Translation of Ming Dynasty History

Every family is third-class: people, army and craftsmen. People have Confucianism, medicine, yin and yang. The army has a captain, a lux, a bow and a soldier. There are chefs, tailors, horse boats and so on. There are salt stoves by the sea. There are monks in the temple and monks in the temple. Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do. The household is based on the family name, and the number of surnames is prohibited. Leak, take off the door, Xu Zishi. Set up old people in the village, choose those who are old enough to serve the public, guide the people to be kind and debate in Pingxiang. Those whose families escaped from the corvee said they ran away. People who are hungry or avoid soldiers are called refugees. Those who go abroad have a reason, and they all say that they are attached to books. The immigration of the imperial court is called migration.

Anyone who leaves home will be sent back to his place of origin at the beginning of next year for a period of one year. Those who can't return to the old and the weak and don't want to return, make books, grant fields and lose taxes. In orthodoxy, make a well-known book of fugitives and check their food.

All refugees are under the jurisdiction of the director of the institute. Establish two officials to help the people. People who belong to this place always come to compile a series for cows, seeds and rations. The governor of Henan and Shaanxi also exempted refugees from reinstatement tax. At the beginning of Chenghua, Jing and the alley were in chaos, and there were millions of refugees. Xiang Zhong and Yang Xuan, the governors of Huguang, ordered to hunt them down one by one. Those who lead the troops guard the border, not counting the dead. Zhou Hongyi wrote "On Refugees", which introduced the method of overseas Chinese setting up counties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so that those who were near attached their books and those who were far away set up counties to caress them. Imperial consultant Li Bin said above. Xianzong ordered the original outstanding care, recruited 120 thousand refugees, distributed idle fields, set up Yunyang House, and set up counties such as Tianjin to rule. Zhang Xuan, the governor of Henan Province, also asked the northwest refugees to compile it. Invited the emperor.

Anyone who is attached to the official family is allowed to take it when it is thousands of miles away from the official family, and return it when it is less than a thousand miles away. Jingtai, attached to the people, returned soldiers, artisans and chefs.

In the early Ming Dynasty, more than 4,000 landless people who moved to Jiangsu, Song, Jia, Hu and Hangzhou went to work in Lin Hao and gave them cattle, seeds, cars and food as severance pay. No tax for three years. More than 35,800 people moved to Beiping Mountain in the desert of Xu Da Plain. They were scattered in various government offices, where they provided clothes and food for soldiers and people in abel tamata. In addition, more than 32,800 families with desert survivors have settled in Beiping, and 254 families have settled in Beiping, covering an area of 1343 hectares. One hundred and forty thousand people moved to Fengyang, south of the Yangtze River. Liu Jiugao, a doctor of household registration, said: "People in ancient narrow townships will not lose their jobs if they listen to the wide townships where they have moved." Zhao Kuangyin took his advice and moved to Zezhou in Shanxi and Lu Min in Hebei. Many people from Chuhe, Hehe, Beiping, Shandong and Henan moved to western Zhejiang and Shanxi. Also moved to Dongchang, Yanzhou Deng, Lai and Qingmin. Twenty thousand people from Zhili and Zhejiang moved to the capital as porters. During the Taizu period, there were the most immigrants, including criminals. Wen Jian ordered Wu and Xu Li to be placed in Beiping. Nuclear Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Qin and Fending have many fields, but few families have no fields, and their fixed mouth is divided into Beiping. After that, there will naturally be few migrants.

Mao had run a nursing home and collected food without complaint. Build a leaky garden to bury the poor. There is a righteous tomb in every county in the world. He also engages in a pension policy and gives him a title of at least 80 years old. Give preferential treatment to soldiers and civilians in distress after the imperial edict. However, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, punishing the powerful and bullying the poor and weak, legislation was more about suppressing the poor from the rich. He ordered more than 14,300 families, Zhejiang and other nine county chiefs to enrich the eighteen states, and then called them to move to the capital to live, which was called rich households. When he became an ancestor, Cha Yingtian and 3,000 households in Zhejiang enriched the people, and served as the governor of Wanwan and Beijing Sophomore County. They belong to the capital, and they should still be their own corvee. Long-term supply, poor escape, you need to choose a well-off household to make up. Xuande customized, fugitives sent troops, and those who hid in the neighborhood were guilty. In the fifth year of Hongzhi, wealthy fugitives were exempted from service, and each household received three taels of cashier to help the people. During the Jiajing period, it was reduced to two Liang to pay for border clearance. The significance of Taizu's legislation was initially imitated by the system of Han migrating to enrich the people and implementing Guanzhong, but it was seriously turned into a step because of its long-term disadvantages.

The number of registered permanent residence is different, which can be tested in Hongwu for twenty-six years. There are 1652870 households and 65458 12 people in the world. Hongzhi four years, 9 1 13446 households, 5328 1 158 people. In the six years of Wanli, there were 162 1436 households with 6,692,856 people. After Mao became a soldier, his registered permanent residence was extremely prosperous. After a long time, it was not so good. Jingnan soldiers, Huaibei Gongcaomao. At this time, the number of people has increased. After that, it is decreasing, and between Tianshun is the most decreasing. Success, prosperity, and then decrease after Zheng De. When the household registration book was reduced, Zhou Chen said, "If you lean on powerful people, or risk fleeing to Beijing, or risk attracting Jia Sifang, you can't trace it." What's more, the increase or decrease of household registration is due to the relaxation of government decrees. Therefore, Xuanzong tried to discuss the hukou of past dynasties with ministers, and thought that "its prosperity was due to recuperation, and its decline was also due to the people's army."

Vernacular translation

The farmland system in Ming dynasty was second-class: it was called official farmland and private farmland. Guantian first entered Guantian in Song and Yuan Dynasties. After that, there were Guantian, no Guantian, Guantian, Xuetian, Huang Zhuang, Horse Ranch and City. Alfalfa fields, sacrificial sites, cemeteries and cemeteries are needed, and open spaces are occupied by the government. Kings, princesses, ministers, prison guards, and temples give begging for land, and the government raises land, and the military, the people, and the merchants cultivate land, which is generally called official land. The rest are private domain.

There was chaos in the Yuan Dynasty, many editions died, and the land tax was not allowed. Emperor Ming Taizu sent Zhou Zhu and others 164 people to check the fields in western Zhejiang and set taxes. I ordered the Ministry to verify the world's soil fields. However, Zhejiang and Zhejiang provinces, which are rich in people and afraid of being free from corvee, have given their land to other families in a big way. This is the so-called iron hoof delivery. In the twenty years of Hongwu, Guo Zi was ordered to give birth to five springs and other branches, and set up grain in counties and districts. There are four local Fiona Fang whose grain length measures the fields, and they know the names of book owners and field rulers by font size. They are compiled into a book, which looks like fish scales. It is called Atlas of Fish Scales. First of all, a letter to the world compiled a yellow book, focusing on households, with four columns: old management, new income, dismissal and real number. The atlas of fish scales is mainly earthen fields, but the original Sakamoto, Fenyan, Xia Ji, Wabalun and Sharu are different. The book of fish scales is a classic, and the litigation quality of Tutian is not good. The yellow book is latitude, and the legal method of delivery is not clear. Where is the quality of land sales, and the rules of tax and grain are all ready, and officials have remembered them, so that the property will not be taxed and saved for the people. In addition, there are many fields in the central plains, so I ordered the ministers of various provinces to discuss and plan the people to grant fields. Set up an agricultural department, open Henan and manage it. In the urban area, test its Li Ding, give it an acre, and no merger is allowed. There is a lot of hopeless land near the northern cities, so people are asked to plow the fields, and people are given fifteen acres and two acres of vegetable fields, which are rent-free for three years. China saves the amount of cultivated land in the world every year, from several thousand mu to more than 200,000, and collects taxes from officials of cattle and farm tools. Those who reclaim surplus land never start studying. Twenty-six years of nuclear earth, with a total area of 8507623 hectares, will not abandon or build the earth.