Historical chart of the development of Qing dynasty

Nurhachi, surnamed Aisin Giorlo, born in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1559), was a Manchu slave owner's family. In the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1583), Nurhachi rose indefatigably and set out with thirteen pairs of his father and ancestor A, from which he became king. He led the children of the Eight Banners to fight Baishan Blackwater. He was not intimidated by the big enemy and suffered heavy losses. He bravely defended his prestige and won the support of all ministries. It lasted for more than 30 years, unified the ministries of Jurchen, and promoted the development of Jurchen society and the formation of Manchu Dynasty. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), in Hetuala, Jianyuan was called Khan, and the country name was Daikin (known as Houjin in history). Nurhachi soldiers became stronger. In the forty-six years of Wanli (16 18), they sacrificed to heaven with the "seven great hates" and took an oath to start working hard for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. In the history books of the Chinese nation, his wisdom and achievements will be immortal. In the battle with Yuan Chonghuan, a famous soldier in Ningyuan, he was defeated and injured, and died in August in the eleventh year of Destiny (1626). At the age of 68, he was buried in the east of Shenyang, named Fuling. The name of the temple is "Taizu".

Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty

Born to Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Ye Henala. Huang taiji was born on October 25th in the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1592). Nurhachi Ningyuan was in the post-Jin Khan position after his defeat. /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/7 and died in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643). The name of the temple is Taizong. Less than ten years after he ascended the throne, he unified the whole northeast, south to North Korea and west to Mongolia, and repeatedly defeated Daming officers and soldiers. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), it was renamed Emperor, and the Qing Empire unified by Kanto was established, and its surname was changed to "Manchuria". Both capitals were shocked by his ambitious westward move. After two decisive battles between Song and Jin, the elite of the Ming army was lost. Outside Shanhaiguan, there is only an isolated city in Ningyuan, and Daming Mountain is in jeopardy. Huang taiji, with a broad history, broad tolerance, extraordinary military courage, pioneering spirit in politics and strong national consciousness, has great yearning for Chinese culture, promotes advantages and eliminates disadvantages, and treats officials well. He can be called the king of entrepreneurship, inherited Mao's pioneering work and inspired the great cause of Qing reunification. He died on the eve of the Qing army's entry into the customs, and failed to realize his long-cherished wish to seize the national political power.

Fu Lin Shunzhi, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty.

The emperor shunzhi Aisingiorro Fu Lin (1638- 16 1) is the ninth son of Qing Taizong. He was born on May 30th, the third year of Chongde (7: 00 pm to 9: 00 pm), and his mother was the princess of Yongfu Palace, that is, the Borzigit family, that is, the Xiaozhuangwen Queen. In the eighth year of Chongde (1643), he inherited his father's footsteps on February 16th, when he was six years old, and was assisted by his uncle Prince Dourgen and Zheng Qinwang Gil Harlan. In the second year, Shen Jia changed to Shunzhi in the first month of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty. In September, he moved the capital from Shengjing to Beijing. On the first day of October, the emperor was located in Wuying Hall. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Regent Dourgen died and sai-jo took power. Under the instructions of his mother, Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, he worked hard and was exhausted at night. He rectified the bureaucracy, attached importance to agricultural production, advocated economy, reduced exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, opened up new avenues and recruited talents, and made great achievements in all aspects. Later, due to the death of his beloved son and favorite concubine, Fu Lin suffered a great mental shock and his health went from bad to worse. Later, he contracted smallpox. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), he died in hall of mental cultivation of the Forbidden City on the seventh day of the first month, at the age of 24. 1663 was buried in Xiaoling Mausoleum, Qingdong Mausoleum, Zunhua, Hebei. Shunzhi has 8 sons and 6 daughters.

Emperor Kangxi of Michelle Ye in Qing Dynasty

Aisingiorro Michelle Ye, the second emperor of the Qing Dynasty. In the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), he was born in Ren Jing Palace, the third son of the emperor shunzhi. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), he acceded to the throne at the age of eight, assisted by four ministers, namely Sony, Suksaha, Zieba Bilong and Ao Bai, with the title of Kangxi. Kangxi six years (1667), personally in charge. In eight years, Emperor Kangxi, who was only 16 years old, secretly arrested Ao Bai and returned to power. After leading the government, he announced that he would stop enclosure forever, let the able-bodied men "be the flag of the people", reward reclamation, make money and avoid grain, appoint and manage the Yellow River, and stipulate that "no more crops will be added"; Set up a south study room to strengthen the imperial power; Wu Sangui, son of Shangkexi, king of Pingnan, and Shang Zhixin, son of Gengjimao, king of Jingnan, were pacified, and Gengzhongjing, son of Gengjimao, sent troops to Taiwan for eight years. Pacify galdan rebellion in Junggar and consolidate national unity; He also toured the northeast, launched Chahar counterattacks twice, which dealt a heavy blow to the Russian aggression, sent Suoetu and Tong Guogang to Nebuchadnezzar Chu to negotiate the border issue with Russia, and before going there, he determined the principle that the vast territory of the Heilongjiang River Basin "belongs to me and cannot be abandoned in Russia", signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, demarcated the eastern border between China and Russia, and consolidated and developed the unity of multi-ethnic countries. He studied Confucianism hard all his life, advocated Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, broadened his knowledge to learn Confucianism, set up a library to compile the History of Ming Dynasty, and compiled The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books, The Complete Works of Tang Poetry, Pei Yunwen Fu and Kangxi Dictionary. At the same time, he repeatedly promoted literary inquisition and brutally suppressed anti-Qing thoughts. In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), he died in Changchun Garden and was buried in Qingling Mausoleum. Sixty-nine years old, reigned for sixty-one years, and the temple name was Qing Shengzu.

Qing Shizong Yin Zhen Yongzheng

Aisingiorro Yinzhen (A.D. 1678- 1735), the fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, succeeded to the throne after Kangxi's death and became the third emperor of the Qing Dynasty. 13 years, legend has it that Lv Siniang, a chivalrous woman, was assassinated at the age of 58. One said that he died of natural causes and was buried in Tailing, Hebei Province (now Yixian West, Hebei Province).

When it comes to Yongzheng's accession to the throne, it has always been considered a mystery. The most popular saying among the people is that Yong Zhengdi colluded with Longkodo and tampered with the imperial edict, changing the biography of fourteen sons into the biography of four sons. But this statement is obviously a rumor. The reasons are as follows: First, the imperial edicts of succession in Qing Dynasty were written in Manchu and Chinese, one in Manchu and the other in Chinese. Even if Chinese can be modified, Manchu is composed of letters and cannot be modified. Second, in the Qing Dynasty, the names of governors generally had the word "emperor", such as the emperor's four sons and the emperor's fourteen sons. Therefore, if the imperial edict is given to fourteen sons, it should be written, and the fourteen sons of the emperor should also be given. If it is written like this, there is no possibility of changing the cross into a word.

During Yongzheng's reign, in the southwest minority areas, some measures were taken, such as improving the soil and returning to the flow, which put down the rebellion of the Heshuo nobles in Qinghai and countered the harassment of the Zhungeer nobles, and concluded the Sino-Russian Blenski Border Treaty and the Sino-Russian Chaktu Border Treaty with Russia, delineating the middle border between China and Russia. At the same time, Yongzheng promoted the literary inquisition, severely suppressed the anti-Qing ideological trend among intellectuals, and tried to strengthen the monarchy.

Yongzheng stepped onto the historical stage in the form of social stagnation in the early stage of Kangxi's prosperous period-the last year of Kangxi. The complicated social contradictions provided Yongzheng with opportunities to display his ambitions and talents. He was far-sighted and persistent, and carried out a number of major reforms step by step. In thirteen years, it achieved fruitful results, which laid a solid foundation for future generations and reached its peak in the Qianlong period. His historical position is not inferior to Naifu Kangxi and Naizi Gan Long. Although he is cold, suspicious and harsh, he is secondary to his grades.

Emperor Gaozong Li Hong Gan Long of the Qing Dynasty

Aisingiorro Hongli (171-1799) was born in the Lama Temple on August 13th, 50th year of Kangxi. Yong Zhengdi's fourth son. Kangxi was raised in the palace at the age of twelve in sixty-one. In August of the first year of Yongzheng, Yong Zhengdi secretly built the Crown Prince, and named him Li Hong after the "fair and square" plaque in Gan Qing Palace. Yongzheng acceded to the throne in September 13th year, with the title of Qianlong, at the age of 25. After 60 years in office, on the basis of his grandfather Kangxi and his father Yongzheng, Qianlong made great efforts to govern, worked hard politically, continued to quell domestic rebellion, resist foreign invasion, defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity, strengthen national unity and vigorously rectify official administration. Economically, tax reduction and exemption, water conservancy construction, reclamation. Culturally advocating Chinese studies and compiling a large number of books. During his reign, China was a multi-ethnic country with a vast territory, strong national strength, economic development and cultural prosperity, which pushed the period of "Kanggan Prosperity" to its peak. After 60 years in office, Qianlong gave way to his son Jiaqing, claiming to be the emperor's father, but still presided over the court affairs. Until Jiaqing died in four years, he actually took power and ruled China for 63 years and 4 months. He was not only the longest reigning feudal emperor, but also the oldest, at the age of 89. Qianlong died in hall of mental cultivation on the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing, and was buried in Yuling, Dongling, Qing Dynasty, with the temple number: Gaozong. Children 17, women 10.

Qing Renzong Xu Shunjiaqing

Emperor Xu Shun of Jiaqing was the fifteenth son of Emperor Gaozong Li Hong of the Qing Dynasty. Born in the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), he made Jia a prince in the 54th year, and became king in the 60th year of Qianlong, renamed Jiaqing, and reigned for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) at the age of 6 1. The name of the temple is Renzong.

Emperor Jiaqing was a diligent and prudent monarch. A series of policies and measures he adopted after he took office played a certain role in changing various disadvantages in the late Qianlong period, but it did not and could not fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing dynasty. Personally, for the increasingly serious corruption and laziness, Emperor Jiaqing has always been unable to prescribe the right medicine, but can only warn and intimidate a large number of "position-preserving" bureaucrats, and finally come to the fore. He has a certain understanding of the invasion of western colonialists, but for an ancient feudal country that is weakening day by day, it is impossible to really deal with foreign invaders effectively, and then he can only slide down the road of decline.

Yongning Daoguang of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty

Yongning, Daoguang Emperor, was the sixth generation emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Born in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782 September 16), he died in the fourteenth day of the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang. After 30 years in office, he is 69 years old. Temple number Xuanzong, buried Muling.

Daoguang Emperor with average intelligence is famous for his frugality. He is at the critical moment of the historical turning point, "keeping constant and not knowing change." Opium poisoning from the southeast sea and the British invasion made him fidgety. He wanted to ban smoking severely and made up his mind to fight the invaders, but he didn't know where Britain came from or what colonialism was. Usually he doesn't know who he is, and he doesn't have a plan when he is in danger, so he is at a loss in the defensive war and has no plan. He can only sigh in self-pity and shame. As a result, he accepted Britain's alliance under the city and signed the first unequal treaty in modern history-the Sino-British Jiangning Treaty.

Daoguang has been in power for 30 years. Chaogang is arbitrary and hands-on, but internal affairs, such as official management, river engineering, grain transportation and smoking ban, have not improved. It is a tragedy of his life that he worked hard but achieved nothing.

Wenqing Zong Yi Ningxian Peak

Yining, Aisingiorro, was born in 183 1 and died in 186 1, the seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty. 1850- 186 1 year. The year number is Xianfeng, and the temple number is Wenzong. Four sons of Daoguang in Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty. In the first month of Daoguang's 30th year, he proclaimed himself emperor at the age of 20, and changed to Yuan in the second year. Emperor Xianfeng was in the reign of 1 1 year, with internal and external troubles, frequent wars, and no peace for several years, and finally died in flight. In the 11th year of Xianfeng, in July (186 1 August), Emperor Xianfeng died of illness in chengde mountain resort Yanbo Zhishuang Hall, at the age of 3 1, and was buried in Dingling, Dongling, Qing Dynasty. There are 3 children and 2 children 1 female. It was the least among emperors with children in Qing Dynasty.

Tongzhi of Mu Zong and Zai Chun in Qing Dynasty

Aisingiorro Zai Chun (1856- 1875) was the eighth emperor of the Qing dynasty. 186 1- 1875, same topic. In July of the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Xianfeng died, and his ministers were busy managing the funeral. At the same time, they also managed government affairs for the six-year-old emperor who was newly promoted to Deng Ji, and changed the title of the Yuan Dynasty to "Qixiang". According to the precepts of literate Sect, eight ministers assisted in state affairs, and two queens did not work for state affairs. Empress Dowager Cixi launched a power struggle in Gong Yan. In September of the 11th year of Xianfeng, Su Shun and others helped literate admired Zigong to return to Beijing, and two queens took the little emperor to Beijing. Cixi and her party first arrived at the department in lightning speed, captured the eight ministers alive, beheaded them for "rebellion", executed them, dismissed them, and abolished the title of "Qi Xiang". 10 9, Zai Chun acceded to the throne, changed to "Tongzhi", which means that two queens rule the world at the same time. The two queens broke the ancestral system and implemented the policy of listening to the government. In December of the thirteenth year of Tongzhi, the Tongzhi emperor collapsed and reigned for two years, only 19 years old, the shortest among the Qing emperors. Buried in Hui Ling, Dongling, Qing Dynasty.

Emperor Tongzhi had no children, and Emperor Guangxu and Emperor Xuan Tong had no descendants. For decades, there have been no children crying in the palace, and the world name is "palace shortage" and "three wonders of national unification". Superstitious believers and young people all lament that the fate of the Qing Dynasty will be exhausted and the number of days will be fixed.

Qing Dezong Zai Tian Guangxu

Emperor Guangxu was born in the Alcohol Palace on Taiping Lake in Xuanwumen, Beijing in the 10th year of Tongzhi (187 1 August). His father Huan Yi is the seventh son of Daoguang, and his mother is the sister of Cixi. This special family environment made him emperor after Tongzhi's death. He reigned for 34 years, Guangxu 13 years.

Emperor Guangxu was in office 19 years old. He is full of young people's enterprising spirit, willing to accept new ideas, "unwilling to be the king of national subjugation", actively supporting political reform, and once became the "savior" in the hearts of reformists. However, the reform endangered the interests of the feudal conservative forces and was blocked by the Qing nobles, mainly Cixi. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 stifled the opportunity for the Qing Dynasty to change the old chapter. Emperor Guangxu didn't have the courage to break the shackles of feudal ethics. "He is always unhappy" and he is in a very sad mood. His life is a tragic fate of humiliation and sadness. When Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, Cixi had to flee to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu. After the Boxer Rebellion, anti-Qing armed uprisings broke out one after another, and the trend of democratic revolution spread widely throughout the country, and the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of collapse.

Puyi Xuan Tong

Aisin Giorro Puyi (1906- 1967) was the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Ai Xin Jue Luo Shi 1908 ascended the throne, and the year number was announced. After the Revolution of 1911, Zi 1965438+ abdicated in February 2002. 1924, abolished the emperor and left the palace. 1934 became the "Manchu emperor" under the planning of the Japanese invaders. Captured by the Soviet Union, he was pardoned in 1959. From 65438 to 0964, he was a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a librarian of the Literature and History Research Institute. He died in Beijing from 65438 to 0967. The author of my first half life.