up Nanhai County (now most of Guangdong Province), Xiang Jun County (now southwest of Guangdong Province, Hainan Province and south of Guangxi and Red River Delta of Vietnam) and Guilin County (west of Guangdong and most of Guangxi) in Lingnan. At that time, Nanhai County had the highest political, economic and cultural status, so Qin Shihuang specially appointed Ren Tao as the county magistrate of Nanhai, and the county was located in Panyu. Zhao Tuo was appointed as the magistrate of Longchuan County (Nanhai County was composed of Panyu, Sihui, Longchuan and Boluo at that time).

Since then, Lingnan has been incorporated into the administrative system of feudal forces in the Qin Dynasty, ending the historical stage of slavery society and beginning the historical process of the integration of Lingnan culture and Chinese culture in the Central Plains during the feudal society.

(2) The far-reaching significance of Qin's unification of Lingnan.

Qin unified Lingnan, which was the beginning of the development of Lingnan by the first central government in history. Culturally speaking, it should be a new starting point for Lingnan culture to change from primitive to regenerative. Most of the officials stationed in Lingnan counties in Qin Dynasty were loyal to their duties and made great achievements in the development and construction of Lingnan, which laid a good foundation for changing the backward face of Lingnan.

In order to stabilize the situation and develop Lingnan, Qin Shihuang not only ordered the troops that captured Lingnan to stay in Lingnan for a long time, but also ordered hundreds of thousands of so-called "criminals" such as dead people, husbands, Jia and others to be escorted to Lingnan, where they crossed the border. This not only increased the population of Lingnan, increased the labor force and skilled craftsmen needed for development and construction, but also greatly changed the composition of Lingnan population and improved the cultural quality of Lingnan people. Longchuan County, Nanhai County, made Zhao Tuo do an interesting thing and let the garrison settle down in Lingnan. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Hengshan Mountain in Huainan, Zhao Tuo once asked Qin Shihuang for 30,000 women who had no husband's family, thinking that his soldiers would provide clothes. The emperor of the Qin dynasty can be fifteen thousand people. "The so-called" clothing "is to be a wife for unmarried foot soldiers. As a result, Lingnan has added1.5000 new families made up of China people in the Central Plains, which is undoubtedly extremely beneficial to Lingnan, a vast and sparsely populated area.

In fact, most of the hundreds of thousands of criminals sent to Lingnan are innocent and have no serious crimes. The so-called "dead people", that is, fugitives, include nobles, officials and their families and relatives of the six countries after the demise of Qin, and more are civilians who fled against the tyranny of Qin Shihuang; The "father-in-law" is a husband who goes to his wife's house, and "Jia" is a businessman. According to the laws of the Qin Dynasty, these people were criminals who broke the law. Among them, businessmen should also implicate the whole family and descendants who are no longer in business. Such "criminals" include outstanding politicians and officials of the six countries, knowledgeable people, businessmen who are good at commerce and trade, and a large number of farmers and skilled craftsmen who master advanced farming techniques. Most people began to receive education in rites and music in the Zhou Dynasty, and their cultural quality was high, which provided Lingnan with a large number of urgently needed talents in agriculture, handicrafts and school enlightenment. Such "criminals" brought more advanced and colorful Chinese refined and popular culture in the Central Plains to Lingnan people, and cultivated South Vietnamese people in a tangible and intangible way. The ethnic integration, cultural collision, blending and reconstruction of Huaxia and Nanyue nationalities in the Central Plains also began.

In the pre-Qin period, the vast majority of South Vietnamese still lived in clans and tribes, scattered in dense forests and deep mountains, acting in their own way, lacking a complete institutional culture. The Qin Dynasty implemented the county system in Lingnan, and changed the scattered and disorderly South Vietnamese people into counties, marking the end of the chaotic and loose social life of the South Vietnamese people, which undoubtedly provided a powerful social operation mechanism for the social development and cultural progress of Lingnan.

The steep five mountains have caused inconvenience in transportation, freight and interpersonal communication between Lingnan and the Central Plains. At the beginning of Qin Shihuang's unification of Lingnan, he ordered troops and hundreds of thousands of immigrants sent to Lingnan to build several "Equator" (called "New Road" at that time) in many valley areas of Wuling, and built important passes and castles such as Hengpu, Huangxi, Yangshan and Xupu, which made the dangerous places between the north and the south unimpeded and made Lingnan obtain a large number of scarce agriculture. The improvement of the natural barrier between Lingnan and the Central Plains has accelerated the process of cultural exchange, complementarity and integration between the Central Plains and Lingnan, which is more conducive to the transformation of Lingnan culture into regeneration. In particular, Nanhai County, which developed Lingnan earlier, has a relatively dense population and relatively developed economy, and has become the first politically, economically and culturally prosperous area in Lingnan, and Panyu (now Guangzhou) has also been established as the center.

The tyranny of the Qin Dynasty soon shattered Qin Shihuang's eternal dream of a dynasty. Therefore, the political, economic and cultural measures taken by the Qin Dynasty to Lingnan were neither practical nor fully implemented, nor showed obvious effects, but they were an important beginning of a new historical process of Lingnan culture and had far-reaching significance.

(3) Zhao Tuo and the Kingdom of South Vietnam.

Zhao Tuo's Nanyue State was founded in 206 BC (the first year of Emperor Gaozu), and was conquered by the Han army in BC11year (the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan). * * * has existed for 95 years. Among them, Zhao Tuo was in power for 70 years (206- 137 BC), which was a fruitful period for the development of Lingnan society and a good start for the transformation of Lingnan culture from primitive to regenerative.

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country in 22 1 BC, he only became the "first emperor" in 12, and then died. The "eternal dynasty" he dreamed of establishing collapsed three years later (207 BC). Zhao Tuo, the satrap of Longchuan County, Nanhai County, took the opportunity to establish the Kingdom of South Vietnam in the great change of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.

According to Historical Records Biography of Nanyue, Hanshu and Biography of Southwestern Yuechao, Zhao Tuo was born in Zhengding County, Hebei Province. When he was in Qin Ershi, Ren Xiao, commander of Nanhai County, was critically ill and knew that he was dying. He ordered Zhao Tuo from Longchuan County of Nanhai County to be invited to analyze the situation of competing for hegemony in the Central Plains and Qin State to Zhao Tuo, pointing out that Nanhai County is a "dangerous mountain that blocks thousands of miles" and with the help of a large number of people from the Central Plains, it is an ideal place to establish other countries. It is suggested that Zhao Tuo should not lose the opportunity to stand on its own feet as king. Finally, Ren Tao personally wrote down the document appointing Zhao Tuo as the prefect of Nanhai County and handed it to Zhao Tuo. After Ren Tao's death, Zhao Tuo really failed to live up to his expectations. He quickly dispatched his cronies, closed several passes in the north-south passage, killed a group of officials who were still loyal to the Qin dynasty with Qin law, and placed his cronies in various vacancies; Foreign troops captured and annexed Guilin County and Xiangxiang County. In 206 BC, just as Liu Bang ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor and changed to Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo also announced the establishment of the Kingdom of South Vietnam, and established itself as the King of South Vietnam. Panyu is the capital of the kingdom of South Vietnam. This is the earliest independent kingdom in the early days of China's feudal monarchy.

Liu Bang decided to recognize Zhao Tuo's South Vietnamese Kingdom in view of the years of war and the unstable situation in the middle school of Han Dynasty, and the people urgently needed to recuperate. In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu (196 BC), Liu Bang sent Lu Jia to Lingnan to meet Zhao Tuo, officially named Zhao Tuo as the military king of South Vietnam, demarcated the northern border with Changsha, and demanded that Zhao Tuo should make peace with it, so as not to become the scourge of the southern border of the Han Dynasty. Zhao Tuo accepted the title of Emperor Gaozu and was actually a foreign vassal, expressing his willingness to submit to the Han Dynasty. Later, Zhao Tuo opened the northern pass and resumed border trade. The Han Dynasty chartered to supply iron farm tools, cattle, horses and sheep to the Kingdom of South Vietnam. From time to time, South Vietnam also paid homage to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, offering offerings such as elephant training, talking birds (parrots) and treasures.

Liu Bang's policy of peaceful appeasement not only maintained national unity, but also saved the burden of war, which made the situation in Lingnan stable, the Chinese and Vietnamese people live in harmony and the border trade prosperous. This is indeed a wise move. Liu Bang was also satisfied with Zhao Tuo's achievements in managing South Vietnam, praising Zhao Tuo for managing Nanhai County very well when there was chaos in the world. The Central Plains people who moved to Lingnan did not spend money, and the bad habit of Vietnamese attacking each other gradually stopped, all thanks to Zhao Tuo. Unfortunately, after Liu Bang's death, his wife, Lv Hou, came to power, listened to the wrong claim of some short-sighted officials that "please ban South Vietnam's ironware", violated the agreement concluded between Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, and prohibited Han Dynasty businessmen from supplying South Vietnam with important materials such as ironware, horses, cattle and sheep, and then ordered to cut off border trade. Zhao Tuo then took the opportunity to stand on his own feet as emperor, from the South Vietnamese King given the title by Emperor Gaozu to the South Vietnamese Emperor Wu, who was on an equal footing with Emperor Gaozu. He sent troops to capture several counties on the border of Changsha and stationed troops on the border, threatening the security of southern Xinjiang in the Han Dynasty. Lv Hou appointed Long to worry that Hou Zhouzao would lead the army to conquer, which coincided with the hot and humid climate. The foot soldiers are all ill, so they can't cross the Five Mountains, so they have to return in vain. Zhao Tuo, on the other hand, dominated the border by military force and bribed Fujian, Vietnam, Ou, Luojia and other places. He owned property and tried to expand his territory, covering Vandory from east to west, and gave orders as the son of heaven. Lv Hou's prohibition policy was rewarded with a rebellious and powerful enemy, which she had never expected.

In BC 179, Liu Heng, the emperor of China who succeeded to the throne after Lv Hou's death, decided to implement the policy of appeasement to the kingdom of South Vietnam. On the one hand, they sent people to Zhao Tuo's hometown to resettle their brothers, be officials or give gifts, repair the graves of Zhao Tuo's parents, appoint full-time grave keepers and hold sacrifices on time; On the other hand, he sent Lu Jia, who had been sent to South Vietnam during the reign of Emperor Gaozu, appointed him as a doctor in Taizhong, sent him to South Vietnam again, and asked him to take his own personal letter to see Zhao Tuo. Lu Jia accomplished the task brilliantly. Zhao Tuo finally abolished the monarchy, vowed to surrender to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for life, never rebelled, and called himself the emperor. In order to show his loyalty of never rebelling against the Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo specially built a Chaohantai. On the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, he must go to the stage to worship Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty who came from afar. According to experts' research, at present, on Xianggang Mountain in Jiefang North Road, Guangzhou, the ruins of Chaohantai in those days are still discernible. The story of "Zhao Tuo returned to Han" has also become an eternal beauty talk of Lingnan people.

Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam for 70 years, made outstanding achievements and contributed to the transformation of Lingnan culture. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects.

First, the implementation of the county system has gradually transformed the tribal residents who were not affiliated with each other into the editors and people of the South Vietnamese Kingdom, enlivened the lives of social groups, enhanced the overall strength of developing Lingnan, and accelerated the development of Lingnan's economic and cultural life. Zhao Tuo was a general of the Central Plains sent to Lingnan by the Qin Dynasty. When he was appointed as Longchuan county magistrate after entering Lingnan, he actively promoted the Longchuan county system made by Qin, which was quite effective and appreciated. Zhao Tuo, as the queen of South Vietnam, quickly accepted the title of Emperor Gaozu and surrendered to the Han Dynasty, while Liu Bang basically followed the county system of the Qin Dynasty, the so-called "Han followed Qin system". Since Zhao Tuo voluntarily became a vassal of the Han Dynasty, he naturally followed the Han system in his own kingdom. In fact, the establishment, official titles and responsibilities of administrative officials and organizational systems at all levels in Nanyue King are the same as those in the counties under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. As a kingdom, its scale, rank, specifications, bureaucracy, authority, etc. Like the kingdom with the same surname and different surnames (internal princes) in the Han Dynasty. Zhao Tuo tried to follow some policies, decrees and rules adopted by the Han Dynasty. In order to advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly, Emperor Gaozu once issued a decree stipulating that all elderly people over 70 years old can get the honor of giving sticks in the name of the emperor, which has since become a system. Zhao Tuo's Nanyue Kingdom also formulated a system of sending sticks to the elderly in the name of Nanyue King.

In order to resist Lv Hou, Zhao Tuo annexed Fujian, Vietnam, Xi 'ou and Luoyue, extended its territory to eastern Fujian and southwestern Guangxi, and incorporated all Lingnan people into counties except Nanhai County. At that time, it played a role of harmony, unity and enlightenment that was difficult to achieve in the Han Dynasty. This provides the necessary conditions for the continuous improvement of the unbalanced social development in Lingnan.

Secondly, a more enlightened ethnic policy was formulated, which ensured the harmonious intersection and integration of Han and Vietnamese ethnic groups, greatly improved the cultural quality of Lingnan indigenous ethnic groups, further exchanged and integrated the cultures of China and South Vietnam, and created a suitable environmental atmosphere.

Although Zhao Tuo is a Chinese in the Central Plains, he seems to have no national prejudice against Vietnamese. From the beginning of entering Lingnan, he and Ren Tao paid attention to and gathered hundreds of Vietnamese, and adopted a friendly appeasement policy towards the conquered South Vietnamese people. Because of this, Zhao Tuo was able to win the support of the people of the Central Plains and South Vietnam at the grim moment of chaos and untold sufferings at the end of the Qin Dynasty, seal off customs and recruit soldiers, capture Guilin and Xiangjun, and establish itself as the kingdom of South Vietnam. Zhao Tuo respected the customs of the people of South Vietnam and took the lead in living and handling political affairs according to the customs of South Vietnam as much as possible during his self-reliance as the military king of South Vietnam. He claimed to be "Man Zi Big", changed to cross-dressing, "abandoned the crown belt" and "bun" (sitting with his legs spread apart in a high bun), and did not feel humble. Zhao Tuo also took the lead in marrying Li Yue women and encouraged China people in the Central Plains and South Vietnamese people to intermarry. At that time, this was indeed a bold and enlightened measure. Perhaps Zhao Tuo didn't realize that this decision greatly accelerated the integration process between China and South Vietnam, and initiated a precedent for a large number of immigrants from the Central Plains to enter Lingnan and intermarry with indigenous people in the Jin Dynasty.

Zhao Tuo also actively runs schools, encourages South Vietnamese to read and write, and pays attention to training, promoting and appointing South Vietnamese to participate in political management and serve as officials at all levels. Zhao Tuo was still conquering Luo Ren in Xiang Jun County, and Queen Anyang boldly appointed two envoys of King Anyang, who were responsible for the major policies of Jiaodian and Jiuzhen respectively.

Zhao Tuo's enlightened ethnic policy is mainly to respect the living customs of the people of South Vietnam, not to implement harsh laws and regulations, not to force uniformity, but to be flexible, relaxed and guided, thus promoting the stability of Lingnan society. "Zhongxian people don't spend what they lose, and Cantonese people criticize each other, which is beneficial" (Han Di Ji).

Third, the South Vietnamese people's awareness of striving for progress has been constantly strengthened, and they have the courage to accept the advanced culture of the Chinese nation in the Central Plains and the Han Dynasty, which has accelerated the process of moving towards feudal civilization. In addition to concluding a friendly and mutual market agreement with the Han Dynasty to ensure the supply of iron farm tools, tools, cattle and other means of production urgently needed by South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo also established handicrafts such as iron smelting and ironmaking, actively promoted advanced agricultural farming techniques, and gradually changed the backward state of "fire farming and water farming". From top to bottom, we gradually implemented a series of measures to improve the cultural quality of the people of South Vietnam, such as the etiquette and music regulations of the Han Dynasty and the promotion of Chinese characters. During the nearly 100-year-long period of Nanyue State, China's advanced culture gradually penetrated into all aspects of Nanyue people's social life from material to spirit, resulting in obvious effects of changing customs and identifying with China culture. So far, among the tombs excavated in Guangzhou during the period of Nanyue State, there are no existing tombs buried by Nanyue people alone, but all of them are tombs buried by two ethnic groups in South Vietnam according to their different levels and status. All the funerary objects are from China and South Vietnamese.

Happily, in June of 1983, the tomb of Zhao Mei, the heir (grandson) of Zhao Tuo, the literary king of South Vietnam, was found in Xianggang, the north gate of the old city of Guangzhou. The tombs have not been excavated or destroyed, thus providing us with a complete picture of the cultural development level during the period of Nanyue State. From the structure of the tomb and all the funerary objects, it can be confirmed that during the period of Nanyue Kingdom, it still maintained a relatively strong South Vietnamese cultural characteristics, but it clearly showed the main features of Chinese culture.

The tomb of Wang Wen in Nanyue is the largest, highest-grade and highest-specification stone tomb of Han Dynasty found in Lingnan area at present. The total area of the tomb is about 1 1,000 square meters. In addition to the main tomb of Zhao Mei, the king of South Vietnam, there are six tombs of martyrs and funerary objects. Zhao's rotten bones are almost intact, with a set of silk clothes, several iron swords hanging around his waist, Yu Pei wearing a gold hook on his head and a string of jade beads hanging on his chest. The jade clothes are covered with dozens of big jade treasures with a diameter of about 30 cm. There are also eight gold, jade and ivory seals around the skeleton, one of which is a huge golden seal with the words "Wendy Xing Xi" engraved on it; Another imperial seal engraved with the words "Zhao Mei" clearly shows the identity of the owner of the tomb. Among the other six tombs, there are 1000 pieces of gifts, music, wine vessels, utensils, eating utensils, bamboo and wood vessels, lacquerware and silk products. It was cleared. These include complete musical instruments, such as bronze chimes and stone chimes. What is more noteworthy is that the evil custom of human martyrdom, which was explicitly prohibited as early as the reign of Emperor Gaozu, still exists in South Vietnam. Seven skeletons were found in the tomb, namely concubines, chefs, maids and slaves. All these people are undoubtedly victims of the cruel burial system.

In some tombs of princes in China, gold thread jade clothes, silver thread jade clothes and copper wire jade clothes have been found. Silk jade clothes were first discovered in the tomb of King Wen of South Vietnam. Reminiscent of a large number of silk fabrics in the tomb, we can see that silk weaving in Lingnan area was quite developed at that time, but it was still a precious thing, so the jade clothes worn by the king after his death would be made of jade pieces with silk. From the analysis of a large number of ritual vessels, music, wine vessels and seals, the upper ruling class in Lingnan was quite sinicized at that time, but the preservation of the tomb system showed that the remnants of slavery in Lingnan still existed. Judging from the fine craftsmanship of various utensils, the technological level and handicraft industry in Lingnan area reached the advanced domestic level at that time.

Perhaps at that time, the achievements and level of Lingnan's material culture and spiritual culture could only be reflected in the upper class of the ruling class, but everything in the tomb of Nanyue Wang Wen was, after all, a great creation of the people. In order to let more people in the whole country know about the splendid culture of Nanyue and better protect the priceless treasure of this ancient tomb, Guangzhou * * * allocated special funds to build the Nanyue King Tomb Museum at the original site of Tomb 1988, which was opened to the outside world and made Guangzhou, an ancient and modern southern cultural city, more attractive.

(4) The cultural significance of the unification of Lingnan by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Zhao Tuo won the long-term prosperity and stability of the kingdom of South Vietnam and created a dazzling cultural landscape in Lingnan with his outstanding political talent and the spirit of "sleepless nights, unwilling to eat, regardless of people's color, regardless of the sound of bells and drums" (Biography of the Southwestern Guangdong Dynasty). But since his death, the kingdom of South Vietnam has no heir. Zhao Wei, a mediocre and cowardly grandson, succeeded to the throne as King Wen, who was in office for only ten years. After Zhao Mei's death, his son Zhao () succeeded to the throne, but he didn't even keep it. Zhao Qiying was originally a hostage given to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty when Zhao Mei was in office (this was the system that the Western Han Emperor restricted the governors). After he acceded to the throne, he soon indulged in luxury and debauchery, and died very early (BC 1 13, Emperor Ding Yuan was four years old). Zhao Xing, the son of a Chinese wife, succeeded to the throne, but armed rebellion broke out under the planning of the powerful Lv Jia Group. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops into Vietnam, which quickly put down the rebellion and banned the kingdom of South Vietnam. BC 1 1 1, the kingdom of South Vietnam perished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided Lingnan into nine counties: Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaodian, Jiuzhen, Rinan, Yuer and Zhu Ya. After 95 years of direct rule from the Han Dynasty, Lingnan finally returned.

The return of Lingnan to the Han Dynasty has far-reaching cultural significance.

The establishment of Nanyue State is actually a split phenomenon after Qin unified Lingnan. Liu Bang allowed Zhao Tuo to be king, which is an expedient measure under the current situation. Although Zhao Tuo recognized the ruling authority of the Han Dynasty and claimed to be a foreign vassal, South Vietnam was not an administrative region directly under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. As long as they don't rebel against the Han Dynasty, create border troubles and pay tribute according to regulations, the Han Dynasty doesn't ask about the government affairs of South Vietnam. The strength of the rise and fall of South Vietnam mainly depends on the effectiveness of the governance and decision-making of the rulers of South Vietnam. Lingnan culture lags far behind Chinese culture in the Central Plains. Weak social foundation, backward agricultural production, low people's cultural quality and isolated geographical position make it difficult for them to accelerate social and economic development independently. Although the Han Dynasty could support and help the economic and cultural development of Lingnan, it was also a powerful restraining force, which made Zhao Tuo feel an ever-present threat. For example, during Lv Hou's dictatorship, Zhao Tuo's reaction was extremely sensitive and fierce. In fact, it has also dealt a great blow to the economic and social life of Lingnan.

Although South Vietnam has an excellent seaport, advanced shipbuilding and navigation technology, and certain advantages in overseas trade and cultural exchanges, it is extremely deficient in resources, markets and talents only by relying on Lingnan, and it is difficult to achieve great development. South Vietnam urgently needs iron to develop agriculture. In the early days, we could only rely on the supply of the Han Dynasty, but it was far from enough. I had to come from Guizhou and Sichuan to supplement it. Although some iron mines were discovered in the later period and their own iron smelting and ironmaking industry was established, the scale and quantity could not meet the needs of large-scale transformation of "fire-ploughing water tanks".

Although Zhao Tuo has implemented a relatively loose ethnic policy, it has also made great achievements. The closed and exclusive consciousness of the South Vietnamese people who have been independent for a long time cannot be transformed and disappeared in a short time; The tragic sight of Tibetan troops marching into Lingnan in the early Qin Dynasty is still deeply imprinted in the hearts of the people of South Vietnam. Hundreds of thousands of Zhongyuan people sent by Qin Shihuang to Lingnan were forced to enter Lingnan with fear, which inevitably brought some reluctance and different degrees of national prejudice. In addition, Lv Jia, an aristocrat of the State of Yue, who was already in Zhao Tuo's official residence, continued to hold the high position of prime minister among several generations of kings after Zhao Mo, the king of South Vietnam, resulting in the influence of the upper aristocratic group of South Vietnam and eventually leading to the collapse of the kingdom of South Vietnam. It shows that there was a lack of natural foundation and conditions for harmonious ethnic relations at that time.

The restoration of Lingnan to Han Dynasty was the reign of Emperor Gaozu Liu Che after the Western Han Dynasty experienced "the rule of cultural scenery". There are two characteristics and achievements in the martial arts of Emperor Wen Zhi of the Han Dynasty. First, accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", so that Confucianism can develop into a Confucian classic, become the theoretical principle and ideological core of realizing and safeguarding national unity politics and ethics, and make a groundbreaking decision for developing into the dominant spirit of Chinese national culture in the future. The second is to strengthen national strength, expand territory and develop foreign relations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the Huns, pacified the Qiang people in the west, conquered Korea, conquered the southwest, communicated with the western regions, and opened up the Northwest Silk Road from Xi 'an via Xinjiang (the ancient western regions) to Rome in West Asia, which made the reputation of the Han Dynasty spread far and wide, and the Chinese nation was regarded as the Han nationality by Chinese and foreign ancestors (Lv Zhenyu: A Brief History of China Nationalities). Therefore, the return of Lingnan to Han is of far-reaching significance to the development of Lingnan culture.

In terms of institutional culture, the establishment of nine counties in Lingnan has stabilized and improved the county system initiated by Qin in Lingnan, which lasted for more than two thousand years. It can be said that it originated in Qin and became in Han, thus ensuring the realization and development of Lingnan regenerative culture with Han culture as the main body.

In terms of ideology and culture, the Han Dynasty was able to use powerful administrative means to set up imperial college institutions to instill and spread Confucian culture. As a result, many Lingnan people were educated by Confucian culture and gradually cultivated the concept of a unified country with feudal kingship orthodoxy as the core. It also trained a group of successful talents for the Han Dynasty. According to A Brief History of Guangdong edited by Fang Zhiqin, Jiang Zuyuan, Panyu people such as Deng Mi and Mianyang people such as How Dan were Lingnan people who were recorded as "studying locally and living" in the Western Han Dynasty. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, not only the official school had taken root in Lingnan, but also the private school began to be established. Qu Dajun's Yue Xin Yu Min Yu strongly advocated being a taxi in the early years of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "And for column county four brothers, male long a state. Partial to Wan Li, hundred pretty shock suit ". Administrative officials at all levels appointed by the Han Dynasty to Lingnan also actively instilled Confucian ethics into Lingnan civilians, effectively changing the backward state of Lingnan's "simple folk customs" and "ignorance of learning righteousness and laziness in training" (Biographies of Officials in the Later Han Dynasty and Biographies of Luan Ba).

In terms of material culture, it has also developed rapidly.

In agriculture, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established a salt and iron monopoly institution in Lingnan, a newly established county, he ensured that iron farm tools from the Central Plains, Jingchu and Bashu were continuously imported into Lingnan, which made the cultivated land area in Lingnan expand continuously and greatly improved the farming technology. In Panyu area, besides the extensive use of cattle and iron farm tools, there are also some irrigation and drainage facilities. Rice production has increased from one season to two seasons a year. Sugarcane, fruit and other cash crops have made great progress in variety and quantity, among which longan, litchi and other Lingnan characteristic fruits have also become designated tributes. Lingnan's diversified agricultural culture, which mainly focuses on rice and also engages in a variety of cash crops, was formed after the return to Han Dynasty.

Commercially, Lingnan has been very active, but it is greatly restricted by the closed pattern of southern Xinjiang. As it once again became the administrative region of a unified country in the Han Dynasty, the traffic between the north and the south was smooth, and the advantages of commercial activities quickly emerged. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Panyu was one of the nineteen cities in China and one of the nine commercial cities in China. Geography of Hanshu specifically mentioned that there are many rhinoceros, elephants, poisonous turtles, pearls, silver, copper, fruits and cloth gathered here, and merchants who went to China (Central Plains) made a fortune. Panyu is one of the cities. "At that time, Panyu (now Guangzhou) was already a bustling city with a population of 100,000, and there were many Chinese and foreign businessmen. Among the profit-seekers, there was a saying that "crossing the border in the south and crossing the border in the north". The port cities Xuwen and Hepu, which were developed in the early days, were not only welcomed by businessmen who hoped to get rid of poverty and become rich, but also became the earliest seaports where Emperor Wu organized large merchant fleets to cross the ocean for many times to realize commercial transactions and cultural exchanges. It was only when the Han Dynasty became the center of Lingnan that it was possible to set up a Huangmen translator in Panyu, which quickly became a commodity distribution center at home and abroad, to be responsible for foreign trade. Only Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with his extraordinary talent and great power, can organize a huge merchant fleet to cross the South China Sea from Hepu and Xuwen, and directly reach India, Sri Lanka, Huang Zhi, Bucheng and other seven countries, thus realizing China's largest overseas trade and cultural exchange. Only on this basis can we get through the Maritime Silk Road starting from Guangzhou in Lingnan. The pioneering, pragmatic, business-oriented and overseas cultural advantages in Lingnan culture have also taken an extremely important step.

Looking back at the Lingnan culture after the restoration of Han Dynasty, due to being brought into the powerful unified track of feudal autocracy and relying on the deep-rooted support of Han culture, it began to form the main advantages and characteristics of Lingnan culture in its early days, such as openness, compatibility, pluralism, practicality and valuing business.