Please introduce the courtyard architecture during the shogunate period in Japan.

The essence of cultural creation is discovery, selection, absorption and creation. Japan and China, both in East Asia, have a special geographical relationship separated only by a strip of water. Deeply influenced by the architectural style of China in the Tang Dynasty, the Japanese gradually developed their own architectural features with strong curiosity and tolerance, instead of rejecting foreign heterogeneous cultures. From shrines to houses, from teahouses to dry landscape-style freehand brushwork gardens, all reflect the unique creativity of this island country. Especially the natural ecological view contained in Japanese traditional architecture, we should find some useful enlightenment from it. The "nature" here includes not only the material factors of nature, but also the spiritual factors of nature, including the natural quality, natural beauty and philosophy contained in the indoor space of buildings.

Generally speaking, traditional building materials are usually the most accessible raw materials in this area. The difference in building materials between Europe, which is rich in stone resources, and Japan, which is rich in tree resources, is obviously due to different natural conditions. The structure of Japanese-style house is indoor, which leads to the inseparable relationship between Japanese-style harmonious house and harmonious room. Therefore, the interior history of Japan is the history of residence, which is very different from that of Europe, which is what the author should especially point out at the beginning of this article.

First, the evolution of Japanese traditional architecture interior

Ancient Japanese culture developed under the comprehensive and profound influence of China culture. At first, Japan only had language, not words. The emergence and formation of Japanese characters began after China Chinese characters were introduced into Japan. Patrick Newkins, a famous British architectural historian, said: "When we study Japanese architecture, we find that Japanese architecture is greatly influenced by China culture, which is mentioned in many historical facts of architectural art." In fact, as an injection of a brand-new culture, Japan accepted the typical architectural form of southern China in 1 century. Although it has many defects, it is still used because it is suitable for the environmental and climatic conditions of the Japanese archipelago.

In the middle of the 6th century, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from China, and it also brought China's traditional architectural technology and art, including China's architectural structure, architectural technology, layout and urban planning ideas (for example, the architectural planning of Nara, the ancient capital of Japan, was almost the same as that of Xi 'an, China), which made Japanese architectural technology advance by leaps and bounds. At this time, on the one hand, Japan imitated China's architectural style, on the other hand, it merged it with its own inherent culture, and gradually created its own distinctive "Harmony Architecture" and "Tang Architecture". At the same time, some Japanese styles such as Sleeping Temple and Academy have gradually formed in residential buildings, as well as some architectural types with strong Japanese styles such as Cao Anfeng Tea Room and Several Houses. Compared with the grandeur of China architecture, Japanese architecture is more exquisite, elegant and simple, and it is better at expressing the structural beauty of architectural structure and the texture and color beauty of materials. In addition, Japanese architecture seems to be unique in the concept and skills of expressing natural beauty with architecture.

The history of Japanese architecture can be roughly divided into three stages: the early stage-from the middle of the 6th century to the12nd century, that is, the architecture in the period of flying birds, Nara and Heian; Mid-period-from the end of12 century to the middle of 16 century, that is, buildings in Kamakura era and Muromachi era; Recently-/kloc-from the mid-6th century to the mid-9th century, that is, the buildings in the Taoshan and Edo periods. However, the evolution of Japanese-style Japanese-style Hehe House has roughly gone through the stages of building a sleeping hall, building an academy, building a teahouse and sending several houses.

The earliest house recorded in writing is the board house of Nakana Yanfujiwara, which was built in Tianping period and near Jiangxiang Music Palace. There, screens, curtains and curtains are used to divide the internal space. The interior decoration is simple, equipped with daily necessities, and equipped with a chair seat and a flat seat, and the royal chair is used at work.

Around 552 AD, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from China via Korea, and it also brought the traditional architectural techniques and styles of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. Since then, Buddhist temple architecture has become the main building in Japan, and its influence has spread throughout palaces and shrines. During the period of Asuka (593-709 AD), the layout and forms of Buddhist temples were different, and gradually formed a unified style in the Nara era, which not only had the obvious characteristics of China's Tang Dynasty architecture, but also was in the transition to Japanese style. Shrine is one of the architectural types with typical Japanese style, usually with the main hall as the main body. The main hall is generally rectangular or square, with wooden frame, overhead at the bottom and two slopes at the top. A log ranked as "vertical fishwood" is placed horizontally on the main ridge, and a pair of square trees at both ends of the ridge are raised high and cross each other, which is called "thousand trees". The wooden components such as columns, walls and railings in the shrine are treated into plain faces with clear wood grains and soft colors. On the avenue leading to the shrine or on the wall, there is always a gate named "torii", which is in the form of a cross beam with two ends hanging on a pair of wooden posts, and another square wood picked out at both ends is across the cross beam. Although torii's body is simple, its proportion is exquisite, its posture is simple and light, and it has a special beauty. By the time of Heian (794- 1 184), this transition was basically completed, and a harmonious building with Japanese characteristics was formed in the Buddhist temple building, and a "sleeping temple building" was formed in the aristocratic mansion. The Sleeping Hall, built in the last years of Ping 'an, is a residential building that imitates China's palace-style architecture. There is no obvious difference in the interior space of the dormitory except the painted cage (mud-walled hut), and it is only separated by screens and curtains when there are activities. Necessary indoor supplies are called "room ceremony" and "bedding", and tatami is only laid in necessary places.

From the Kamakura shogunate era (A.D./KOLOC-0//KOLOC-0/85-/KOLOC-0/335) to the Muromachi shogunate era (A.D./KOLOC-0/335-/KOLOC-0/573), Japanese local forces rose, and palaces, shrines, Buddhist temples and mansions gradually spread to the whole country. At this time, Japanese architecture, on the one hand, continued to be influenced by China architecture, and at the same time, created with national characteristics. Japanese residential buildings have also begun to break the ancient culture, forming a fixed architectural style with tatami on the ground, decorative ceilings, corner columns, high and low shelves and academies. This is a building made by the Academy of Sciences. The "Academy Building" often chooses one of several rooms in a house to make an inclined house study and decorate it to adapt to the lifestyle of monks and warriors. Its indoor floor is slightly higher than other rooms, and incense burners, candlesticks and vases are arranged in pairs on the floor.

In the period of Antu Taoshan (A.D. 1573- 1602), Japan's existing culture began to move towards modern culture, forming a splendid culture represented by castle architecture and a real academy building. At this time, drinking and tasting tea from China gradually became a habit, and the tea ceremony was formed under the tea tasting and tea fighting advocated by Zen master, which became a unique comprehensive art for Japanese aesthetic appreciation, and affected the construction of academies. Teahouses became popular, among which Cao An-style teahouses were the most popular. Cao Anfeng's tea room often adopts mud walls and grass roofs and floor-to-ceiling lattice windows, and a small and ornamental tea room is set around it. Bamboo fences, "service stones" (that is, stepping stones), stone washbasins (or fountains and wells) and stone lanterns (often named after the owner of the teahouse) are arranged in an elegant and simple environment. Trees are planted on the road leading to the teahouse, and the tea ceremony is called "tea ceremony". This teahouse is small in scale. If it is built alone, it is often built in the suburbs of Shan Ye, and it is built with the shape and water. If it is built in a corner of the house, it will be combined with the wild courtyard. It pays attention to dynamic and static changes, often centering on a single study, and has a quiet, elegant and pure atmosphere. Materials and structures are usually wooden columns, mud walls, or windows made of bamboo, and bark trunks are often used as wooden components.

With the passage of time, the residential forms of several houses gradually appeared. "Gigi" (Japanese transliteration) refers to a wooden sliding door with translucent paper stuck on the outside, or a double-layer wooden lattice with paper in the middle. It was originally introduced into Japan from China, and it can be used to separate indoor space, and can also be used as the external wall of houses. Numbered house is a kind of Japanese rural residence with regular platform and strong practicability, which is the product of the combination of teahouse-style and academy-style residence. Numbered houses are often used to divide the space, and they are used to using dark wooden components to draw ink on the grille, which makes the artistic conception simple and elegant. In Japan, the well-known Guili Palace (built in1616-161) is the integration of architecture and courtyard, showing a spatial form of mutual infiltration and integration of man-made and nature, which highlights the traditional Japanese architectural style and elegant beauty. This is a classic of several-room architecture handed down from generation to generation. Modelling technique, which is harmonious with the courtyard, is the foundation of the inheritance and development of Japanese-style houses, and the tradition of "sending houses" is still strongly reflected in the architectural style of Japanese-style houses today.

The academy building and several houses interacted, infiltrated and tended to combine, and gradually evolved into modern Japanese harmonious houses.

In the Meiji era (A.D.1868-1911), the government recruited foreign architects to build western-style buildings with Japan as its goal. Therefore, the interior decoration has gradually adopted the form of "compromise between the West and Japan". Meiji Palace, which was built in Meiji 2 1 year (1888), set a model of dual structure for Japanese architecture, decoration and furniture industry in the future: the public parts adopted western style and the internal parts adopted harmonious style, which made the interior and exterior different. Today, western-style furniture still occupies the mainstream in Japan, and the practice of dual structure has been used to this day. Generally, the living room, dining room, etc. of Japanese residential buildings are all foreign houses with modern furniture such as sofas and chairs, while the bedrooms are harmonious rooms with traditional furniture such as tatami, lime-sand walls, fir boards, and paper-pasted lattice sliding doors. The lifestyle of "harmony but difference" is accepted by most people, while "all-western" or "all-harmony" is rare.

Second, the characteristics of harmonious residential buildings in Japan

Harmony houses are mostly in the shape of "Tian", facing south, surrounded by platforms with eaves columns, forming a cloister. Its roof seems to be a big umbrella, under which people build houses in the dim shadow. The eaves of harmonious houses are very wide, which is related to climate, soil and water, building materials and other factors. Because bricks and cement are not used, it is necessary to extend the eaves in order to keep out the wind and rain.

The division of harmonious residence adopts sliding grid door (sliding door), which can be opened and closed, transparent inside and outside, does not occupy space, has simple structure, and integrates the functions of wall, door, window, envelope, lighting and ventilation. The floor of a house is often higher than the ground, generally about 600mm higher than the outdoor, and sometimes it is 1000mm, so that the bottom can be ventilated and the indoor floor can be kept dry. The floor is covered with tatami (a kind of straw mat), on which people kneel to drink tea and talk about the world.

Tea room is one of the most traditional residential buildings in Japan.

It pursues an elegant and quiet taste and embodies the traditional Zen spirit. Teahouses were originally related to Zen, and Zen masters often drank tea during meditation to keep themselves awake. The most obvious feature of the teahouse is the geometric shape of the floor defined by the dark border of tatami, as well as the natural wooden columns and beams, which define the indoor space with clear lines. The ceiling of the teahouse itself is also a light wooden lattice covered with unadorned sheets. The curve is abandoned in the division of space, which makes the house have a geometric beauty in elegance and simplicity. Tea rooms are often equipped with niches as indoor visual subjects and aesthetic centers for hanging decorative axis paintings and placing decorations. The floor of the niche is a platform with a height of about 100-200 mm and a low ceiling. There is a short coffee table on the platform, which is also omitted now. An important work of art-or a pottery bowl, or a bunch of flower arrangements, a tea set, an incense burner, etc. -Generally, it is displayed on a platform or coffee table, and a calligraphy and painting with scrolls is hung on the wall of the niche. Here, the hazy picture contrasts with the dark niche, and the lonely and faint shadow is always quietly deposited and shrouded there, giving people a feeling that although they are in the world, they are spotless or as if they are in the outside world.

In order to imitate the atmosphere of the deep mountains and valleys and make the tea room show the characteristics of mountain villages and cottages, the tea room should choose various natural materials: curved wooden columns with skin are preferred; A board with bark; A wall covered with mud; Soft and neatly cut grass roof; Paper lattice door; There are also steps or tea stove racks made of gravel without axes; Windows and ceilings made of bamboo; Rough reed mat partition and so on. The most exquisite indoor component is the column next to the niche, which requires natural bending with both rigidity and softness and a rich and simple natural texture. Therefore, in order to get the top grade, the owner often pays a great price to get it.

While choosing natural materials, we also pay great attention to making full use of the natural properties of materials, such as texture, texture, color and different weaving combinations, so as to enrich the details. The use of such diverse but natural materials in such a limited area reflects a desire to get the most with the least resources. A separate main entrance and a narrow guest entrance, a translucent "counting" lattice window and an occasional skylight are its only contact with the outside world. This sense of privacy has formed a special environmental atmosphere and reached a perfect state of relaxation and meditation.

On the land of the island country of Japan, there are ever-changing landscapes of seashore, forest, hills and mountains. With the changes of four seasons: cherry blossoms in spring, dark green in summer, red leaves in autumn and white snow in winter, it presents colorful landscapes. Therefore, the Japanese have a distinctive strong consciousness and feelings for nature. They enthusiastically praise, praise and love nature, and are very sensitive to nature. The scenery of plain mountains and rivers and the subtle changes of climate will attract people's attention and inner joy. All these have formed the unique natural ecological view of the Japanese nation.

The buildings built under the guidance of this natural concept and the indoor atmosphere created, especially the houses where people live in daily life, pay great attention in the design and construction process: the interior is not separated from nature or created a part of space independent of nature, nor is it limited between the living space and the external environment by walls, but an open lifestyle in nature as much as possible, although it must have the functions of sheltering from wind and rain, preventing cold and resisting summer heat. In a harmonious house, people concentrate the "dry landscape" and "tea house" in Japanese classical gardens with freehand brushwork and introduce them into the room, which is the concentrated embodiment of this view of nature.

Generally speaking, Harmony House buildings try to avoid being symmetrical along the longitudinal axis in pursuit of nature, and don't like tall buildings going against nature. The ideal house and interior don't want to boast of human strength through it, but should be in harmony with nature, integrate with nature and pay attention to the warm and cordial space atmosphere.

Third, the characteristics of Japanese style interior design

Japanese architecture is usually simple, so is the interior style, but the detailed design of the interior is quite laborious, even painstaking. In a very limited space, the changes in details are extremely rich and complicated. Heheshi is called "the secluded place" or "Shan Ye's secluded place in the city" and is considered as the entrance to the "meditation road". Here, through the simple and complicated unity of opposites, a natural world has been created for people in the flashy and complicated urban life.

The design of the harmonious room comes from the traditional Japanese residence. So its floors, columns, walls and doors are all in proportion. A typical harmony room, with tatami on the ground, many kneeling postures, less indoor furniture, easy to move, and the use can be changed at any time. Floors, walls and ceilings are also made of natural materials such as wood and bamboo, which makes people feel close to nature.

The important feature of Harmony Room is low viewpoint, that is, the furniture in the room is very short, and people will collapse as soon as they enter the door. In addition, the Japanese interior style is more distinctive. The interior decoration is simple, with little change and simple color, mostly light-colored wood. At the same time, the Japanese pay more attention to the creation of traditional cultural atmosphere, and pay more attention to the layout of rooms according to regional climate and local conditions and customs in modern harmonious buildings, so that the houses strive to follow the natural sunshine, wind and green. In the atmosphere filled with the special smell of natural materials such as wood and paper (attached to sliding doors and windows), rectangular lines, natural tones and soft colors of plants give people a quiet and beautiful feeling.

In a harmonious room, practical furniture and furnishings are often arranged in the center of the room, which can fully reflect the feeling of free space. The wall is painted with soft sand wall paint, because the eaves are deep and the corridors are long, so it is far away from the sun. In this way, no matter where we are indoors, we can enjoy the dim sunshine projected on the dim wall, as if we are barely maintaining the "afterglow of the sunset." Sunlight and shadows make the room in the daytime always have a charm and feeling in the afternoon, the visual characteristics of objects become rich, and the rough surface becomes extremely soft. Harmonious rooms rarely use artificial lighting. Natural light passes through the low pane under the deep eaves and is reflected by the ground, which is usually the only source of indoor lighting. The artificial traces in the harmony room are reduced to a minimum, which is closer to nature.

Specifically, the characteristics of Japanese Japanese style interior are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1, indoor multi-purpose (smooth) sliding door fan divides the space, which is free and convenient to open and close;

2. Wood decoration is widely used indoors. For example, ceilings and partitions are mostly made of wood.

3. Indoor floors should be covered with straw mats. People are used to sitting on tatami and lying on the floor at night.

4. Be good at expressing the natural beauty of the texture and color of interior decoration materials, and pay attention to the structural beauty;

5. The indoor environment is clean and elegant, and the furnishings are washed and practiced;

6. Indoor furniture is simple in shape and has the charm of traditional oriental furniture.

Four. Concluding remarks

To sum up, the author thinks that the realm of "nature, indifference and elegance" embodied in Japanese harmonious architecture and interior, or a natural ecological view it pursues, is the real essence of the interior characteristics of Japanese traditional architecture. Today, the interior of harmonious buildings in Japan has also become a paradise for people to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the world, relieve physical and mental stress and return to nature for a moment.

After human's design thought changed from "machine-oriented" to "people-oriented" and today's "nature-oriented" brand-new ecological design concept, people began to pursue "simple design" (a new postmodern design culture concept), "simple life" and "moderate consumption" after experiencing the pain of resource depletion and ecological environment destruction at the end of the 20th century, which is similar to that of Japanese philosopher and originator of tea ceremony Morino. Wright is a world-famous architect. His unique thought of "organic architecture" had a great influence on modern architecture, and formed an indissoluble bond with the East in his long architectural design career. In particular, the high unity of harmonious architecture and natural environment in Japan has had a great influence on his creative thoughts and activities. He said, "Japanese architecture ... has organic characteristics." It is made of wood that is very close to people, and its architecture does not show the confrontation and opposition with nature. Instead, we should strive to show unity and harmony with nature; Pay attention to every detail in architectural treatment, and closely combine with the natural environment. The natural view of harmony with nature and harmony between man and nature condensed in Japanese architectural interior is similar to the mainstream idea of "ecological design" advocated by contemporary times.

2/kloc-in the 20th century, people have changed their previous desire for luxury and pleasure into a lifestyle of "advocating nature and pursuing simplicity (not poverty and simplicity)". The unique natural style and form, construction technology and detail treatment of Japanese traditional architecture and interior, as well as the philosophy contained therein, will certainly have a far-reaching impact on modern architecture and indoor environment design and bring great enlightenment.