What is the opening situation of Shenyang port?

Commercial port is a proper term, which refers to the trade area that imperialist countries coerce other countries to open. Generally speaking, those opened according to unequal treaties are called "contract commercial ports", those opened by imperialism are called "self-opened commercial ports" and those forced by imperialism are called "special commercial ports". The opening of Niuzhuang (Yingkou) belongs to "about-opening commercial port", and the opening of Shenyang should belong to "self-opening commercial port".

In August of the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), China and the United States renewed the Sino-US trade treaty in Shanghai, and agreed that Fengtianfu and Andong County would be opened from China. Later, China and Japan renewed their commercial contracts and proposed that Fengtianfu and Dadonggou be opened by China. But soon the Russo-Japanese War broke out and the port opening was put on hold. /kloc-in the winter of 0/905, the Japanese-Russian contract was concluded and the opening of the port was put on the agenda again. 1in the spring of 906, General Zhao Erxun of Shengjing decided to open Fengtian, Anton and Dadonggou according to the renewal agreement between China and the United States, and set up the General Administration of Port Opening to make preparations. However, the opening of the port is not smooth. The reason is that the China municipal government thinks that Fengtian and other three places belong to China's own port, and China should delimit the commercial port area and draw up the articles of association. In addition, China also insists that since the commercial port area has been demarcated, consulates and foreign businessmen of all countries should rent land, live and build houses in the commercial port area, and can no longer rent houses outside the commercial port area for a long time. However, the United States insists that, according to the provisions of the Sino-US Treaty of Commerce and Trade, when opening ports in Fengtian and Anton, the contracting countries must jointly demarcate the site and agree on the management regulations, and declare that "American consuls should still have the right to live in cities outside the boundaries of commercial ports" and "although American businessmen should live within the established boundaries, they cannot be prohibited from trading in cities according to the treaty". Repeated consultations, no talks. The US Consul General in Fengtian suggested "putting business on hold for the time being". In April of Guangxu's thirty-third year (1907), the General Administration of Port Opening decided to purchase the land needed for connecting shopping malls one after another outside the west gate of the provincial capital and east of Shengjing Station (near the old crossing at that time), so it drew a detailed border map of the port and reported it to the Consul General in Japan and the Consul General in the United States respectively. The Consul General of Japan and the United States still insists on his own position, so the port boundary and port seal are still uncertain. It has been dragged to the northeast and transferred to the province, and the General Administration of Port Opening has also been changed to the negotiation department of Fengtian. In September, Beijing Taxation Bureau called and asked for a detailed drawing report of each port boundary. In March of the thirty-fourth year (1908), Xu Shichang, the governor of the three northeastern provinces, instructed Tao Dajun, the new ambassador of the negotiation department, to "assist Tianjin and Shanghai ports to seal up the land rented by foreigners in triplicate, classify the addresses of commercial ports in various places into three categories: the main boundary, the sub-boundary and the preparatory boundary, and properly set up a pamphlet on land lease, and handle it as appropriate". As a result, the negotiation department drew up the general rules for foreigners to rent land at various ports in feng tian. After the governor reviewed it, he ordered the negotiation department to copy it and send it to the consuls-general of Japan and the United States. "It depends on the contract and is mutually agreed." The Consul General of the United States raised two points: "The meaning is not clear" and "After repeated discussions, several places were deleted".

In May, it was sent to consuls in Japan, the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries, and none of them expressed their opinions. As a result, foreign businessmen have come to the negotiation department to rent land and get leases. According to the needs, the general management office of the association is affiliated to the negotiation department, which specializes in land leasing for businessmen from all over the world. It took five years before and after the opening of Shenyang port, which can be described as miserable (Xu Shichang's A Brief Introduction to the Three Northeast Provinces).

Russian Consulate General in Fengtian

The commercial port of Shenyang was originally defined in the area of Beigujiazi and Huangmiao, that is, from the west gate and side wall in the east, to the Japanese railway in the west, to the main road in the city in the south, and to the railway line north of Huangmiao in the north. Within this boundary, there are Gujiazi Village in the west, Fengtian Park (now the municipal government) in the east, Huangmiao Temple, Guandi Temple, Taiping Temple Temple, Jishan Temple, Monk King Temple and Sanxian Temple in the north, among which German and American consulates were originally built.

I don't know whether it is because of the small area or other reasons. Later, the commercial port expanded to Nangujia, until today's Shiwei Road. East to the side wall (about today's Yi Bei Street), and west to the Japanese Railway Subsidiary (about today's Heping Street). Originally, the north was called the northern boundary, and the new extension to the south was called the southern boundary. There is also a secondary boundary to the south.

Consulate General of the United States in Fengtian

After the land boundary is demarcated, the General Management Office of the Negotiation Department will lease the land to foreign investors according to Article 16 of the General Rules for Land Lease at Fengtian Port. There are private land and official land in the port, which can be rented permanently or annually; The rental price of private land is determined by foreign businessmen and landlords. Official land, that is, lots purchased by local governments in advance, is divided into three types for external lease. The price of first-class permanent rent silver is 2520 per mu, medium 220, and inferior 1520; Each stratum is divided into upper, middle, lower and third grades, and 22 are decreasing. Everyone should rent at least 10 mu of land, but not more than 20 mu: "If you want to run a company or a large enterprise, you are allowed to rent more, but you must report in advance." After the opening of commercial ports, many foreign businessmen came here to set up factories, shops and do business. Especially in the southern border, the development is faster, consulates of various countries have moved to the southern border, and many foreign banks have also entered the southern border to open branches. After the Republic of China, Shenyang commercial port further developed. As Han, general manager of commercial ports in the 1920s, said in his report, commercial ports "have been prosperous since their establishment, with many commercial ports and many department stores." . At this time, foreign capital such as Mobil Foreign Firm, Asian Petroleum (Russian-funded), British American Tobacco Company, Old Bado Tobacco Company (Russian-funded), Jin Kui Tobacco Company (Japanese-funded), HSBC, Citibank, Sino-French Industrial Bank, Caanen Hotel and Six-Country Hotel successively settled in commercial ports. Some national capitals in China have also set up companies in commercial ports.

Commercial ports have unified block planning, neat and wide roads and sidewalks, paved with stones or asphalt, planted street trees and flower beds, and installed street lamps. Commercial ports have unified water supply and power supply, and there are public facilities such as health teams, fire brigades, post offices, schools and gardens, and the management has reached modern standards. So many dignitaries in Shenyang also come here to build luxury villas.

Up to now, some old buildings in the former commercial port have been preserved and become the memory of that period of history.

Such as Japanese Consulate (now Shenyang Guest House), Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (now Bank of Communications), General Post Office (now Provincial Posts and Telecommunications Administration), Tang Yulin Mansion (now Shenyang CPPCC), Wan Fulin Mansion (now Liaoning Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Revolutionary Committee), Japan Zhengjinyinhang (now China Industrial and Commercial Bank) and so on.

After the commercial port was opened, it was connected with the Japanese railway subsidiary. Altogether, its area is more than half of the old city of Shenyang. In other words, by the beginning of the 20th century, Shenyang had expanded a large new urban area to the west. The planning, design, facilities and services of this new urban area are all implemented according to the concept of modern city. In contrast, the old city is old and backward. Therefore, objectively speaking, the emergence of the new city has played a demonstration and driving role in the construction of the old city of Shenyang.