Did winthrop successfully establish a "mountain city"? Why?

I think you are talking about john winthrop, whose Mountain City is very famous.

"We will become a city on the top of the mountain, and the eyes of people all over the world are watching us; Therefore, if we fail our God in the process of realizing this cause, so that God will no longer help us as it does today, then we will eventually leave people with only a story and become the laughing stock of the whole world. "

John winthrop.

But the Puritan Delima can't be found, so I'll give you his Baidu Encyclopedia, but most articles that mention him say.

Mountain city refers to the early colony of Massachusetts Bay in the United States, or the United States, so it can be said that it was successfully established.

John winthrop (john winthrop 1588- 1649), an important figure in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in British North America, was born at groton Manor in Edwardston, Suffolk, England on October 22nd. 1630 In the spring, winthrop led a large number of British people to leave Britain and immigrate to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was established in 1628 and became an important event in the colonial history. Before leaving England, winthrop was the owner of groton Manor in Suffolk, England. He also served as a lawyer in the local court and a magistrate in charge of local affairs. From 1630 to 1649, winthrop has been active in the political arena of British North American colonies for 19 years, and has served as 12 governor, 3 deputy governors and 4 counselors of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop was the first president of the New England League in 1643.

Francis J. Bremer pointed out in winthrop: The Forgotten Father of the United States that winthrop's contribution to the creation of New England was unparalleled, and his political acumen and indomitable leadership style were the main reasons for the success of the early Massachusetts Bay colony. In the first three years of the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay colony, hunger, disease, climate and other factors almost killed the newborn colony in the cradle, and a large number of immigrants returned to Britain or emigrated. The British who provided economic support for the Massachusetts Bay colony also lost confidence in the future of the colony. Winthrop led the colony through the difficult initial period of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and freed the colony built on the wilderness from the fate of early death. In addition to the natural disasters encountered in the early days of its establishment, there are also various contradictions and conflicts within the colony of Massachusetts Bay, such as the power struggle between the representatives of colonial freemen and government officials, the tax protest in Watertown, the Hinham incident, the "pig case" and the veto power of officials, the roger williams incident, the Anne Hutchinson incident, and the Robert Julia julia child incident. Outside the colony, Ferdinando Gorgs and Samuel Gordon sued the British colony of Massachusetts Bay, the war with the Piquet Indians and the economic depression of 1640. Winthrop saved the Massachusetts Bay colony from the crisis with his political strategy and strong will. From the early days of the Massachusetts Bay colony, winthrop attached great importance to safeguarding the right of self-government given to the colony by the Colonial Charter, and opposed various attempts by the British church and the king to control the colony. He firmly defended the political independence of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Winthrop also played an important role in the institutional construction of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and his political ideas played a great role in the formation of the political system of the Massachusetts Bay colony. It was the efforts of winthrop and others in the early construction of the Massachusetts Bay colony that made the Massachusetts Bay colony gradually move towards stability and prosperity. Winthrop's pioneering work laid the foundation for the stability of the Massachusetts Bay colony in the first 20 years and the prosperity in the next half century.

It should be pointed out that winthrop's contribution to the development of American history is not commensurate with his position in American historiography. Whether in his hometown of England or in the United States where he worked hard, he was always forgotten for a long time, and his achievements were little known for a long time. It was not until the end of the 20th century that his English hometown, groton, knew some stories about him and his family, and the mansion and manor where his family lived were also protected as historical sites by the local government. In the United States, winthrop's achievements have long been buried in history and are not widely known. In view of this, some British and American scholars have long called for attention to his research. Dating back to19th century, John Fiske, a famous American historian, pointed out that there was never a book detailing winthrop's life and achievements. If there is such a book, people will realize that he is one of the greatest figures in American history. Edmund S Morgan, a contemporary American scholar, also called winthrop "the first great man in America" in an article published in The New York Book Review 1997. Francis J. Bremer, an American scholar who specializes in the history of New England, published a paper in 2003, calling him "the forgotten father of the American nation". As an early American historical figure, winthrop's popularity in the United States is far less than that of his contemporaries roger williams, Anne Hutchinson and John Smith. The research on the history of American British colonies in North China has been relatively weak, and the research on winthrop, an important figure in the early British colonies in North America, is still in the state of being developed. Compared with the proper requirements of American history research, this situation is also extremely disproportionate. The author thinks that the important field of studying American history is the study of American historical figures, especially the study of early American historical figures. As an important historical figure in the colonial period of American British North America, winthrop undoubtedly has important research value. Therefore, on the basis of full possession of historical materials, the author made a comprehensive study of John winthrop with the title of "A Study of John winthrop, the Pioneer of American Civilization".

(A) the two stages of life

First, winthrop in his early years.

1588, the British navy defeated1the Spanish Armada, the largest military power in Europe in the 6th century. This Anglo-Spanish naval battle is of epoch-making significance in modern European history. It marks the shift of Europe's center of gravity from the traditional Mediterranean world to the vast Atlantic Ocean, which has changed the political, economic and geographical features of Europe since then, thus having a great impact on international relations. The victory of this naval battle showed the arrival of the British era and opened up broad prospects for Britain's colonial cause in the New World. In the eyes of the British, the victory over the Catholic country Spain indicates that God has blessed Protestantism in Britain, and the balance of God's love has since tilted towards Protestantism and Britain, greatly enhancing the pride and self-confidence of the English nation.

John winthrop was born in this year. It is an interesting historical coincidence that Britain's first step towards world hegemony took place in the same year as the birth of winthrop. 1October 22nd, John winthrop was born in Edwardston, Suffolk, East England. Suffolk County is located in the center of East Angles, bordering Norfolk in the north, Cambridge in the west, Essex in the south and the vast sea in the east. It is a famous historical and cultural county in Britain. The East Angles are famous for their love of freedom and independence, and they are most influenced by Puritan culture. Britain's greatest politicians, scientists, theologians and artists all appeared here. In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the East Angles had the largest number of immigrants.

Second, winthrop in the period of Massachusetts Bay.

1October 20th, 1629, 10, winthrop was elected as the president of Massachusetts bay colonial company. Subsequently, winthrop devoted himself to organizing and leading the unprecedented large-scale population migration overseas in British history. /kloc-in the spring of 0/630, he led an immigrant fleet to sail from Yarmouth to the New World. On June 12, 2008, he landed in Salem, Massachusetts, and soon settled in Chomat Peninsula, which was later named Boston. Because the fundamental law of colonial companies, that is, the charter issued by the king and the company headquarters moved to the New World with the immigrants, the Massachusetts Bay colony is actually an autonomous colony with great autonomy, and the power to control and manage the colony is in the hands of the governor, deputy governor and counselor. In addition, the population of Massachusetts Bay Colony is far more than Plymouth Colony established in New England 10 years ago, and it is also more than other colonies in New England later. The large population made Massachusetts Bay Colony the most powerful colony in New England, so the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony had higher status and power than that of any other colony in his time. Winthrop lived in New England for 19 years until his death in 1649. Despite several ups and downs, he was always the core figure in the political arena of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and saved the day several times, ensuring the independence, stability and integrity of the colony.

From 1646 to 1649, winthrop served as the colonial governor of Massachusetts Bay for the third time. 1649 On March 26th, winthrop died in Boston at the age of 6 1.

The 19 year of winthrop's colony in Massachusetts Bay was a crucial period for the development of the colony in Massachusetts Bay. The colony experienced three years' predicament, initial prosperity and economic depression from 1640 to political and economic independence. winthrop's thoughts and practical activities profoundly influenced the development of the colony in Massachusetts Bay during this period.

(B) the background of the times

First, the declining monarchy.

John winthrop experienced two dynasties in English history-the late Tudor dynasty (1485- 1603) and the early Stuart dynasty (1603- 1688). Tudor dynasty and Stuart dynasty respectively represented two completely different times in English history. The Tudor dynasty, which lasted for 1 18 years, was the heyday of the development of British feudal monarchy, and was known as "the peak of the development of British Orthodox society" and "the watershed of British history". The religious reform of Henry VIII, the collapse of the Spanish Armada, the defeat of the Catholic plot, the beginning of overseas expansion, and the peak of the influence of traditional culture; Shakespeare and Marlowe, outstanding literary giants, Moore, the founder of utopian socialism, Bacon, the true ancestor of British materialism, historical figures Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary Stuart and so on all appeared one after another. These historical figures and events, which had a great influence in history, undoubtedly proved that Tudor dynasty was the golden age in British feudal history. If the Tudor dynasty represents the most brilliant and mature period of the monarchy, then the Stuart dynasty witnessed the decline and decline of the British monarchy. The Stuart dynasty experienced 20 years of British civil war and revolution, the establishment of British political system and the restoration of monarchy. Compared with Tudor dynasty, the17th century ruled by Stuart dynasty is like a fallen star in the long river of British historical development. The corruption, incompetence and domineering of the early Stuart rulers led to unprecedented sharp social contradictions in Britain. The turbulent situation, the bad economic situation and the unfavorable religious environment have led to a large number of British people making a living overseas. 17 From 1930s to 1940s, thousands of British people left their homes and went to British colonies, which became a remarkable social phenomenon. It was during this period that John winthrop and a large number of Puritans left England and moved to New England in British North America, thus expanding the Massachusetts Bay colony.

Second, the bad economic situation.

From the 1920s of 17, a serious crisis occurred in British wool textile industry, and the depression of wool textile industry spread widely, affecting national economy, regional economy and individual producers. The woolen industry in Tudor England was a pillar of the British national economy at that time, and its rise and fall was related to the lifeblood of the British economy at that time. 17 in the early 1920s, Sir Edward Coke, a famous jurist, gave a vivid description of the importance of the British woolen industry. Kirk believes that "if all the goods exported by this kingdom are divided into ten parts, then wool production accounts for nine parts." As long as the wool export stops, it means everything is over. ..... all wool is reduced by12p per Todd (the old British weight unit, each Todd is equal to 28 pounds), which means that Britain loses 65,438+million pounds. "The rise and fall of wool trade has a great influence on Britain's economic development. Because the wool textile industry is in a particularly important position in the British economy, the decline of the wool textile industry will inevitably have a fatal blow to the British economy and society.

The depression of Suffolk wool industry affected the economic development of the whole county, and also affected winthrop personally. Influenced by the depression of wool spinning industry in Suffolk, he mainly relied on capitalist agriculture to make a living, and he found it difficult to support his family only by land income, so he had to find new ways to make money. He left home for a long time to work as a guardian court lawyer in London, which greatly eased his financial difficulties. But the good times didn't last long, and he finally lost his job. Deeply impressed by the difficult times, he wrote in 1629: "This land is tired of its residents. As the spirit of all things, the value of people in this land is not comparable to the dust we step on, not comparable to cattle and horses ... Every town complains that there are too many poor people to afford. "

Third, the religious environment is not conducive to Puritans.

In17th century England, religion was a particularly sensitive issue. 1603, it seems that the new dynasty brought the hope of reform to the English Puritans. Winthrop's father Adam winthrop's special concern for the new monarch can reflect the Puritans' high hopes for James I. In his diary from March to July in 1603, Adam recorded in detail the time and place of James VI's accession to the throne, his journey into England, his daily life and diet, the stories that happened along the way and his coronation as king of England. During the journey, the king accidentally fell off his horse. He wrote with concern in his diary: "The king fell off his horse and hurt his arm, which is very dangerous." Adam winthrop and other Puritans believed that James I, who grew up in Scottish Presbyterian Church and received Presbyterian education from childhood, would help them realize their pure religious ideal and restore their Puritan identity. So, on the way to England's succession, the Puritans couldn't wait to present him with a "thousand-person petition" signed by nearly a thousand priests from 25 counties. The main content of this petition is to reform the etiquette of the Anglican Church and achieve the goal of purifying the Church.

17 In the 1920s, the persecution of Puritans by the kingship and the Church of England affected John winthrop's hometown and winthrop family. Suffolk, winthrop's hometown, is the most active place of Puritanism, and it is also the place deeply influenced by Puritanism culture. The religious activities of the Puritans there were impacted, and many Puritans were in a difficult situation. The routine sermon in bocks Boxford has long influenced and nourished the winthrop family's faith. 162165438+1October 4th, winthrop's father Adam winthrop wrote in his diary: "The Thursday sermon in bocks Ford was banned." In a short sentence, Adam expressed his anxiety and dissatisfaction with the change of the situation. In order to escape persecution, William Ames, a famous local Puritan priest, was forced to live in exile. "1629- 1640, 79 priests moved to new England, and at least 52 of them (25 were temporarily or permanently banned from being priests) were persecuted. When the domestic situation improved, 28 of them returned to the UK. "

3 family relations and puritanism background editor

(1) Family relations

John winthrop's grandfather Adam winthrop, father Adam winthrop, mother Anne winthrop and uncle William winthrop all had a profound influence on winthrop with their unique life experiences.

I. Grandfather Adam winthrop

1498 10 9. He was born in Levenham, Suffolk, an important textile center in Britain. He lost his father in his teens and his mother remarried. Adam winthrop, who started as an apprentice, not only gained a firm foothold in London, but also became the leader of the wool industry guild. 1526 In September, Adam was accepted as a member of Forrest Company in London, and he was sworn as a free man of the company and obtained London citizenship. 1528, Forrest merged with another wool spinning company, Hilsman Company, and established a more powerful company, the Woolen Workers Company, which quickly rose to become one of the powerful guild companies in London. 153 1, Adam started to recruit apprentices himself; 1537 was elected as one of the directors of the company; 1546 was elected as the main manager of the company; 155 1 year, Adam took the top spot in this company and became a prominent figure in London. Adam mainly engaged in trade with Europe, and foreign trade broadened his horizons and enriched his life experience. /kloc-In the 6th century, the scope of public life and social communication in Britain was narrow, limited to the area around the church, and only went to the nearby rural market or the seat of the county government as far as possible. Adam, winthrop's grandfather, went abroad to communicate with the world outside Britain, which is a great thing. Adam not only engaged in trade with Europe, but also engaged in maritime transportation. He owns at least three quarters of the shares in a merchant ship named Mary Flower and another merchant ship named John. In the 1940s of 16, he was the third richest man in his parish.

Second, Sister Anne winthrop.

John winthrop's mother's name is Anne Brown, and his father, Henry Brown, was the rector of groton parish. Brown is not only a priest, but also a wealthy businessman. He owns many industries in Essex and Suffolk, a dyehouse in Berkshire and part of a ship. Brown left a lot of property to his daughter Anne Brown and her grandson, and the winthrop family's mansion in Edwardston was bequeathed to her daughter by Brown. Besides leaving his children a lot of wealth, it is more valuable to let his descendants receive a good education. Anne was obviously well educated, and her academic level was rare at that time. Volume 1 of winthrop's collected works contains a letter she wrote to her husband Adam. The text is written in English and the postscript is written in proficient French, which proves that Anne is also proficient in French. Besides her mother tongue, English and French, she may be proficient in other languages, which can be proved by several foreign language books she signed. The letters of Anne and her husband Adam that have been passed down to this day prove her good educational background. Anne Brown is a devout Puritan. She consciously abides by Puritan moral standards, and at the same time demands family members and their relatives by this standard. According to Adam's diary, Anne, the wife of Adam's nephew Joshua, visited groton. winthrop's mother criticized her for wearing extravagant clothes and not going to church, which made Anne leave angrily. This example can let people know Anne Brown's attitude and style of life. Childhood is an important period for the formation of a person's world outlook. Mother's influence on the formation of winthrop's childhood personality and world outlook can be confirmed from another aspect. Winthrop's father Adam is not only the housekeeper of groton Manor, but also a lawyer. He used to be an auditor of Trinity College, Cambridge University. When winthrop was a teenager, Adam often went out, and Anne Brown was in charge of family affairs. Winthrop has been with his mother for a long time and is directly influenced by her words and deeds. The religious tendency and elegant style revealed in winthrop's portraits reflect his mother's shadow to some extent.

Third, Father Adam winthrop.

Adam winthrop was born in 1548. He is the youngest son in the family and has two older brothers, William and John. His first wife, Alice Steele, died in childbirth, leaving no heir. His second wife Anne gave birth to four children, and John winthrop was their only son. Adam's two marriages not only brought him wealth, but also improved his social status.

In Elizabethan times, universities were the center of Puritanism. The squire's children were influenced by Puritanism in college and later became staunch Puritans. They further influenced the religious position of family members, which is also an important reason why there are more Puritans among the squires. After studying and living in Cambridge for several years, Adam finally became a Puritan who believed in Puritanism. 16 and 17 century Cambridge University is the birthplace of new ideas and the main battlefield of Puritan reform, and Magdalene College is one of the colleges with the strongest atmosphere of religious reform in Cambridge University. Cambridge University, an academic hall, has cultivated many Puritan thinkers. They preached the idea of religious reform on the university platform, and their students spread these ideas to all parts of Britain, gradually changing the religious beliefs of the British people. The thoughts of these thinkers also deeply influenced Adam. Living and studying in Cambridge not only increased Adam's knowledge, but also greatly changed his world outlook. If the belief in Puritanism was influenced by the family before, Cambridge University, the cradle of Puritanism reform, was immersed in Puritanism theory for many years, which made him gradually immersed in Puritanism theory, and his religious inclination in turn further influenced other members of winthrop family. His son John winthrop's religious belief has something to do with Adam's influence.

The establishment of Adam's world outlook was greatly influenced by the teachers he contacted. University is an important period for young people to form a world outlook and establish life goals, and it is also a good place to make friends. When Adam was studying in Cambridge, he met many radical and outstanding Puritan reformers and formed a deep friendship with them. These mentors of Adam's future life had a profound influence on Adam himself, his son John winthrop and even his family. Adam once copied the book "Christian Doctrine" written in the form of question and answer in his reading notes. According to textual research, this book was used by Sands or written by him. Sands and Newtab kept close contact with Adam, and often went in and out of groton Manor to exchange ideas with Adam. Adam often goes to listen to their sermons and supports and cares about their cause. Seeing Adam's contacts with Puritan reformers and listening to them talk about the development of Puritan cause will inevitably have a direct impact on John winthrop, who is in the formative period of his world outlook.

Fourth, uncle William winthrop.

Winthrop's belief in Puritanism is closely related to family tradition. In the winthrop family, grandfather, father, mother and uncle William winthrop were devout Puritans. Among them, winthrop's uncle William winthrop deserves special mention. He actively supported Puritanism, and his enthusiasm for Puritanism reform not only influenced his younger brother Adam winthrop, but also influenced his son.

Cotton Mather, a famous New England historian, described William in this way: He was an unforgettable Protestant defender in the era of Queen Mary, and it was because of his help that the famous martyr philpott was lucky enough to go down in history. William's enthusiasm and persistence in Puritanism undoubtedly influenced his younger brother Adam winthrop and his nephew John winthrop. Puritanism has become their unchanging belief, and completing the reform of Puritanism has become their lifelong goal. Winthrop scholar Francis J. Bremer spoke highly of William's influence on winthrop and his son. He believes that the life set by William has become a beacon to guide their lives.

Five, two uncles John winthrop.

If winthrop's grandfather, father and uncle William winthrop are the model of his life, then another uncle with the same name, John winthrop, is the negative model of his life.

Winthrop's second uncle John winthrop was born in 1547 and died in 16 13. In his will made in 1562, his father appointed him to inherit groton Manor. If there is no male heir after his death, Adam, his younger brother and winthrop's father, will inherit groton Manor. After his father died, John winthrop inherited groton Manor and became its owner. John winthrop's character is far from the moral standards that Puritans should reach. He divorced his wife in violation of the canon and did not give her living expenses, which made her desperately apply to the judge for relief. In addition, he plundered the small room specially prepared by the parish for bell ringers in the church courtyard, and the church deacon took him to court. John was notorious in his hometown and was forced to leave England and move to Ayr.