Definition of state

Definition of nationality: In Chinese, the word "nationality" appeared relatively late. In ancient books, people with different cultural characteristics often use "clan". At the beginning of this century, Liang Qichao introduced the concept of state of Swiss-German political scientist and jurist J.K. Bluntschli to China, and it was widely accepted later.

According to Bluntschli's concept, a nation has eight characteristics: ① living together from the beginning; (2) Their origins are the same; ③ The shape of its limbs is the same; (4) the language is the same; (5) Attach its text; 6. Same religion; All landowners have their own customs; 8 and their livelihood. At present, China's ethnic scholars have absorbed the opinions of scholars from all walks of life and accepted and recognized the definition of nationality as: "At a certain stage of historical development, people have the same language, the same region, the same economic life and the same psychological quality."

According to the above explanation, its definition has three characteristics:

First, it is pointed out that the nation is the product of people in a certain historical development stage. In other words, a nation is a social phenomenon and its development has a process. Only by reaching or conforming to these "* * * similarities" can we be called a nation.

Second, the basic characteristics of the nation can be summarized as follows: * * the same language, * * the same region, * * the same economic life and * * the same psychological quality. Among the four "* * * similarities", although language is listed as the first * * * similarity condition, geographical similarity should be the first condition. Because only under the geographical conditions of * * *, it is possible to gradually form the other three "* * *", otherwise, it is impossible. Of course, the "region" here refers to the continuous distribution of nationalities without division, not to areas with certain characteristics. For example, the Han nationality in China, on the mainland, from the northeast to Guangdong, spans several climatic zones and contains many unique natural, economic and cultural regions. However, some ethnic groups, because of their small numbers, are distributed in relatively small areas and confined to a certain characteristic area. Bushmen in South Africa belong to this category. Its population is about100000, and its distribution is limited to the northern areas adjacent to Botswana and Namibia. This is an arid desert shrub area. At present, the vast majority of ethnic groups in the world belong to the same region, but due to historical or immigration reasons, the distribution area has been broken, or even separated from its original place of residence. For example, the world-famous gypsies who often wander around, 1975, have 9 million, of which about two-thirds are distributed in eastern Europe and the rest are scattered all over the world. According to textual research, their ancestors lived in central India from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century BC and belonged to the Dom nationality. Later, he gradually moved to the northwest, and in the case of unrest in India, he went into exile and lived a wandering life, forming an extremely scattered situation at present. Although dispersed, it still retains the original customs.

* * * The same language is an important feature of a nation. Living together as a group, * * * and life inevitably interact with each other, and language is the most basic tool for exchanging ideas. And once the same language is formed, it will spread to idioms from childhood through family and society. However, under special circumstances, a nation may have different languages and dialects. For example, Jews used to speak Hebrew. Its original residence was in Palestine. In the 2nd century AD, the uprising against Roman rule failed, and it was driven out of Palestine and scattered in Europe and all over the world. When he lived all over the world, although he still used Hebrew in religious ceremonies, he gradually used the local language in his daily life. After World War II, Jews established the State of Israel in Palestine, and Jews who came back from all over the world spoke different languages.

A nation is also divided into two nations due to language differentiation and other reasons. For example, the Serbs and Croats in Yugoslavia originally belonged to the southern branch of Slavs who went south to the Balkans from the Elbe region in eastern Germany in the 7th century. Later, due to political and historical reasons, the language used by the residents in the west became Croatian, and the language used by the residents in the east became Serbian. Due to language differentiation and other reasons, the original nation is divided into two nations.

* * * Economic life refers to the economic ties within a country. In the same region of a nation, the economic development level and production characteristics of each region are different. In order to exchange needed commodities and meet the overall demand, it is bound to form the interdependence of various regions and make it a whole economic link. There is often an economic core area here, which is also the origin or center of the nation. With this economic core area, it is convenient for all parties to have economic ties and promote further economic development. Historically, because of its developed economy and concentrated population, this economic core area will gradually develop into the seat of the nation's leading institutions. The economic strength of this region provides support for major institutions, which in turn further strengthens the core role of its economy. Today, every nation always has a city with a commensurate political status in the core area of the same region, some are the capital, some are autonomous institutions, and some are a certain level of government. In short, it must be a city that can meet the role of the national economic life contact center.