Why are Fujian people called "Hakkas"?

Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world. It is distributed in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huiyang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Hainan, Fujian and Hong Kong, and distributed in more than 120 counties. Ancestors lived in the Yellow River valley, and went south in large numbers in the late Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century) and the late Tang Dynasty (late 9th century) due to war. /kloc-after the demise of the southern song dynasty in the 0' s and 270' s, it moved to Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Call themselves "Hakkas" or "Lairen" to distinguish them from the locals. Hakka dialect is one of Chinese dialects, which retains more ancient Chinese phonology. Folk songs have a unique style. Hakkas keep their own customs and traditions in the area where they live. Women are full of energy, participate in labor production, are not bound by feudal bad habits, and are brave in making progress. In modern times, after the failure of the Taiping Rebellion, many Hakkas were forced to disperse in a wider range, and some migrated to Nanyang to live. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou. ? So it's not called Fujian Hakka. There are Hakkas in many parts of the country, and there are Hakkas in my hometown.

The development of history

Hakkas have made five great migrations. The first great migration of Hakka ancestors took place in the first year of Yongkang in the Western Jin Dynasty, and then the people's struggle against gold broke out, which greatly shook the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xiongnu, Biandi and other ethnic minorities in the north took advantage of the situation, and each was king, fighting endlessly with each other, which plunged the Central Plains into the turbulent situation of "Five Chaos in China". After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of Hu people, who abandoned farmland, herded cattle and sheep and enslaved Han people. The enslaved Han people moved south on a large scale. They entered Xiangfan from the Central Plains via Nanyang, Henan, and entered the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the east, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or along the Ganjiang River into the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi. Its vanguard has arrived in today's Tai Po, Meizhou, and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and Zhao Yi County was established on the basis of "floating private enterprises". At this time, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, overseas Chinese states, counties and counties were set up specifically for the resettlement of immigrants from the Central Plains, and various preferential treatments were given. This trend has continued for more than 70 years, with a population of12 million.

For the third time, Kaifeng Prefecture, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty in the formation of Hakka clans, was captured by Jin Bing in 1 12 A.D., and Song Gaozong crossed to the south, becoming emperor in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) and establishing the Southern Song Dynasty. Millions of people moved south with Emperor Gaozong. After Yuan people invaded the Central Plains, they seized private land and promoted slavery. In order to escape the war, the Han people in the Yellow River valley crossed the river south again. Subsequently, due to the advance of Yuan soldiers to the south, the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong became the battlefield of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wen Tianxiang rose up against Yuan and led the rebels to Meizhou. Hakka children joined the army in succession and moved to all parts of Fujian and Guangdong. There are more than 800 people in the Zhuoxing family in Songkou alone. "Men are in charge, women wear petticoats, and 8,000 children go to the diligent king." In order to seek a peaceful environment, the Hakkas who moved here earlier continued to move south and entered Meizhou and Huizhou in eastern Guangdong. Because the household registration at this time is divided into "subject" and "object", all immigrants and naturalized people are included in the "object". And "Hakka" calls itself "Hakka".

The Fourth Great Migration of Hakka There are two reasons for the fourth great migration of Hakka: First, it was influenced by the Manchu Dynasty's entry into the Central Plains. When the Qing soldiers entered Fujian and Guangdong, the righteous Hakkas came forward to call on the masses to raise righteousness against the Qing Dynasty, and were forced to scatter everywhere after their failure. Some went to Taiwan Province Province with Zheng Chenggong; Moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong; Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan. The second is the expansion of Hakka population. After more than 200 years of development, the Hakka population in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong has greatly increased, but there are few local Shan Ye and insufficient agricultural harvest, so they want to develop abroad. It coincided with the Qing government's "moving lakes to fill Sichuan" and the immigration movement during the Kangxi period. As a result, a large number of Han people who moved from the Central Plains to the two lakes and Guangdong entered Sichuan. The ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian.

The Fifth Hakka Migration During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan, with Hakka as the basic team, fought for more than ten years. After the fall of Tianjing, the insurgents were destroyed and the people fled. During this period, there was a gun battle between natives and guests in central Guangdong, which lasted for 12 years. In order to solve the disputes between the aborigines and the Hakkas, the Qing government specially designated Chixi area in Taishan to resettle the Hakkas. The unrest caused the Hakkas to start another great migration, moving to Hainan and Guangxi, and even crossing the ocean to make a living.

Hakkas began to migrate overseas from the late Southern Song Dynasty, while Hakkas who migrated to southern provinces migrated overseas by sea and land. The sea route starts from Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Chixi, Taishan, and ventures to all parts of Nanyang by boat. Land enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. These include the volunteers who fled overseas after resisting Yuan in the late Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing" in the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty and the failure of various armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen in the early period, as well as a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor. They either sailed by boat, or were plundered, lured and hired as "contract Chinese laborers" to work in Nanyang and other places. Since the mid-20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, America, other countries and even other parts of the world. Now Hakka descendants have spread all over more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is sea water, there are Chinese, and where there are Chinese, there are Hakkas".