Does anyone know what the ritual and music life in Minnan customs is like?

Ritual students: refers to the master of ceremonies, that is, the host of the ceremony. Li Sheng presided over the memorial ceremony, played funeral music, offered incense, offered titles, offered sacrifices, entered the temple, knelt three times and knocked nine times, and recited eulogies.

Are you awake?

After washing the corpse and changing clothes, a mourning hall is set up, commonly known as guarding the shop, and the corpse is filial day and night to show filial piety. Wisdom said, "Now that you are dead, you should set up a spiritual position. Please ask the gentry with taste to write a title, which is called Shu Ming. The lamp beside the spirit body is burning, shining day and night, called a ghost lamp. The dutiful son wakes up day and night and eats at three. " The mourning hall takes solemnity as the keynote, hangs the blue and black filial piety account, sets up the coffin and sets up the main card of God. God's master card, also known as "wood master", was called "Mo" or "Mo" in ancient times. It is one foot two inches long and three inches wide, with two corners cut off at the top and a base at the bottom. The name, font size, date of birth and date of death of the deceased are written on it. In the old days, officials also had to write down the titles and titles. The number of words in God's main card is regular and varies from place to place. Xinghua area is calculated by the words "prosperity, glory and decline", and the last word cannot be set on the word "decline". Quanzhou is based on the four words "prosperity, glory, decline and micro", and it is best to include "prosperity and glory", otherwise it is a taboo. In Yong 'an, it is calculated according to the five words of "birth and death", and the last word should be stamped with the word "old", which is commonly known as "old". The word "Lord" of God is temporarily written as "King". After returning to Huilong, I asked a prestigious person to add a little "master" to the calligraphy, commonly known as "point master". In Zhangping and other places, there is no god, but plain silk or white cloth is tied into a coffin, commonly known as "soul cloth", indicating the surname and first name of the deceased. In towns and mourning halls, portraits are enshrined, and the words of legacy or mourning for the dead are written on both sides of the portraits, and elegiac couplets and arms are hung, which is more solemn. ?

There is an incense table on the mourning hall for fruits, incense sticks and the like. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a wake, men did not shave their heads, women did not comb their hair, slept on pillows and drank porridge to show their deep condolences. In modern times, most people will build another bed in front of the coffin bed, or spread some straw on the ground and sleep there to guard. Nowadays, it is common for filial piety to take turns sitting next to the body to guard. There are two responsibilities of the vigil: one is to ensure that the taillights (ever-burning lamps) are always on and the incense is always burning. In Fuzhou, the "foot candle" must be blown out at 1: 30, and the remaining half candle will be distributed to children at the funeral to represent future generations. The second is to prevent cats and mice from approaching the corpse. Popular cats (especially white-hoofed cats and short-tailed cats) jump over corpses, which will turn into zombies and pounce on people. At this time, you can only escape if you use your quick wits and throw objects like brooms or pillows at zombies. On a cloudy day in Xiapu, dead mice will jump up to catch people when they hear cats barking, so they often put a broom or a bundle of grass next to the body to prevent accidents. The purpose of this legend is to ask the filial piety people to guard the remains at all times in order to do their last filial piety. ?

Crying and mourning?

When a loved one dies, mourning is expressed by crying. This is called mourning. Mourning is usually crying to tell the merits and feelings of the deceased before his death. In some places, there is a certain tone and content when mourning, and the rhythm is low. At the end of a sentence, there are often long rhythms and decorative sounds. Many women, especially rural women over the age of 40 and 50, can freely write lyrics, sing freely, mourn, tell their life experiences or vent their inner anger according to this model. ?

In Fuzhou, there are ten grievances, December filial piety songs and poor songs. These are very touching. Because the object is different, the content of crying is different. For example, people who live a little longer often cry and sing, "Alas, Niannai (or Balang, in Fuzhou dialect, Niannai is the mother and Balang is the father), you have been thrifty all your life, and you have never taken supplements or lived a good life. How can you leave when you are sick, so that boys and girls are so miserable ... "If the boy is dead, the crying tone is even more tragic:" You are short-lived, you go when you are sick, and you can't catch up with Class Three and Class Four. You don't care if your parents are old, but your mother will be very careful when she is young. You don't care about being young ... "The daughter cried and sang a song about her father:" The ten stairs are just firewood. Oh, my lang, how hard it is for you to plant trees into forests and cut down trees to build ladders. It's like you have worked hard to raise your children, and you have been buried in the countryside for a lifetime without eating or making up. Now that you are going back to earth, poor men and women miss you. You shouldn't call me lang, but when you see my lang's shadow, you won't appear to take the ladder ... "The child bride cried and sang to her mother-in-law:" I want to complain about the past. Oh, my mother-in-law, at the beginning, under your hands, your firewood was made of iron, regardless of wind, frost, rain, snow, cold and heat, as long as I was a cow or a horse ... "When I served soup in the morning, I sang," When I get up in the morning, I will think of my wet nurse (or Balang) and bring the soup to the table. It's so sad ... "Before the funeral, the crying and singing of mourning for the deceased were mostly words of praise:" Father is like a pine and cypress in Nanshan, evergreen all the year round. In this way, boys can be more productive and girls can be richer ... "or" milk grows like grass in Xuanhua, which is full of shade for future generations. So that the family can grow and benefit, so that future generations can enjoy peace ... "In southern Fujian, after receiving the obituary, the married daughter cried all the way, calling it" crying the road ". After her family entered the hall, she cried even more sadly: "My father (mother) can't eat for ten or eight years (she can't live any longer), but she can come to be a son. My father (mother) yo ..." There is "Forty-nine Songs of Filial Piety" in eastern Fujian, and people cry and sing every day during the wake. In some places, you can't wipe your nose when you cry, which makes it more sad to drag it to the ground. In the old days, people were hired to mourn in southern Fujian. In recent years, in Fuzhou, the mourning process has been recorded with a tape recorder so that it can be played along the way during the funeral. ?

Mourning has a certain practice since ancient times. It is recorded in the Book of Rites that "women don't cry when they welcome guests, but men don't cry when they go out to see people." In most parts of Fujian, there are also sayings such as "mourning is greater than dying in the heart" and "looking at the coffin and not singing". It is common to avoid tears dripping on your body, not to cry when wearing a shroud, not to cry when nailing a coffin, and not to cry at night. ?

Hey?

Putting a body in a coffin is called a big burial, also called a burial. It is usually held on the third day after death, and in some places it depends on the season. Longyan slang says: "Spring 3, summer 1, autumn 5, winter 7." ? Before the funeral, a farewell ceremony should be held, and customs vary from place to place. The custom of "offering words" is popular in southern Fujian, that is, a confession case should be set up before the funeral, and 12 bowls of dishes should be offered to the deceased, and Taoist priests should pay tribute to the deceased bowl by bowl and recite various auspicious words. In eastern Fujian, sacrifices are prepared by married women, mainly including pig heads, chickens and ducks, meat swallows and cuttlefish. , or 7 bowls, or 9 bowls, can only be singular. Mourners worship first, and then relatives and friends take turns to worship. In Fuzhou and other places, a plush chair is placed in the back hall before burial. Please a "lucky man" (an old man with a happy wife and children in his later years) to sit for a while, and then carry the body to the plush chair to sit for a while, commonly known as "sitting on a case". Then symbolically feed noodles to the deceased, and seal the boiled eggs in his mouth. Many places have to cross to enter the grave. In Jiangle, a wizard named Nan Moxian is often invited to make a sacrifice for rooster and Midou, and light "seven-star lanterns" (49 lamps on a tree), commonly known as "Midou". ?

Before the funeral, many places had the custom of "giving money". The master put down his money and read a good word: "rice bucket, if you have money, you will come to buy fields;" Let go of the tail and the offspring will get the guy (property). " Or read: "Put down your money, and future generations will be rich. "Filial piety is extremely precious to the money at the end of the hand. When the funeral is held, it is tied to the money at the end of the hand (white filial piety, green filial piety). In Xiapu and other places, a small piece of "water quilt" or the sleeve of shroud is cut out and given to filial piety, commonly known as "parting money", which means the same as "parting money". ?

Most coffins are prepared in advance, and generally only 50-year-olds are qualified to prefabricate coffins. The best coffin material is nanmu, followed by Chinese fir, and most coffins are made of Chinese fir. Generally speaking, coffins are about 8 feet long, 1.6 feet wide (1.8 feet) and 1.05 feet high. Those made of four boards are called "Sijia" and those made of six boards are called "Liu Jia". "Four armour" is the best, followed by "Six armour" and "Eight armour". The more boards are made, the more times they are made. Build coffins in leap years, "to increase the sun and the moon." Most of the wages for making coffins are borne by the son-in-law. When the coffin is finished, married women should prepare sacrifices to congratulate them. Most coffins have to be painted with cinnabar, especially in ancient times, coffins have to be painted many times, even if the body decays, it will not leak out, commonly known as "golden painted coffins", and the poor are oily but not painted. The word "Fu" or "Shou" should be written on the head of the coffin, the word "Fu" should be written on the coffin of men, and the word "Shou" should be written on the coffin of women. Then the finished coffin is erected in the front hall or at home and wrapped with red paper or red cloth, commonly known as "vertical longevity" or "vertical longevity". The man's coffin stands on the left and the woman's coffin stands on the right. They can't be reversed. After that, you can't move freely, let alone open it. When burying, people who have prepared the coffin should sprinkle salt rice when putting down the coffin to prevent "evil spirits". In some places such as southern Fujian, coffins are purchased temporarily. After the death of a loved one, he immediately sent someone to the coffin shop to buy it, which is also commonly known as "buying a big bag." Every time you cross a bridge or intersection along the way, you should put some paper money or a piece of red cloth, commonly known as "putting paper". You must burn paper money at the entrance of the village or in the alley and kneel down to welcome the coffin into the house. When buried, plant ash, ghost silver, shredded paper, charcoal and other water-absorbing things are usually put in the coffin, and then straw mats or sheets are laid on it. There is a custom of "begging for ashes" and "putting seven-star boards" in southern Fujian. "Begging for fire ashes" means begging for wood ashes from neighbors. Filial piety greeted the grass ash at the door and laid it at the bottom of the coffin. The master read auspicious words: "One bucket makes ten buckets, and one stone makes ten stones. With wealth, children and grandchildren can eat. " The seven-star board is a thin plate about 1 m long and 0.2 m wide, on which the Big Dipper is carved, and the seven stars are inlaid with silver dollars or copper plates. Commonly known as "bronze color, the best among generations of children and grandchildren", "Seven stars are safe, and generations of children and grandchildren are rich". In the past, wealthy families had to put a seven-star board at the bottom of the coffin. In southern Fujian, there is also the custom of "collecting witches" (also known as evil spirits) before collecting coffins, that is, Taoist priests hold peach branches, sprinkle "dharma water" indoors and outdoors, sprinkle salt rice at the same time, and cut down the threshold with a kitchen knife. It is said that this move can eliminate ominous and ensure the safety of the whole family. In Xiamen, the person in charge carried a small incense burner and circled around the body to purify himself as a sign of expelling the devil and purifying the dead. Later, the incense burner circled the coffin several times to show that the foul air in the coffin had been removed, and he said auspicious words: "Clean descendants will make a fortune, and clean descendants will make a fortune." ?

The eldest son holds his head, the second son and son-in-law hold his waist and feet in turn, and some places put the body in the coffin with hemp rope. When moving the body into the coffin, it is necessary to cover the head with rain gear such as umbrella and hat. It is said that if the deceased sees the light of day again, he will be haunted in the future. Tears of filial piety are taboo to drop on the body. There are also regulations on the location of the remains in the coffin. As the saying goes, "men stand tall, women stand tall." That is, the head of the male corpse should point to the upper end of the coffin, and the foot of the female corpse should point to the lower end of the coffin. After putting the body away, cover it with a water quilt and cover your face with a white cloth. It is said that this custom originated in the early Qing Dynasty, indicating that as the ancestors of Ming Dynasty adherents, they were ashamed to see graves. In Zhangping, the "quilts" sent by relatives and friends during their condolences should be covered on the remains one by one. The person in charge wants to sing a "quilt" to the deceased, which was given by someone. When singing to someone, they don't sing names, only titles. Folk beliefs will be taken away by the dead and accompanied by the underworld. ? There are often some funerary objects in the coffin, such as handkerchiefs, combs, jade articles, paper money, paper wedding and so on. And the small items that the deceased loved before his death vary greatly from place to place. In Songxi, besides paper money, there is a fire cage in the coffin, which contains charcoal, a little salt and a broom. There are fans, peach branches and so on in the field. In Wuping, the funerary objects are generally fried rice, wheat, beans, broken pottery pots and chopsticks cut into small pieces. ?

In southern Fujian, a "lot-drawing" ceremony is held before the coffin is covered, that is, one end of hemp thread or white gauze is tied to the hands of the deceased, and the other end is held by filial relatives and friends, and then the person in charge whispers, "The living is still there, but the deceased is gone." Life and death are different roads, and they are cut off from now on. "At the same time, the twine or white thread will be cut one by one, and everyone will wrap the twine or white thread in their hands with paper money and burn it, so that the folk letter will be cut off from the dead and avoid being disturbed. One spouse dies first, and the other spouse intends to remarry or remarry. When entering the coffin, he must jump out of the coffin with an umbrella and a burden, saying, "Jump over the coffin and walk past it. "It is said that this custom originated from overseas Chinese who died in a foreign country. When they died, they missed their homeland and asked their relatives to lure the deceased back to Tangshan, saying that they would never see them again, thinking that the deceased would not pester them again and could remarry with peace of mind. ? In Tongan, when the corpse was carried into the coffin, Xiao knelt down at the fastest speed (the coffin was placed on two benches) and three straw mats were placed in front of the hall. After entering the coffin. Xiao walked to the first straw mat as soon as possible, bowed down seven times, got up and lifted the water quilt, then poured a glass of wine into the mouth of the deceased and cried three times, indicating that the person had indeed passed away. Then one by one, they retreated to the second and third straw mats to bow down. Then other relatives bowed down in turn. This custom is similar to the ancient "genus". There is a custom of "leaving a coffin" in eastern Fujian, that is, after the dutiful son receives the coffin, he puts a little rock sugar (or licorice soup) into the mouth of the deceased, and then pours a little wine, which means wishing the deceased a sweet life in the underworld and praying for the deceased to bless the living. In Fuzhou, sacrifices and chopsticks equal to the number of descendants of the deceased should be placed on the rice screen, and the filial son and grandson should cook a meal, commonly known as "eat dry rice".

Before the coffin was covered, the custom of "patrolling the coffin" was popular in many places, that is, relatives arranged filial piety as soon as possible, holding incense and paper money and walking around the coffin several times to pay tribute to the remains. Around the coffin, usually three times counterclockwise, and then three times clockwise. In some places, there is only one circle before and after (Gutian); In some places, it exceeds 100 (Yongchun 108, Anxi 120); In some places, the coffin is not inspected until it is covered (Longyan). In Xiapu, a torch is lit at each end of the coffin and held by two people. The dutiful son walks from one end of the coffin to the other, not around the head of the coffin. In Zhangping, a "dead drink" will be held before the coffin is covered and a memorial service will be read out. ? The time of coffin covering is mostly decided by wizards, and it is a custom in some coastal areas to cover coffins at high tide. Cover the coffin by a respected gentleman in the village or a person who specializes in funeral (commonly known as geotechnical). When closing the coffin, filial piety and onlookers should stay away from the coffin as soon as possible, and don't reflect people in the coffin. When a stranger's shadow is reflected in the coffin, the soul will be taken away by the dead and will be insane in the future. Those who collide with the deceased zodiac can't be present. ?

Nail the coffin after it is covered. In southern Fujian, the dutiful son holds a wooden pallet with an axe on it and kneels as a stapler. First, my uncle symbolically nailed a nail on each corner of the coffin, and then the nail nailed it firmly, singing auspicious sentences while nailing it; "Little oriental wood is blessed from generation to generation; At two o'clock in the south, the descendants will send the guys from generation to generation; West three points of gold, from generation to generation to send ten thousand gold; At four o'clock in the north, water will be rich from generation to generation; At five o'clock, the central government was already in the soil, and children and grandchildren were ancestors. " Finally, a loose nail is left, and the dutiful son or grandson will pull it up with his mouth and spit it in the bucket with the wood owner, grains, copper coins and incense, which means "Ding" (the same as "nail" and "Ding"). In Zhangping, if the mother dies, nailing must be approved by grandparents. The dutiful son took out a plate with a hammer, four nails, a pair of candles and a packet of red envelopes for his grandparents' elders. When he picked up the red envelope and touched the hammer and the coffin lid with his hand, he could cover the coffin and nail it. In Gutian, after the coffin is covered and nailed, the squire should be asked to read a eulogy, which reads: "In terms of weeping blood, it means that the fierce accumulation of dereliction of duty will definitely delay the father (mother). A sudden illness brought a baby to life. It's worthwhile to cover the coffin for a long time. Father (mother) is heaven and earth. Why is it so evil? Hey, still embarrassed! " ?

After the coffin was covered and nailed, Xiao threw the daily necessities of the deceased (such as straw mats, headboards, taillights, old clothes, etc.) into the wild as soon as possible, commonly known as "sending feet and tails" or "sending grass". ? In the past, when a person died, he had to be taken care of by the patriarch. When a woman dies, she must be taken care of by her grandparents. Otherwise, you cannot die. It is said that "men are afraid of their relatives (uncles) and women are afraid of their families (ancestors)." In particular, it is essential to look after the dead in the ancestral home. As the saying goes, "My dead father will be buried and my dead mother will come." Therefore, the custom of "inheriting ancestors" is widespread and respected in Fujian, especially in southern Fujian. At the same time, a funeral home must be set up at the entrance of the funeral home, ready to receive this grandfather. When my grandparents came (mostly my mother's uncle), Dai Xiao knelt on the ground to meet them. After the ancestors found out the cause of death, if it was a normal death, they opened a corner of the red cloth covered on the incense table and burned incense to worship. Then he turned to help the filial sons and daughters and went to the shop of the deceased to mourn. If the ancestral home thinks that filial piety is not filial at ordinary times, it will be angry and reprimanded, or let filial piety kneel there until it is considered that the punishment is enough. In case of sudden death (such as hanging, taking poison, etc.). ), my ancestors often called a group of people to fight, from smashing furniture and utensils to scraping the roof, and even refused to be buried or buried until the body was rancid, commonly known as "eating human life." This custom is rare today, but it is still essential to take over the ancestors. If there are no relatives in the deceased's family, the sugarcane garden outside the village is used as a proxy, that is, digging a piece of sugarcane head, commonly known as "sugarcane head ancestor". When the mourners from Zheng He's ancestral home arrive, Pima Dai Xiao's dutiful son must kneel before the incense table as soon as possible. When undertaker enters the village, he will send poems. There is a cloud at the beginning: "Shandong bronze drum is round, and today it is called the ancestor. After receiving the Millennium hair of the ancestors, the Millennium will be blessed for thousands of years. " There are four sentences in each paragraph below, singing candles, incense, firecrackers and dragon umbrellas respectively. The last paragraph is: "Filial son and grandson, kneeling on the roadside to meet relatives, filial son and filial piety, home is full of joy. "If a filial person is usually unfilial, he should be punished, such as kneeling down and seeking work. Spend money in order to make him lose face. ?

mourn (for/over the dead) ...

Condolences are expressions of condolences to the deceased, and condolences are expressions of condolences to the families of the deceased. The custom of mourning has been popular in Fujian since ancient times. Longyan, Datian and other places call it "exploring longevity", Chong 'an and other counties call it "going to bed", Shanghang County calls it "watching mourning" and Minnan area also calls it "exploring mourning". In Fuzhou and other places, undertaker usually sends couplets, incense sticks, sheets, cloth, blankets and other items, commonly known as "sending axes" and giving money, commonly known as "libation". The funeral home hangs sheets, blankets and the like sent by relatives and friends around the mourning hall, and each "axis" is written with notes such as "so-and-so eternity" and "so-and-so mourning" in white paper. The position of the "axis" depends on the relationship between relatives and friends. The "axis" of the general in-laws or close relatives hangs in the middle or the highest place of the mourning hall. In Xinghua, married women need to prepare a sacrifice, such as pig's head, rice noodles, daylily and other delicacies, commonly known as "Pan Dan" to show their respect. Condolences and memorial products sent from all over the country must be delivered before the funeral, and they cannot be delivered after the time. Sending supplementary letters is very taboo and will kill another person. In towns and cities, wreath-laying and elegiac couplets are also common in mourning. ?

In the old society, there was a bad habit of waiting for burial, so condolences can be made within 49 days from the time of mourning. During the Qianlong period of Qing dynasty (1736 ~ 1796), the mourning period was shortened in some places. According to feudal etiquette, whoever hangs himself, the dutiful son will fall to one side, bow down after hanging, and mourn with tears, so he said, "The dutiful son is broken." If the elders come to pay New Year greetings, some places should greet them with drum music. After the Republic of China, condolences were paid in advance after the funeral, and relatives and friends generally took off their hats and bowed three times.

Walk out of the funeral ...

Funeral is commonly known as "going out of the mountain" and "going out of the funeral", that is, sending the coffin with the deceased to a pre-selected cemetery for burial. In ancient times, there were different names such as "death" and "illness". Fujian is known as the custom of thick burial, and pays special attention to funeral. It is not only regarded as the mourning of the dead, but also the glory of the living. Therefore, in the old society, rich families did not hesitate to spend a lot of material and financial resources to compete with each other for progress; The poor have to try their best to follow the trend, or even lose their money. According to the convention, funeral ceremonies are generally divided into speech, opening the spirit, carrying coffins, offering sacrifices and other procedures. ?

Before the funeral, a memorial ceremony, that is, a farewell ceremony, is held, which is called "coffin head sacrifice" or "starting firewood head" in southern Fujian. Wisdom said, "At the time of funeral, sacrifice the coffin with ceremony and raise firewood." That is, the coffin was carried to the open space at the entrance of the village, and the incense table was set up for three sacrifices, and two blue paper lamps were placed to write the names of the deceased. The head of the coffin will face the altar and the tail will face the direction of the funeral, and the filial piety will preside over the memorial, so it is also called "filial piety". In Fuzhou, the night before the funeral, a sacrificial ceremony is held, commonly known as "Tang Jia" and "Crying Sacrifice". Many clan relatives came to pay homage, and filial piety mourned around the coffin as soon as possible. Some families also invite bands to play funeral music. In Changle, the mourning ceremony was presided over by Xiao, and there was a mourning hall in the hall. Filial piety offered 65,438+00 bowls of sacrifices to the coffin bowl by bowl, with consorts on the left and in-laws on the right. In Pingtan, relatives come to burn paper money during funeral service, commonly known as "sending travelling expenses". In Xiapu and other places in eastern Fujian, Ciling is commonly known as the "horse sacrifice". Zhi said, "On the morning of the opening day, I moved to the gate, covered it with a red silk curtain, decorated with eight immortals embroidered with gold, and stood across the paper fairy boy." The sacrifice was packed, the filial piety family knocked on the wine, and the undertaker paid a second tribute, commonly known as the horse sacrifice. "In Shunchang and other places, the funeral ceremony is first paid by the mourners, followed by the ancestral home, and other relatives and friends pay homage in turn according to the relationship between relatives and friends. Changting, before the funeral, the trumpeter will lead the way. Filial piety as soon as possible with a piece of cloth full of letters from relatives and friends, filed into the ancestral temple, made a sacrifice. In Zhangping, a coffin patrol is held before the funeral. The ceremony is similar to that in southern Fujian, but the difference is that Xiao as soon as possible holds a ghost incense and the other is a torch in Song and Ming Dynasties. In Sanming, the mourning ceremony is also quite grand. Li Sheng presided over the memorial ceremony, played funeral music, burned incense, offered sacrifices, entered the temple, knelt three times and knocked nine times, and read the eulogy. The eulogy expresses the praise for the merits of the deceased in different names of relatives, praying that they will bless the family prosperity in the spirit of heaven, comfort the deceased without worries or complaints, and rest in peace forever. In Longyan, there are still private confessions after the death of the spiritual body. Men are mostly given by patriarchs, while women are mostly given by ancestors.

When the spirit is over, you will be enlightened. Most coffins are carried by people, ranging from 4 people to 8 people, and from 16 people to 32 people. In some places, it is convenient to put the coffin in the car, with filial piety and support from relatives. Coffin bearers, commonly known as coffins, are mostly married men in the village, and everyone who loses their family will be rewarded with red envelopes. Coffins in Fuzhou can only be served when both parents are alive and their children are intact. Daejeon's coffin is held by young people of the same race in turn. In Putian and Xianyou, whoever loses his sandals and a pack of cigarettes at home is the coffin man and can't push it. In Quanzhou area, a banquet is held for the coffin before the funeral, and filial piety men should bow down and kowtow in the banquet room. In politics and life, when a person dies, there is no need to carry the coffin at the funeral, but the dutiful son, grandson and son-in-law carry the coffin on their shoulders to show their respect. ? There are many rules when you wake up. In Xiamen and Tongan, coffins are fixed with big ropes under the "single dragon lifting spring" and covered with exquisite coffins, commonly known as "walk-on". When carrying the coffin, the coffin man has to throw it three times with the coffin rope, which is often said to wake up the dead. In fact, it is to remind the grieving relatives not to hold the coffin. When the coffin is awakened, except for a few places, the head of the coffin is facing the funeral direction. In Anxi, after Li Sheng grabbed a handful of salt rice and sprinkled it on the coffin, the coffin husband shouted "Get up" before carrying the coffin. When the coffins in Xiapu and Anxi are carried out of the mourning hall, it is forbidden to touch the door wall and other things. It is said that there is a haunted phenomenon. The coffin man must take off his sandals and rub them a few times where the coffin touches. ?

In most places, the funeral guard of honor is grand and the order of the procession is also very particular. There are differences not only in different dialect areas, but also in different counties, cities and even different villages in the same dialect area. ? In the suburbs of Fuzhou, you must fire a gun to bid farewell, hang a flag to lead the way, and sound a gong to clear the way. There is a paper statue in front of it, and there are photos or portraits of the dead in Shoushen Pavilion. If there is no photo, use a paper image instead. Flag refers to colored flags and white flags, which are divided into three colors: white, blue and red. The number of white flags is equal to the number of filial sons and daughters, the number of blue flags is equal to the number of filial daughters and grandchildren, and the number of red flags is equal to the number of daughters-in-law and married daughters. In some places, there are two "high photos" and two statues in front. "Gao Zhao" is a big lantern with the name of the deceased and the words "Five generations under one roof" written on it. The idol is made of paper, several feet high, commonly known as "clearing the way". Then the band and the "Shengfan" team held animals embroidered with tigers, leopards, lions and elephants, followed by a sedan chair carried by two children, which contained portraits or memorial tablets and soul silks. There is a small band around Jiao Ling, and sad music tunes are endless. After passing the hearse, bereavement of guests and friends, coffin, funeral music team, twenty-four filial piety cards, filial piety, clans, party members, and finally the people who picked unlucky rice and the lanterns of the "descendants of the ancient philosophers". There are a few filial men, so they pick a few burdens. Someone should throw paper money and set off firecrackers in the funeral procession. The funeral ceremony in Changle County is grand in Fuzhou dialect area. Followed by hearses, bands, coffins, dutiful sons, guests and friends attending the funeral, and finally, people carrying rice, zongzi and other sacrifices. The poor are not so particular about ostentation and extravagance, and they are buried immediately after the thin coffin is collected, which is called "starting at once", and the funeral is simple. ?

In Quanzhou, southern Fujian, the funeral ceremony is guided by the opening god, followed by horizontal color, red and white, and white horizontal color comes first at the funeral; When returning to the danger, the red color was in front, and the book "So-and-so funeral" was written, supported by two bamboo poles. Then there is a filial piety lamp and an auspicious lamp with the words "three generations of great fathers" and "three generations of great mothers" written on them. If there are great-grandchildren, they are "five generations of great fathers" or "five generations of great mothers" (generally, one generation is inflated). The filial lamp is before the funeral. Then there is the big advocacy belt, the clear flag (given by the son-in-law, with the name and official title of the deceased, etc. ), drum music, cymbals, soul sedan chairs (* * * two, one for the portrait of the deceased and one for the owner of the soul), funerals for relatives and friends, coffins, filial piety, and finally an advocacy band. There is a lid on the coffin, and there is a paper faucet in front of the lid. Two pieces of white cloth are pulled out of the faucet, commonly known as "dragon whiskers". The two elders of the filial family each hold a piece of cloth, commonly known as "pulling out the dragon whiskers." In front of the dragon beard is my nephew and granddaughter-in-law, commonly known as "longan" There are two long strips of white cloth behind the coffin, which are filial to relatives and friends, commonly known as "retention" to show regret and sadness. In Jinjiang, one person sings the pheasant head, one person presses paper money along the way, and one person sings the pheasant head as a guide, followed by the Ming flag, the monk's road to lead the soul, the God Pavilion, the soul sedan chair, the coffin, the bereavement and the relatives of the funeral guests. There are shafts, wreaths, bands, stilts, lion dance teams, and chest patting teams in the middle of the team. In the old days, there were circuses and pavilions. In Anxi, with torches as the guide, several dutiful sons held several fires, which meant to illuminate the road to Jiuquan for the dead. Then monks and Taoists lead souls, coffins, filial piety and funeral for guests and relatives in turn. Of course, in the honor guard, there are sedan chairs, shafts and bands. In Zhaoan, Zhangzhou, the son-in-law carries lanterns, holds umbrellas and scatters paper money, followed by coffins, colorful flags, gongs and drums, eight tones, elegiac couplets, bright flags, a soul sedan chair, a coffin, a dutiful son and relatives attending the funeral. ?

In Ninghua, western Fujian, the funeral ceremony was preceded by drum music and bright flags, accompanied by paper sacrifices, material sacrifices tables and sedan chairs. Before the funeral procession, the son-in-law and grandson wore white hats and yellow belts around their waists, and their families wore yellow hats and yellow belts around their waists, marching in turn; Followed by Dai Xiao, wearing a hemp rope around her waist, sandals and carrying a coffin. In Taining, the funeral procession was stopped by two pieces of white cloth and walked slowly. White escorting comes first, followed by Gao Zhao, Qi Ming, elegiac couplet, soul axis, soul sedan chair, coffin, filial guest and mourner. In Yong 'an County, in the old days, the funeral procession chose the East Gate or the West Gate, and there was a saying that "the east is rich and the west is rich, and the south is poor and the north is absolutely poor". There is also a so-called "seat occupation" rule in the local area, that is, when doing funeral, you should go against the direction of the current, so that good luck will not decline with the current. In Daejeon, the funeral procession was led by kerosene lamps. If the coffin is transported by car, when getting on and off the bus, relatives often shout "Dad (Mom) will come with us!" When you arrive at the cemetery, you should also shout: "Dad (Mom) is coming!" In Liancheng, the funeral procession is led by lanterns and torches, followed by gongs and drums, deacons' cards, hearses, coffins, filial piety and the funeral procession. In Zhangping, people who scatter paper money and set off firecrackers are in front, glistening lanterns, soul pavilions and bright flags are behind, drummers and white curtains (or wreaths) are behind, and filial piety and funeral relatives and friends are behind. ? In northern Fujian, the funeral ceremony is also quite grand. In Jianyang area, the funeral ceremony is usually preceded by a high photo, followed by gongs and suona. Then followed by Pathfinder, Flag, Mingqi, Golden Couple Statue, Screen, cinerary casket, Confession, Jade Ding, Flower Bear, Fragrant Pavilion, Coffin, Band, and finally filial piety and bereavement. In Shaowu, the dutiful son walked at the front of the procession with his portrait, followed by the filial lamp, the evocation coffin, the trumpeter, the elegiac couplet, the bright flag, the fragrant pavilion, the soul sedan chair and the coffin. After the filial son held the coffin and finished the filial war, the daughter-in-law followed him into the bamboo sedan chair. ?

In eastern Fujian, funeral ceremonies are also very luxurious. Zhi said, "Those very rich people tied a statue with paper, which is about 23 meters high. The gold face is covered with black robes, and the hands are printed, commonly known as Taoist gods, and lanterns and colorful flags are used to pay for all sacrificial ceremonies. If there is a title, it will be given a title, followed by Yanting Pavilion, Xiangting Pavilion, Patent Pavilion, Big and Small Horn, and Foreign Horn Drum. Monks and monks mix cymbals. Relatives at work hold spirits and inscriptions, and guests and friends follow suit, stretching for miles. In the end, there was a soul sedan chair, and the dutiful son carried the coffin. Dozens of women were sent away by Su Yu crying, commonly known as the white sedan chair. The gift of this book, although huge, is not too vulgar. " ? Funerals in Puxian area (especially in mountainous areas) are relatively simple, with neither firecrackers nor band advocacy. The funeral procession is led by the "grass dragon", that is, the "grass dragon" binds the straw into the shape of a dragon, burns its end and makes it smoke. Next came the funeral of paper money, coffins and honoring relatives and friends. All the way was silent and silent, and the whole funeral was solemn. Different from other counties and cities. ?

Many places in Fujian have the custom of "road sacrifice" (also called "half-way sacrifice" and "road sacrifice"), that is, those relatives who fell in love with or owed money to their old friends offered incense table sacrifices to thank Ende for his funeral. Chi said, "Relatives and guests set up pavilions by the road outside Guo, and stayed in coffins when drinking." When the coffin arrives, you should stay and sacrifice, bow down as soon as possible and accompany the sacrifice with white cloth to show your gratitude. In Fuzhou, road sacrifices are arranged in a fixed order, the first son-in-law, the second filial daughter, and then the relatives are old. The number of road sacrifices can only be odd. In Shaowu, the road sacrifice was held on the way to Huilong after burial. ? On the way to the funeral, the coffin can't be placed on the ground. If the undertaker wants to rest or meet a road sacrifice, he can only put the coffin on two benches or support it with a wooden stick with Aya at the upper end. The undertaker should avoid stressing, or the vulgar letter will become heavier and heavier. Even if the funeral procession goes the wrong way, it can't turn back. It can only take a long detour. In some places, when the coffins pass through some villages by paths, they should stop beating drums, relax, take off their hats as soon as possible and salute everyone. ? Most of the guests and clansmen in the funeral procession only returned to the village entrance. When you lose your family, you should give everyone a small gift, such as some coins wrapped in red paper, red ribbons, handkerchiefs and so on. , for good luck. The widowed woman did not go up the mountain, but turned back halfway. Relatives, guests and friends buried in the mountains should also give gifts such as "red envelopes". Politically, everyone will be given matches (there are also sugar and light cakes), which means "developed" ("hair" and "row" are homophonic).

There are too many customs to describe. Please see the link below-

Fujian Forum | Eight Fujian customs: