Cultural life information of floating population

With the deepening of reform and opening up and the establishment of market economy system, a large number of people, goods and materials flow, especially a large number of floating population flow from underdeveloped areas to more developed southeast coastal areas, with unprecedented speed and scale. The influx of foreign population, on the one hand, provides cheap labor for urban construction and makes positive contributions to local economic development; On the other hand, the crime rate of migrants is on the rise, which has seriously affected social order. It can be said that the crime of floating population has posed a great threat to the social security of cities, especially the economically developed coastal areas. It should be pointed out that population mobility is a historical necessity. Looking at the development of productive forces and the changes of production structure in all countries in the world, any country will go through this process at a certain stage of economic development, and this process will not be too short. Therefore, people should pay more attention to crimes caused by floating population.

First, the characteristics of floating population crime

(a) From the analysis of the occupation of criminals, most of them are farmers from rural areas. According to the information held by local public security organs, farmers account for about 80% of floating population crimes. This situation is consistent with the proportion of farmers in the current floating population. Because most of the floating population are farmers, their cultural quality and moral level are often low. Due to the limitation of their own quality, on the one hand, they yearn for the city; On the other hand, they go to cities as contract workers and temporary workers, and bear the hard work, heavy work, dirty work and dangerous work that urban workers are unwilling to do. Compared with the permanent population, the basic necessities of life of the floating population are at a low level, and their rights and interests are often easily infringed. Therefore, when they see that local residents work easily, earn more money, and have rich families and are reunited with their families, they can't help but feel a sense of inferiority, loss and depression, resulting in serious psychological imbalance, which leads some people to violate the criminal law and constitute a crime.

(2) Judging from the age composition of criminals, most of them are young adults under the age of 35. Most of the floating population are young and middle-aged people under the age of 35, which is in line with the current situation that the floating population is mainly young and middle-aged, including many minors. The interruption of the socialization process makes them lack the proper cultural knowledge and means of livelihood, so they are easily infected by crime. Because there are many young people in the floating population, and most of them have poor self-control ability, they are easy to get emotional, especially under the influence of social ugliness. Some people are often bold, irrational and reckless, and engage in certain criminal activities. This is also an important reason for the serious juvenile delinquency in China.

(3) According to the types of crimes, crimes against property are the main crimes, accompanied by gang crimes. Judging from the types of crimes, it presents the characteristics of direct crimes against property and complete types. Most of the crimes are murder, theft, robbery, prostitution, whoring, making and selling pornographic films, drug trafficking and other crimes. According to the investigation in Chongqing, from 1992 to 1995 and 10, the city * * seized 2689 cases of peasant crimes, including 2067 cases of theft, accounting for 76.87%, and 349 cases of robbery, accounting for 12.98%. 1990 There were 22 murders in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, of which 12 were committed by migrant workers, accounting for 54.5% of the total, of which 6 were killed for money, accounting for half of the total, and 88.4% were farmers. 1994, Zunyi, Guizhou cracked 878 cases of crimes committed by foreigners, and 82 cases of theft, robbery and fraud, accounting for 93.5% of the crimes committed by foreigners. Other cases, such as murder, explosion and rape. Most of them are persistent violence when money is illegally obtained or has been obtained. ( 1)

At the same time, because the floating population mainly comes from rural areas, the main purpose of some migrant farmers is to earn more money. When this goal cannot be achieved, some people take risks and commit crimes against public and private property. At the same time, because farmers go out to work, most of them come with relatives and friends, eat and live together, and are unfamiliar with the outside world, forming a relatively closed small group. When committing crimes, most of them are put forward by one party, others respond and commit crimes in partnership. A large number of floating population often use the favorable geographical location and kinship in the same village, fellow villagers and counties as a link to form loose or close gangs to commit crimes, forming gangs that endanger society, such as theft gangs, rogue gangs, gangs that kidnap women and children, prostitution gangs, and assisting in selling stolen goods. Gang members rely on the strength of numbers to encourage each other, so major cases continue.

(4) the mobility of crime. The nature of floating population determines the characteristics of their crimes. Some people who have no fixed address often wander around streets, stations, docks, towns and villages with luck, looking for criminal targets and seizing criminal opportunities. Most of them have uncertain goals and all kinds of sudden crimes. Moreover, due to the use of modern criminal tools, the scope of harassment of fugitive crimes is getting wider and wider, and the speed is getting faster and faster, which brings certain difficulties to detection.

(5) From the criminal purpose, it is blind and greedy. Due to their own limitations, the education level of floating population is generally low, and even many people are still in the stage of illiteracy and legal illiteracy. The blind desire for wealth and the narrow consciousness of small farmers determine the blindness and greed of these people's crimes. They secretly cut the communication cable in order to sell the copper wire, but they didn't know that the huge damage caused by this behavior to the overall operation of society could not be calculated by the value of the copper wire itself. (2)

(6) The ferocity and destructiveness of the crime. Most crimes committed by floating population are reckless and only seek quick results. Their methods are generally inferior, often accompanied by great damage. (3) The shocking "Kunming Department Store" explosion was committed by several migrant workers from other provinces. They are jealous of money, regardless of the danger of crowded and difficult evacuation of department stores. Instead, they used their own earth explosives to forcibly blow up the building, just for a cashier's cabinet for tens of dollars. Some criminals' methods are extremely inhuman and have the characteristics of members of the vicious underworld.

(7) the concealment of crime. At present, migrant workers who flow into cities are mostly limited by the lack of means of choosing jobs, and often engage in some tedious manual labor. Their places of residence are mostly gaps and cracks in the public security management in the urban-rural fringe. The secrecy and loose management of the residence left a buffer zone for them to commit crimes and sell stolen goods.

Second, the causes of floating population crime

The cause of floating population crime has always been the core and difficulty of research. Crime is a complex social phenomenon, and there are a wide range of factors affecting crime. The increasing number of crimes committed by floating population is the result of the interaction of many factors, so the angle of discussion must be multi-level and multi-faceted. We intend to analyze the subjective and objective factors of illegal crimes.

(A) the main factors of illegal crimes committed by floating population. First of all, the economic system reform in rural areas has liberated a large number of laborers from the land. Due to the limited ability to digest this part of the labor force in rural areas, a large number of people go out to seek jobs and become the main force of the floating population in China. Therefore, among the floating population who commit crimes, the surplus labor force from rural areas accounts for the vast majority. Generally speaking, the quality of these people is not high. As far as the criminal subject of floating population is concerned, the implementation of criminal behavior is, in the final analysis, caused by the low cultural quality, poor moral cultivation and weak legal concept of the criminal subject. Floating population group has dual characteristics, that is, its dominant culture is still agricultural civilization, but influenced and impacted by urban civilization, the lifestyle and values of floating population have already shown some characteristics of urban civilization. In addition, due to the influence of the urban-rural segregation system, the social status of floating population is unstable, the mentality of immigrants is more prominent, and the contact and interaction with urban society is weak, which has the characteristics of marginal groups. In addition, from the demographic characteristics, we can also see that most of the floating population is in a growing stage of vigorous, enterprising, cohesive, impulsive and even extreme, lacking autonomy and poor self-control. A strong creative desire can generate great wealth for the society, but low cultural literacy and negative attitude towards life can easily lead to behavioral anomie and affect social stability. (4) The concrete manifestations are as follows: First, the low cultural quality is the main reason for the floating population to commit crimes. Cultural quality is the basis of personal quality. A large number of survey materials show that the cultural quality of the rural population entering the city is generally not high, and the majority of them are below junior high school education. They have low education level, poor labor skills, lack competitiveness in the increasingly saturated urban labor market, can't find a job, have no stable economic income, become unemployed, and are prone to commit crimes under the influence of social adverse factors. Even if you find a job, your income is low because you don't have much ability and technology. Faced with the contrast and stimulation between the complicated urban life and the real life, some farmers often find it difficult to regulate and restrain their behavior with moral standards, thus easily embarking on the road of crime. Low cultural quality also leads to their poor legal concept and moral concept, weak ability to distinguish right from wrong and self-control, and easy to commit crimes. Second, many people in the floating population have a weak legal concept. Few people in the floating population have received formal legal education, and due to various conditions, it is difficult for all kinds of legal propaganda to go deep into it. Most people don't know what the law is, so they don't know the social harm and serious consequences of their actions, and they don't know their legal responsibilities, so they fall into the mire of crime. Among the floating population who have committed crimes, many people have no concept of law in their minds. At the beginning of their behavior, they did not realize the serious consequences and legal responsibilities caused by criminal acts. When they encounter problems, they are often hot-headed, simple-minded and reckless. For example, they steal communication cables just to sell copper wires, but they don't know that the huge damage caused by this behavior to the overall operation of society can't be calculated by the value of copper wires: they steal iron scorpions and manhole covers in sewers just to sell them as scrap iron ... and so on, and their lack of legal awareness can be seen. The moral concepts and living habits formed in my hometown are often regarded as the standards of beauty and ugliness. If some migrant workers have labor or debt disputes, they often resort to kidnapping, theft, robbery and other illegal means to demand their due labor remuneration or debt. Third, unhealthy psychology is also an important reason for floating population to commit crimes. 1, too defensive mentality. After the floating population flows into the city from the countryside, it is easy to have distrust and defensive psychology in the face of unfamiliar environment, which is aggravated by some experiences of themselves or others in the city. Some people are very defensive and highly nervous. Once there is a dispute or friction with others, they often use violence to resist or retaliate. 2. Excessive forbearance and seeking safety lead to misfortune. Some floating population do not know how to protect their legitimate rights and interests through normal channels and legal means, but their code of conduct is "forbearance", and some people do not report robbery or rape; Some people can't get paid after work and fall into a situation where there is no life and no way out. The environment forced them to take risks and embark on the road of crime. 3. Influenced by Jianghu Loyalty. Some floating population may join with fellow villagers, clans or friends and commit crimes for the benefit of gangs. Some gangs have gradually evolved into criminal organizations with underworld nature and become black sheep that endanger society. For many years, the floating population from rural areas to cities has been dutiful, frugal and simple. However, witnessing the contrast between the prosperity of the city and the economic treatment and living conditions of urban and rural areas, it is easy to produce inferiority complex and unbalanced psychology. Coupled with the extreme emptiness of spiritual and cultural life, it is easy to be influenced by bad external atmosphere and induce crime. Most of them are far away from their hometown, relatives and friends, and have less psychological burden of caring for public opinion, and their behavior is often reckless. 5, psychological imbalance, poor self-regulation ability. The gap between expectation and reality is one of the reasons that lead to the imbalance of mentality of some farmers in cities. Most of the farmers who go to work, do business and provide services in cities come for the purpose of panning for gold. They think that it is easy to make money and get rich quickly in a city like Duran Peanut. When real life makes them feel that their material achievements and social status are very limited, they have psychological imbalance. Some of them will inevitably use illegal means to seek their desired material wealth, and gradually develop into serious crimes such as theft, robbery, robbery and deception. This is also illustrated by the high proportion of cases of property infringement in illegal crimes committed by floating personnel. Unequal social treatment is another reason for farmers' psychological imbalance. For a long time, China has been in a state of dual economic and social structure between urban and rural areas, and its social treatment is obviously biased towards urban residents. Farmers who flow into cities do not enjoy the social security, social welfare and social rights enjoyed by urban residents because they do not have urban hukou. They have limited job search scope, poor basic living conditions, low wages, less work and less sense of security. These have cast a shadow over their psychology. Some people often turn helplessness and resentment into psychological resistance and blind venting, which leads to high incidence of deviance and crime. (5) Fourth, the serious sense of relative deprivation is the direct psychological factor of the floating population's crime of seeking money. Since the reform and opening up, the income gap between residents in China has greatly expanded, and the widening gap between the rich and the poor has aroused some people's sense of injustice and relative deprivation, which has become an important reason for the increase in crime. According to the American sociologist Merton's "relative deprivation theory", a society with only poverty or only wealth will not produce crimes, but the disparity between the rich and the poor in a society will produce a large number of crimes. (6) Confucius also said: "If you don't suffer from poverty, you will suffer from inequality, and if you don't suffer from widowhood, you will suffer from worry." Fifth, the distortion and dislocation of values and the crisis of faith can not be ignored. In the period of social transformation, the traditional value system has been violently impacted by the tide of commercialization and marketization. In this process, coupled with the influence of the mood at the end of the century and the decadent ideas of western culture, it led to the loss of ideals and the crisis of faith. At the same time, in the process of social transformation, due to the influence of social subculture, the social value orientation is biased and chaotic, which makes some people pay too much attention to themselves, realize their self-worth and lack the minimum sense of social responsibility. When their extraordinary material desires and spiritual desires are not satisfied through normal channels, they take deviant measures to solve and extricate themselves. "People die for money, birds die for food" has become the bible of some criminals. In their minds, there is no public morality, no code of conduct for citizens, and no legal concept and legal consciousness. "There is no doubt that some kind of political, social or economic crisis may be the accidental cause of crime, because it makes all aspects of struggle for existence more difficult. However, we have every reason to believe that the lack of moral quality (which is an indispensable condition for a crime) always finds some impulses in various life accidents at a certain time, and these impulses have caused the emergence of criminal phenomena. " (7)

(2) The objective factors of illegal crimes committed by floating population-the weakening of social control and the inability of the external containment system of crimes to play an effective role are the important reasons for the outstanding illegal crimes committed by floating population. Mainly in the following aspects: 1. Lack of authoritative management mechanism, superficial methods and no really effective control mechanism. At present, most of the floating population management institutions established are led by the government and the leaders of relevant functional departments participate. They are coordination or consultation institutions, and the members of the institutions are not actually responsible for the institutions. They are non-permanent institutions and lack authority. The lack of regional cooperation and poor information between the inflow and outflow places leads to the disconnection between the inflow and outflow places, and it is impossible to grasp the basic activities of the floating population in time. In the way of management, it lags behind the development of the situation, and most of them just do some superficial charge management and formulate some management regulations. It is difficult to go deep into the floating population to understand the specific situation and carry out targeted ideological education. Contradictions and conflicts between them can not be effectively mediated, and there is a lack of corresponding supervision and education management measures for some bad behaviors. All these have led to the weakening of the social binding force on the floating population, the weakening of the ability of prevention and control, and the increasing crimes committed by the floating population. 2. The management foundation of floating population is weak, and there is no strong daily management. The daily management of floating population mainly depends on grass-roots police stations. The allocation of police force in police stations is based on the permanent population, regardless of the floating population, and there is already a problem of insufficient police force. Now we should use this part of the police force to face the huge floating population. As a result, the police force is obviously insufficient and cannot adapt to the heavy population management task, and there will inevitably be many omissions in the work. Therefore, the police station can only hire 2-5 assistants in the society if funds permit, and its work can only be limited to handling temporary residence permits. It is impossible to go deep into the jurisdiction to assist the police in the daily management of rental houses and temporary residents. Management mainly relies on temporary and surprise management methods, and the temporary population is cleaned up and rectified two or three times a year. Law enforcement personnel are exhausted, but the effect of cleaning up and rectifying is difficult to last. 3. Poor management of rental housing. Because the floating population has no fixed residence in the inflow area, renting a house has become its main foothold. The lease procedure between the lessor and the lessee is simple and neglected in management, which makes the rented house the main place for criminals to carry out illegal activities and hide in the floating population, and it is also a place to shelter evil people and shelter evil people. In order to manage the floating population and control the illegal and criminal activities among the floating population, it is necessary to manage the rental housing. In practice, grass-roots public security organs often ignore this point, or are unwilling or afraid to manage it, losing the position of rental housing management and failing to grasp the first-hand information of floating population in time, which leads to the occurrence of out-of-control and leakage. 4. The ability of group prevention and treatment is not strong, and the foundation of social prevention and control is weak. Relying on residents' grassroots organizations to carry out mass prevention and treatment is the mass basis for improving social security and an effective measure to prevent crimes committed by floating population. However, from the current situation, this work tends to weaken, and it has lost its due effectiveness in preventing and controlling crimes committed by floating population. Many grassroots self-governing organizations such as neighborhood committees and security committees exist in name only, and some newly developed residential areas have not yet been established.

Three. Countermeasures to prevent and control crimes committed by floating population

(1) Strengthen cultural education and constantly improve the quality of floating population. Crime control is a systematic project, so we must concentrate on "strike hard" to highlight the crime problem. But from a long-term and fundamental point of view, in the whole process of crime control, it is necessary to carry out long-term unremitting cultural education, especially ideological education, to internalize the external requirements of society for people into self-discipline consciousness, and to eliminate or reduce the emergence of criminal concepts subjectively. From the main factors, continuously strengthening cultural education, improving the quality of floating population, especially farmers, and making them competitive and law-abiding workers are important countermeasures to control and prevent floating population crimes. To improve the quality of floating population, in the long run, we should attach importance to the basic education in rural areas and cultivate a new generation of farmers who are literate, idealistic and law-abiding. From a practical point of view, the governments of the inflow and outflow places should pay full attention to this work, educate the floating population in ideology and legal system, carry out vocational training before and after outflow, so that they can integrate into urban life as soon as possible, treat the problems and setbacks encountered in life with a peaceful mind, and eliminate bad psychology. In this regard, the practice of Dalian Public Security Bureau is worth learning. With the support and cooperation of relevant universities, they set up Dalian floating population training center to educate floating population and rental owners on civic awareness, legal knowledge, their own rights and interests, social morality and professional ethics, and achieved good results. (8) (2) Strengthen the macro-control function of the government and promote the rational and orderly flow of population. The government should set up a special floating population management organization to collect, analyze, transmit and control the labor market information such as the flow direction and speed of the floating population, coordinate and deal with the supply and demand relationship, quantity and contradiction of the labor force between regions, formulate and implement policies and regulations on the cross-regional labor force flow, and gradually form a socialized employment service system including information, consultation, job introduction, training and education. Establish a management network led by governments at all levels, with public security and labor departments as the main bodies, and comprehensively manage the participation of all parties, that is, establish a management mechanism based on household registration management, focusing on public security management and supporting labor management. These institutions should be fixed in staffing, so as to truly exercise macro-control functions on behalf of the government, make the population flow orderly, and reduce the environment that breeds crime. (3) The outflow place and inflow place should cooperate with each other to solve the disjointed phenomenon in management. The biggest feature of the floating population is the word "move". To keep the whole process of "moving" under control, it is not comprehensive to rely solely on the management of inflow areas. Therefore, from the systematic and holistic point of view of population management, the management of inflow and outflow places is indispensable and equally important, and they should cooperate with each other in management. The government departments in the outflow area should strengthen the construction of labor information network, provide reliable information in time, do a good job in the preliminary work, reduce the risk of labor export and avoid the blind flow of population; It is necessary to strengthen the training and education of the outflow personnel before their outflow, improve their quality, especially their awareness of abiding by the law, guide migrant workers to abide by the law, do as the Romans do as soon as possible, and adapt to the needs of the inflow areas. As an inflow place, the government should protect the legitimate rights and interests of the floating population. While treating the floating population as a labor force, we should also pay attention to their social education, legal education and social role education, improve their ability to adapt to the new life in the city, and provide them with necessary living and working conditions. When their legitimate rights and interests are infringed, they should be protected in time, and the prejudice and discrimination of the city against the peasants entering the city should be eliminated as much as possible, thus eliminating the sense of inequality and deprivation of the peasants entering the city. (4) Strengthen the functions of public security organs, strengthen the public security management of floating population, and improve the system of prevention and crackdown. 1. We should rely on the masses to strengthen the daily management of floating population and rental houses. The management of floating population and rental housing is a constant and arduous task, and it is difficult to achieve long-term results only by surprise rectification. Therefore, the police station must take this as a regular work and do a good job in daily management. In view of the above-mentioned serious shortage of police force, it is difficult to solve it at the moment, and the public security organs must rely on the masses for the daily management of floating population. (9) No matter how "mobile" the floating population is, it always lives among the urban residents in the inflow area, and the masses know the trend of the floating population best. Therefore, public security organs should follow the mass line in the management of floating population, strengthen the construction of grassroots neighborhood committees and safety committees, and give full play to the advantages of group prevention and group governance. Like urban residents, floating population can be included in the work scope of residents' committees, and self-management organizations of floating population can also be established in areas where floating population lives in concentrated areas. Let the floating population participate in the social organization activities in the inflow areas in their own roles and enjoy certain social role rights and obligations. The key to rental housing management is to manage the lessor well. As the main body of the rented house, the lessor knows the activities of the lessee best. If they can cooperate with the public security organs, they can provide criminal information in time. The management of the lessor is to publicize the legal system and improve its legal awareness; Second, it is necessary to sign a letter of responsibility for public security with the leased house, clarify the responsibility and bind it by contract; Third, we should urge the lessor to strictly abide by and implement the registration and reporting system for accommodation personnel; Fourth, those who violate the provisions of rental housing should be severely punished and severely cracked down to play a disciplinary role. 2. Intensify the crackdown on crimes committed by floating population. It is a heavy blow to prevent crime to crack down on illegal and criminal activities among floating population in time. Therefore, public security organs should constantly study crimes committed by floating population and improve their ability to detect cases. For vicious crimes and a series of cases, it is necessary to concentrate police force, quickly investigate and control, use various means to quickly arrest criminals of floating population and bring them to justice, which can not only force criminals to abandon the old and reform, but also effectively prevent people with criminal intentions from trying the law again, thus playing a special role in crime prevention. Increase investment in science and technology and establish a national population information network and a crime information network as soon as possible. The floating population is always in a changing process, so it is very difficult to understand the information of the floating population. Although we emphasize the cooperation between the inflow place and the outflow place, and the cooperation within the public security organs, due to various reasons, we often can't grasp the information of the floating population in time, especially the information of criminals. Therefore, the national population information network and crime information network should be established as soon as possible, so as to keep abreast of the floating population, improve the management level, and control and crack down on the criminals of the floating population in time, especially the fugitives and fugitives fleeing among them.

In a word, completing the crime control of floating population is a systematic project, which requires the efforts of the whole society to turn theoretical advantages into practical advantages.