Who has information about wolves?

Latin scientific name: canine lupus

English name: Wolf, grey wolf

Species characteristics: The largest dog in Canidae looks like a German shepherd, with a body length of 1500-2050 mm, a shoulder height of 50-70 cm and a weight of 26-79 kg. Strong limbs, suitable for running; The snout is slightly sharp; Ears erect; The tail hair is long and fluffy. The upper body is generally light yellow, dark yellow, grayish brown and light gray, but the latter two coat colors are mostly black and white. The abdomen and the inside of the limbs are white, but the coat color of the limbs and the inside of the abdomen is light. Due to different habitats and seasonal changes, the coat color is often different. Five toes on the front foot and four toes on the back foot. There are many black hairs on the shoulders and tails, and there are various habitats, such as moss, ice fields, grasslands, forests and deserts. Wolves in the north often live in groups in winter and have a social structure; In summer, we live in a small family. The site scope is160-350km2. He has a fierce temperament and mainly preys on rabbits, large rodents, deer, all kinds of wild sheep, birds and fish. Mating in February-March, pregnant for 60-63 days, with an average of 7 offspring per fetus.

Distribution: It is widely distributed in the world, but the distribution area of wolves has been greatly reduced, especially in North America and Western Europe. Wolves are distributed in all provinces and regions except Taiwan Province Province and Hainan Island, but they are mainly distributed in areas with low population density in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Tibet. Habitat and habits wolves are highly adaptable. Habitat range includes tundra, grassland, forest, desert, farmland and other habitats. Altitude does not limit its distribution. Wolves are widely distributed and have a high density in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Wolves are widely distributed in temperate grassland areas, such as Mongolian grassland (including Dongfang and Kent provinces in Mongolia, and Hu Meng and Ximeng in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China). Wolves like to live under the conditions of less human interference, abundant food and certain concealment. In North China, Central China, South China and other provinces, the activities of wolves are limited to the mountainous environment, which is not suitable for the narrow environment developed by human beings. The distribution of wolves in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces is also limited to mountainous areas.

Mainly distributed in provinces: Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang.

Distributed in the following protected areas: Baishui River in Xinglong Mountain, Tiantangzhai (Gansu) Burgen Beaver Snow Ridge Spruce Tomur Peak Xishui Fan Jingshan Dongzhai Bird Jiyuan Macaque Jigong Mountain Baotianman (Neixiang) Red River Xingkai Lake Jiugongshan Shennongjia Houhe Bamian Mountain Momoge Poyang Lake Wuyishan (Jiangxi) Taohongling Jinggangshan Old Bald Head Old Bald Head Luoshan Liupanshan (Ningxia) Qinghai Lake Bird Island Pangquangou Taibai Mountain Foping Wolong Jinfo Mountain Mangkang Yunnan Golden Monkey is all around.

Lakes are distributed in the following mountains: Altun Mountain Altun Mountain Zhongtiao Mountain Dabie Mountain Guandi Mountain Helan Mountain Karakorum Mountain Kunlun Mountain-West Kunlun Mountain-East Kunlun Mountain-China Xiangshan Wutai Mountain Liupanshan Luya Mountain Taiyue Mountain Liang Qingfeng Qinling Tianshan Junggar Boundary Mountain and its valley Pamirs Funiu Mountain Poyang Lake Kunlun Mountain.

Living habits: wolves live or live alone. In the breeding season, small groups are integrated, and in winter, wolves tend to form larger groups to prey on ungulates in the Taiga forest area of North America. In Alaska, there are 36 largest wolves, but generally there are no more than 20. The largest group in China is 2 1. Wolves vary greatly in size, often due to different seasons and predation. The food composition of wolves is very diverse, and all the animals that can be caught are their food, including birds, amphibians and insects. Wolves occasionally eat plant food. Wolves like to eat wild and domestic ungulates. The phenomenon of wolves eating people has also been reported at home and abroad, but it only happens under special circumstances.

Demographic Status: China is one of the countries with a large wolf population. But the number of wolves has never been systematically investigated, so it is difficult to get a rough figure. Recently, an accurate survey of wolves in Hulunbeier grassland of Inner Mongolia shows that the number of wolves does not exceed 2000. The population number of wolves in northwest China has not been reported.

Risk factors: wolves have been listed as endangered species in some countries because of their small number. But in many countries, it is not included in the protection of animals. In some countries, including China, the distribution area of wolves has been reduced due to the destruction of habitats. For a long time in China, wolves were eliminated as pests and were rewarded for encouraging the killing of pests. Coupled with the shrinking habitat, the number of wolves has decreased significantly in recent decades, and many wolves in the past have disappeared. The wolf's fur is of good quality, and some of its organs are used as medicine, which is also a factor leading to hunting.

Artificial feeding: wolves are widely distributed, with common species, and there are not many zoos at home and abroad to watch. Wolf Park in lafayette, Indiana, USA once raised 150 wolves, which is the place with the largest number of wolves in the world. The number of wolves raised in China is unknown.

Existing protection measures: At present, wolves in Mexico are classified as wild extinction (EW), wolves in Portugal and Spain are classified as low-risk (LR/cd), and wolves in Italy are classified as vulnerable (VU)(IUCN, 1996). The International Convention on Endangered Species (CITES) lists wolves as Appendix II species, and the wolf populations in Bhutan, Nepal, India and Pakistan as Appendix I species. This shows the importance attached to protecting wolves. Influenced by the long-standing concept, the current laws in China do not protect wolves. On the contrary, it is still generally believed that wolves are harmful animals and should be eliminated.

Suggestions on protection measures: 1) Carry out scientific research, comprehensively investigate the population number and subspecies differentiation of wolves in China, find out the distribution and population status of wolves, scientifically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, and thus formulate a series of protection and control measures.

2) To strengthen legal management, we should consider prohibiting the arbitrary killing of wolves. In areas where wolves are seriously endangered, taking necessary measures to control the number of wolves must also be carried out in a leading and organized manner on the basis of expert evaluation.

3) Strengthen international cooperation, especially with China's neighboring countries such as CIS, Mongolia, India, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Subspecies differentiation:

Kenai Peninsula Wolf Kenai Shan Lang Wolf (extinct)

Dog Wolf (Melville Island Wolf, Arctic Wolf) Arctic Wolf.

Mexican wolf Mexican wolf

Newfoundland Wolf (extinct)

Banks island tundra wolf

Colombian wolf

Vancouver island wolf

Shan Lang Falls

hudson bay wolf

Grey wolf (Manitoba wolf) Manitoba wolf

North Rocky Mountain Wolf (North Rocky Mountain Wolf) North Rocky Shan Lang.

Labrador retriever (Labrador wolf)

Alexander wolf

Eastern timberwolves.

Dog lupus Mackenzie (Mackenzie tundra wolf) Michigan tundra wolf

Baffin island tundra wolf.

The extinction of Mogolon Shan Lang.

Texas grey wolf (extinct)

Great plains wolf, buffalo wolf.

Western Wolf (Mackenzie Valley Wolf) Michigan Valley Wolf

Wolf (Greenland wolf) Greenland wolf

Alaska wolf (inland Alaska wolf)

Canine lupus tundra rum (Alaska tundra wolf) Alaska tundra wolf

Southern Rocky Shan Lang Southern Rocky Shan Lang Wolf (Extinction)

Tundra Wolf (Europe)

arabian wolf

Siberian plain wolf

Dog wolf (central Russian wolf) Russian wolf.

Sea Wolf in Cuban Dogs (Caspian Sea Wolf)

Spanish wolf Spanish wolf (extinct)

Japanese wolf Japanese wolf (extinct)

Wolves of the continent (extinct)

Italian wolf

Tibetan wolf Chinese wolf

Egyptian wolf

Nomenclatural subspecies (Europe and Russia)

Little wolf dog (Austro-Hungarian wolf)

Indian Wolf, Iranian Wolf, Asian Wolf.

Iberian wolf

Related information: the current situation of wolves in the world

The state with the largest distribution of wolves in the United States is Alaska. According to the investigation in the 1980s, the number of wolves is up to 5000 ~ 6500. Since the 1990s, the population has increased to 7000. There are about 2000 wolves in Minnesota, 40 in Wisconsin and 30 in Michigan. In Alaska, wolves still cover 85% of the state's total area, almost equal to the historical distribution. In the past few decades, Alaska has suspended the state-wide wolf control program of government departments. The restrictions on hunting wolves have been strengthened, and poisoning and air pursuit are prohibited. The wolf hunting bonus issued by the government was cancelled, and the activities of hunting and trapping wolves were controlled. The state legislature has also designated a large national park in the state, where wolves are completely protected. The ADF&G organization warned that the increase in the number of wolves has also brought various unfavorable factors. Due to the increase in the number of wolves, the number of animals available for hunting in many important areas has decreased significantly. For example, the number of reindeer in the delta decreased from 10700 in 1989 to 5000 ~ 6000 in 1992. Studies have shown that wolves and grizzly bears are the main culprits of this decline. Therefore, ADF&G established the "Alaska Wolf Management Planning Team" in 1992, and formulated a series of measures to reduce the number of wolves to an appropriate level. However, due to the media boycott, the public opposed the plan. They can't believe that the number of wolves will remain stable or increase after the implementation of the plan, rather than becoming extinct. Therefore, Wolves originally planned to implement it in 1993.

Canada Canada is one of the countries with the largest number of wolves in the world and is called "the largest wolf bank in the world" by scientists. Wolves were once widely distributed in Canada, Arctic Islands and vancouver island, but human activities-agricultural activities, unfavorable wildlife hunting laws and regulations, indifference to wildlife protection awareness, and other persecution. Interfere with the survival of wolves. Therefore, the number and distribution range of wolves are greatly reduced. Although there are no exact statistics on the number of wolves, pioneers and people on farms near the wilderness firmly believe that this decline does exist, and the report of the official wildlife management agency also confirms this. In the past, people killed wolves in large numbers by shooting and setting traps. In 1950s and 1960s, some regional and provincial government departments also poisoned wolves on a large scale. The government allows hunters to set traps to catch wolves at will, and the Canadian Fur Research Institute also guides these wolf catchers to adopt appropriate methods to catch wolves, so that wolf skins can be exported to European member States smoothly. Now, this trend has been reversed, and wolves have been found in all places suitable for wolves to live. Coverage accounts for about 86% of their past distribution. According to the density statistics and the distribution map of wolves made by the relevant departments in various jurisdictions and scientists who have been engaged in wolf research for a long time, the number of wolves in Canada is about 50,000 to 60,000. Wildlife managers report that in most regions and provinces, the number of wolves remains stable or growing.

In the last decade, the number of wolves killed in Canada has dropped sharply, and this trend is still continuing. 1983 is expected to kill 3,738 wolves, and 1990 is expected to kill 2,285 wolves, a decrease of 40%. The reason is that with the transformation of the social and economic model in the northern region, the number of people who make a living by hunting wolves has greatly decreased. The areas with the most obvious decline in hunting numbers are Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Columbia. Among them, Ontario accounted for 70% of the total decline, from 1.983/.300 to 1.990' s 350. In addition, the management of wolves in Canada is no longer restricted. The wolf management department of the government has begun to educate people to understand the status of wolves in nature, the significance of protecting their habitat and the number of wolves, and try to reduce the conflict between wolves and humans. In people's minds, wolves are no longer the "bloody howl" in fables that have been circulated for centuries. On the contrary, Canadians now regard wolves as symbols of the wilderness and hold them in high esteem. At present, wolves are protected to some extent at least in some areas, with a total area of about 265438+.

Mexican Mexican wolf is a subspecies distributed in the southernmost part of North America, mainly concentrated in a narrow range in northwest Mexico, with a number of about 50.

There are about 2500 wolves in Romania, mainly distributed in the central Carpathian mountains; In addition, there are 50 wolves living in the forest lowlands in the southeast. In severe winter, wolves migrate from Carpathian mountains or Ukraine to the lowlands in southern Romania. The main prey of local wolves are wild boar (susscrofalinneaus) and roe deer (copreoluscapredus). Romania has no laws to protect wolves. Because wolf skins are valuable in the local area, hunting is allowed all year round. But no poisoning measures were taken. According to official records, it is estimated that about 250 wolves are killed every year (note:110 of the total). The government gave the hunter a $5 bonus for killing a wolf. Recently, the government has begun to study and determine how many wolves are suitable for the local ungulate population (mainly sika deer) to survive forever. Yes

In Hungarian history, there were wolves in parts of northern Hungary. In 907 ~ 1908, wolves were shot. At present, wolves can only be seen in eastern Hungary. According to hunting and observation records, the number of wolves is 1920 ~ 1930. The number of wolves has increased again In recent years, a small wolf population has been re-established in central and southern Hungary through breeding. This area is mainly larch (Larix pinusgmelini) forest, where dense young forests grow, providing good habitats and hidden conditions for wolves. This pup population established in Hungary can improve the population quality together with the populations in neighboring countries, such as Slovakia. In Hungary, wolves prey on red deer, wild goats and livestock, but they will be affected.

Before the Second World War in Slovakia, wolves were almost extinct all over Slovakia, but the number of wolves increased in the Second World War. After the war, hunters controlled the number of wolves by killing and poisoning a lot. 1975 established a national park, and Slovakia protected wolves for the first time, and stipulated that wolves should not be hunted for six months from March 1 to September 15 every year. The number of wolves in Slovakia has grown to about 300, which is the largest population in the past 200 years. The biggest difficulty in protecting wolves is that people's ideas about wolves need to be changed. In Slovakia, wolves prey on red deer, roe deer, wild boar and wild goats. In alpine pastoral areas, wolves are hunted as soon as they appear. There are no forests in western Slovakia, so it is difficult for wolves to survive in densely populated areas. Wolves in non-protected areas have bonuses for hunting a wolf. The government provides wolf hunters with wages equivalent to about three weeks. The annual hunting amount of wolves is about 120 (accounting for 40% of the total), which really kills too many wolves. In addition, wolves are infected with rabies and attack people from time to time, so they are killed in large numbers. There is no official management plan at present.

There are about 2000 wolves living in the mountains of central Yugoslavia, and rabies has also been found in Slovenia to southwestern Yugoslavia, but the wolves have been controlled. In Bosnia, a research project was carried out near Sarajevo, but due to years of civil war in recent years, the plan could only be postponed. The mortality rate of wolves is very high, but the population dynamics of wolves here are almost unknown because of the interruption of research work.

Russia has found a stable population of 400 ~ 500 wolves in Chukchi Peninsula in northeast Siberia. The number of wolves has increased in Tammur Peninsula, but decreased in kamchatka peninsula. 1980, wolves, wolverines (gulogulolinnaeus) and snow sheep (ovisnivicolaeschscholtz) were illegally killed by helicopters once. Helicopter poaching has been stopped; Due to the obvious change of climate, about 65,438+02,000 reindeer (rangifertaranduslinnaeus) provide sufficient food sources for wolves. /kloc-in October, due to the large number of reindeer on Rangel Island in the United States, 3 females and 2 males were introduced from Chukchi Peninsula to control the number of reindeer.

The number of wolves in Middle East countries is as follows: about 30 in Egypt (Sinai), about 300-600 in Arabia, 200 in Jordan, 0/00-/50 in Israel, 0/0 in Lebanon, 200-500 in Syria, and no more than/kloc-0 in Iran.

The former Soviet Union once had a vast territory, and the number of wolves exceeded that of any other country in the world. At the beginning of this century, with the development of economy, the distribution of wolves has been expanding. After World War II, the number of wolves reached as high as 150000, the Soviet Union killed 62600 in 1946, and Russia alone killed 40000. At the end of 1960s, the population dropped to1million.

There are two subspecies of wolves in India: the grey wolf (canislupuschanco) and the Indian wolf (canislupuspallipes). The former is only distributed in the high altitude areas of Himalayan mountains in northern India, while the latter is distributed in arid and semi-arid grasslands. The number of wolves in India is estimated to be 1, 000 ~ 2,000. This number is less than that of Indian tigers [8]. However, as the main carnivore in India and the main species in grassland-shrub areas, wolves have not received due attention and protection. Although the Indian wolf is listed as an endangered species and protected by law, because wolves in most parts of India feed on small domestic animals such as goats and sheep, every time a wolf eats a sheep, it is a huge economic loss for local poor herders, and it is difficult for legal constraints to play their due role. People smoke a wolf's den and kill its young when it becomes a wolf.

China and China used to be one of the countries with the largest number of wolves. But the number of wolves has never been systematically investigated, so it is difficult to get an accurate number. A recent survey on the population number of wolves in Hulunbeier grassland of Inner Mongolia shows that the number of wolves does not exceed 2000. At present, the areas that produce the most wolves are still northwest, Inner Mongolia, northeast and parts of Xinjiang. However, due to the serious destruction of habitats and the long-term hunting of human beings, the distribution area of wolves in China has been greatly reduced, from the previous national distribution to the area north of 30 degrees north latitude, which is basically a block distribution, and has basically become extinct in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Even in the northern forest areas and grasslands, wolves are only occasionally seen. There is no reserve specially set up to protect wolves.

IUCN -SSC Wolf Expert Group 1993 held the first international conference on wolf protection in Stockholm, Sweden from September 5 to 7, and adopted the "Wolf Protection Declaration": As a species, the wolf has a highly developed social behavior, plays an important role and position in the natural ecosystem and should be protected. Europe established the Wolf Research Cooperation Association, with 27 countries participating. A research and protection plan for wolves has been formulated and held regularly.

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