Ancient civilization!

Before Europeans arrived in America, Indians created some highly developed ancient civilizations on the American continent with their diligence and wisdom. These civilizations are not inferior to some ancient civilizations in the eastern hemisphere in some aspects, and even in a leading position. Just like the situation in the Eastern Hemisphere, there are several famous ancient civilizations in America, namely, the Aztec civilization in Mexico, the Mayan civilization in northern Central America, the Inca civilization in Peru and the Chibcha civilization in Colombia.

Inca civilization is another famous ancient Indian civilization developed in western South America and central Andes. Its influence ranges from the Kasma River in southern Colombia to the Maurer River in central Chile in the south, with a total length of 4,800 kilometers and its widest point of 500 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of more than 900,000 square kilometers and a population of 10. Generally speaking, it includes the mountains of Ecuador, the mountains of Peru, the plateau of Bolivia, half of Chile and the northwest of Argentina.

According to the research of archaeologists, this vast area was the first area where agriculture appeared in America, about 8000 BC. By 3000 BC, residents in coastal areas had settled down. By the end of 2000 BC, a series of ancient cultural centers had appeared in the central Andes. In the middle and lower period of BC 1000, agricultural culture was developed. It has formed, laid the foundation of Inca civilization, and appeared the earliest form of class and state. This marks the beginning of civilization. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/0 century, various cultures infiltrated and merged in the central Andes. It led to the decline and disappearance of some original cultures, and on this basis, it formed various cultural foundations before India joined the unified Central Andes.

Inca civilization was named after the Inca people unified the central Andes and established the Inca Empire. The Incas were originally a tribe living in Lake Titicaca. /kloc-after the 0/0 century, it gradually moved northward and fought all the way. 1243, they came to Cuzco today and set up a camp on Wanakali Mountain. According to the legend of Indian accession to the throne, their leader at this time was Manqu Qhapaq. From Manqu Qhapaq to 1532, Atahualpa, the last leader of the Incas, was killed by Spanish conqueror Pizarro. The Inca country experienced a whole three centuries of development, and the name * * * was passed on to the kings of 12 and 13.

The Inca country was originally named "Tavanting Su Long", which means the land in all directions, and its capital is Cuzco. The whole country is divided into four administrative regions, named "Su Long". They are: Chincha Su Long in the northwest, including Ecuador, northern and central Peru; The southwest direction is called Couty Su Long, including southern Peru and northern Chile; The northeast is called Antioch Su Long, including the eastern forest and the area around the WuKaiali River; In the southeast, it is called Coya Su Long, with the largest area, including most of Bolivia, the mountainous area in the northwest of Argentina and half of Chile.

The word "Inca" originally meant "leader" or "king" and was the supreme ruler of Tawanding Sulong. After the arrival of the Spanish, it has become a practice to simply use the word "Inca" to address this country and its residents.

The Inca Empire is called "Rome of America", and it is famous for having a whole set of state machines. Inca is a slave country, and the slave owners include Inca kings, royal nobles, senior officials and priests. They don't engage in productive labor and live a luxurious life. The Inca king is called the son of the sun, the incarnation of God, and has supreme power, monopolizing all political, military and religious power of the country. In order to maintain his rule, the Inca Wang Jian established a political system centered on centralization. He firmly controlled the country with Skopje as the center and officials at all levels. In addition to political institutions, Inca slave owners also had a well-trained standing army of 200,000 people, which was used for the rebels' external expansion and internal repression. The Inca Empire also established a strict judicial system to safeguard the interests of slave owners. In order to consolidate his rule, the Inca king also took some cultural and economic measures. For example, for those newly conquered areas, the Quechua language was forcibly promoted. In addition, in Daxing Road and Fan Shi Railway Station all over the country, a road traffic network leading to Beijing has been established with Cuzco as the center, so as to facilitate the control of remote areas.

The Incas can establish such a vast country in the middle of the Andes, which is inseparable from the developed economy and culture there.

In agriculture, the Incas inherited the achievements of their predecessors and built canals and terraces in arid and water-deficient mountainous areas, which made the grain production develop steadily and ensured the needs of non-agricultural population. The canals and terraces of the Incas were very strong, and some canals are still in use today. The Incas planted about 40 kinds of crops. They also raised llamas and alpacas, making them the only American Indians who raised large livestock. The breeding of these animals not only provides people with meat and fur, but also provides high-quality fertilizers for agricultural production, thus promoting the increase of grain output.

The transportation network extending in all directions not only facilitated the Inca king's rule over the whole country, but also promoted the contact and cultural exchange between regions. The roads built by the Incas are world-famous. There are two main roads running through the country from north to south: one is along the Andes, starting from southern Colombia, passing through Ecuador and Peru, entering Bolivia and leading to Argentina, with a total length of 3,200 kilometers; The other is along the Pacific coast, starting from Tombes in the northwest of Peru, with a total length of 2.300 kilometers and a road width of 3.5-4.5 meters. It is not easy to build such a road in the Andes with rolling mountains and ravines. Depending on the terrain, the road sometimes twists and turns, sometimes you have to dig stairs and tunnels, and sometimes you have to build bridges. India doesn't know about vault yet, and their bridges are mainly suspension bridges. Stone pillars are erected at both ends of the bridge, which are connected by five vines 40 cm thick, of which three are auxiliary decks. There is a railing on each side. Some suspension bridges are more than 60 meters long.

The metal processing industry of the Incas was relatively developed. They not only know how to smelt gold, silver, copper, lead, tin and mercury, but also can smelt various alloys and know how to purify gold with mercury. Gold and silver are mainly used to make decorations and works of art. One of them is a golden butterfly. Its wings are only110 mm thick, and its center of gravity is very accurate. After being thrown, it can still hover in the air. Copper and its alloys are mainly used to make weapons, daily utensils and sharp tools. However, like other Indians in the United States, Indians never knew iron. The Incas mastered a variety of metalworking techniques, such as casting, forging, molding, stamping, inlaying, riveting and welding. Some studies believe that the skills of Inca gold and silver ornaments can be comparable to those of the European Renaissance.

India's textile technology has also reached a higher level. As early as 2000 BC, they could spin. Their wool and cotton fabrics are of various colors, harmonious colors and fine workmanship. For example, a carpet left over from lO00 years ago contains 500 cashmere yarns per inch, while similar fabrics in medieval Europe only have 100. The mummy clothes unearthed near pisco on the south coast are called "one of the textile wonders of the world".

The pottery industry also developed during the Inca Empire. The main characteristics of pottery are striking polishing technology, elegant decoration, beautiful geometric patterns and gorgeous colors. They not only absorbed the experience of predecessors and other regions in the same period in the production technology and decorative patterns of pottery, but also made further development.

In medicine, the achievements of the Incas are also amazing. Their surgical operations, especially craniotomy, were at the advanced level in the world at that time. The scalpel is mainly T-shaped copper knife, which is very sharp. Incas are also anesthesiologists who accompany surgery. The Incas knew many kinds of herbs, such as quinine and cocoa.

In the fields of astronomy, calendar and mathematics, India's participation has also reached a fairly high level. In Cuzco, the capital, the Incas built four astronomical observatories in the east and west of the city, and another one in the central square. According to long-term observation, the Incas calculated that the earth's running cycle was 365 days and 6 hours, and made the solar calendar accordingly. Another Inca calendar is the lunar calendar, which includes 354 days and is based on the observation of the moon. Unlike the Aztecs and Mayans, the Incas used the decimal system of 10 in mathematics. However, the Incas have not yet created characters. Their counting method is knotting, which is called "kip" in Quechua language, that is, many small ropes are tied to a main rope, numbers are represented by nodules, and different colors and lengths are used to represent different categories.

Incas also have high attainments in music and literature. Some people think that Inca music can rival or even surpass ancient European folk songs; Others believe that Inca music has the level of ancient Asian music and similar expressions. Because the Incas did not have a complete writing system, literature was mostly oral legends and plays. The most famous one is Oyantai, which was widely spread in the central Andes before the arrival of the Spanish, and was written in Quechua (created by Spanish missionaries) in the early colonial period, occupying an important position in the world classical literature.